[captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] just under an hour were down to our last panel. Im going to recognize the moderator of the panel, to make remarks and tory roductions, the honor john from colorado. Thank you, jim. This next panel will give us some insights on what the future might look like. They are going to start by looking backwards over the past to let us kind of get a capsule size look on how the country has changed. If you told me back in 1992, hat we have now, a i wouldnt have believed it. The explosion of the internet. Unbelievable changes in telecommunications. Demographic changes, social changes, just how we do everything. Different world than we had 25 years ago. Any of if you believe these, whether its morse law or any of these compounding 25 leration laws, the next years the rate of change will be even more rapid. Opefully that rate of change will be for the better. Our panel is going to offer a glimpse of what that future holds. Promise of whats possible and some of the challenges that the for us. Oses tos a chance for us to begin think about the actions we can future. For that today are tim fry, senior rd researcher at the Pew Research Center and the director of state public policy. Someone is calling me on my cell phone. Not going to answer. From microsoft, we look forward to your remarks, and robust conversation changing face of the wes west. Good afternoon, and thanks for the opportunity to share team and i that my have been learning around the office at gallup. Ill share for five or seven minutes about some of the things relates to d as it k12 education, college workplace. Nd the some of the transitions that fall within that. I think maybe the first thing, is first thing i would share that over the last 10 years weve had a lot of time and attention and good advances in assessment and curriculum and thats really it on the radar screen as relates to education. There, ade good advances but the countrys attention as it relates to k12 education seems to be changing, and it changing to things we call the socialemotional learning. This understanding that there is more to our experience than how we did on the test. Four children i would love to know they will be graded tests because that helps to make college more affordable, of benefits to that maybe tests are necessary but not sufficient. One of the things that weve studying is this idea of Student Engagement. This belief youre involved with about your stic school day experience. That involves safety. That involves having a teacher and so on. About you so last month, actually in ctober, we surveyed about 800,000 students. Fifth grade through 12th grade cross the country to see how engaged they were and also to study their entrepreneurial career and and financial literacy. What we pound is that 50 of the nations students are engaged in school. I dont know if thats a good number or bad number. I wish it was a hundred percent but 50 . Some are not engaged, and there actively that are disengaged, but when i see a number like 50 i want to know how did we get there . Got s a picture of how we there. The nations fifth graders or the Elementary School students engaged at a are rate of three out of four. About 74 of the fifth grade students are engaged. As you notice there is a precipitous decline each year. Nine. , seventh, eighth, it flat lines in 1011 12, in school. But weve got about 3 4 of our engaged in t are 1 3 ntary school but only that are engaged when they get to high school. Thats a system issue we need to be aware of and we certainly need to address. Whats working at tempt school evel in terms of parent involvement, parent engagement and so on. So its a whole system challenge. When we look at the whole system, we know there are several important components. One is great leadership. Work with School Districts across the country and oftentimes have an opportunity o meet with Successful Schools that have been through a great turnaround and have a great story to tell. A Successful School where people apologize for the principal. Here is always a strong leader hen there is Great Success at the school. One of the most important things a School Leader does is select the right talented teachers to be on their staff. Bee of us are predisposed to great at different jobs and some people have a talent to teach. This inherent belief that every can learn and get a kick out of learning and growing and with that andated so on. Got to identify and hire those talented teachers and mitigate the Teacher Shortage that many of our states are dealing with. Once they are on our staff weve got to make sure they are engaged. An engaging credit workplace. A great place to work and learn where they are involved with and nthusiastic about their job so they can give it away to the students that they serve. When students are engaged, they to achieve. Ely how we feel today drives how well achieve into the future, got to deal with these social and emotional issues around Student Engagement so on as a leading indicator of student achievement and when students achieve, we know there are more prepared to and career ready and its no longer a college or career ready. Its and. To prepare all students for both. When we think about the next a el, the Key Attributes of successful collegiate experience, there is kind of three things that stand out. Is, some key experiences. Weve partnered with purdue university, governor Mitch Daniels was a real catalyst work early on. My colleagues and others at gallup to study the key xperiences so we surveyed hundreds of thousands of College Alumni and asked them a series diduestions about what they while they were at college. We found there is really no difference about whether a College Graduate is going to be in their thriving life based on whether they went to a private college or public those highly of ranked colleges we talked about or the rest. What really matters is how they go. Experiences. A lot of dhaums down to having an adult on campus who cared about them. Mentor. Plugged them into a career math and so on and also key experiences in deep learning. Successive curriculum that builds off one semester to the next and so on. Internships and onthejob has been mentioned here. Its the thing most often mentioned when we ask employers hat they are looking for in a perspective employee to join their team. So they want to know, have you ever had a job before . In more thannicate 140 characters without using emojis and so on . And then last is managing the Student Loan Debt. The numbers have increased even 1. 1 trillion. Trillion. Lly 1. 4 Student Loan Debt is the largest, greater than all the thanoans combined, greater out the outstandings credit card, involving line of credit debt. 1. 4 trillion. Thats a millionmillion for those who dont work with that zeros. I drove by the airport and there was a sign that said what the is. Erball jackpot if you won the powerball today and said i want to solve the student debt crisis and you all the winnings of the Powerball Jackpot it would cover the interest on those loans dinnertime tonight so weve got a real situation on our hands thats hard to get our heads around. Help students make informed decisions. 25,000, got more than youre about half as likely to pursue different decisions in life, like moving out of your parents home, purchasing your own home, going back to graduate school, starting a new business, and becoming an entrepreneur. And so on. So we know there is a lot family, in fact, is even less likely if youve got large amounts of Student Loan Debt. Thing ill share is just this general term about changing in the work force. Generation, t whether its the advent of the 38 of our work force is now in he millennial generation or increasing Technology Advances or whatever it is, the work force has changed. Changed from where we care just about our paycheck to where we care about our purpose. In our to have a purpose work that matters to us. Its changed from being involved to whats my role opportunities to learn and grow and develop . When we study teacher turnover why teachers leave the profession, people assume its because of pay and benefits. But teachers leaving the actually less likely to say its pay an benefits driving that decision to exit. Answer they give is because they dont know a path forward. They dont see growth within the role to stayd that with the school so we know weve got to address that. Focusing on our weaknesses, world gives us enough of that, we need to focus on our strengths. 17 million over people identify their talent and harness that for good. Weve transitioned from having a leader or a boss that tells us what to do, to this desire to a coach who comes alongside us and coaches us along in our reviews annual probably necessary, but certainly not sufficient, in terms of our experience. E need to have more regular interaction with our colleagues and with our supervisors and so on, and finally, a transition this separation of work and the rest of my life to this work a e integration, and really focus on integrating all of this my entire life. Maybe there will be some remarks and ill hand it off to my colleagues here on the panel and be glad to entertain any questions that you have at the conclusion. Thank you. Good afternoon. In my brief remarks today im focus on two challenges. And focusing on u. S. Work force going to be on quality of labor and the other be on the quantity of labor. Im discuss the first one first, he quantity of labor and in my view, i would not only say its a challenge but also headwind. Ze it as a the second one on trends and quality of on the labor, im more ambiguous about, there are some positive aspects to it. First to the quantity of labor. What this shows is, my pew research the have done projections, which were defining as ages 2564. Labor force. He its very, very dicey to sort of project Labor Force Participation rates. We leave that to the bureau of labor statistics. His is the working age population but this provides the force. Of the u. S. Labor and what you see here is a sand chart but dont worry about the sand. Just look at the top line, the population, g age you see a vertical line. To the 015, as you look left, thats the past 50 years u. S. Working he age population, from 65 to 2015, thats history. Those are actual numbers, and 20yearthe right is our projection Going Forward from 2015 to 2035. You see Going Forward to 2035, the 2015 will growe population by about 10 million, 25 to the key thing ut here is very simple. Look to the left. And look how y, steep that growth in the working age population was. As opposed to that, look to the right and what we project. Much, much ting reduced growth Going Forward in the working age population. Put some numbers on it, the decade over the last 50 ears, the working age population grew by about. 8 per year. Than 1 per year. That was the slowest decade of years. T 50 Going Forward, the next 20 years, we project that the will onlye population grow by about. 3 per year. So about a third less. Now, we can discuss this in the q a period. An economist. Economists, what they think is, of way the u. S. Standard living goes up is two ways. Get per ity, what you worker, and how many workers got to grow the labor force. Headwind. When the Current Administration goal 3 annual a growth, thats the number they are shooting for and talking headwind. Is is a its going to be difficult to steady growth on a continuing basis year after year our sustained basis when working age population is only growing. 3 . Okay. I dont want to spend a lot next slide, but we had a lot of immigration to and 1990s. The 1980s okay . But the growth in the working in the 60s, 80s, and 1990s, it wasnt so much dependent on the baby boomers. We had a lot of married women who didnt used to be in the coming into the labor force. Back in history, over the last immigration has been important but it wasnt critical, Going Forward, that. 3 per year, that is highly contingent on sustained about a Million Immigrants coming in per year. What this slide shows is that if levels of ur immigration, and this is a line threat a hypothetical there are ot of pros and cons to grargz in one thing Going Forward, age growth in the population, grargz to the u. S. Will play larger role. Turn to a Different Research project that weve done and talk about the quality of times r force, and for sake, im going to advance to slide. Llowing hat we did is we looked at the skill requirements of u. S. Jobs. Just a little bit of background. Department of labor in a Data Collection thats called ownit, they very in very the led fashion, looked at characteristics of well over 900 u. S. Occupations. They survey workers, and they lso have job raters that actually go out and talk to the orkers, and in very detailed fashion, they describe more than 900 occupations. Hat we did is, we looked at sort of characteristics. They are very detailed but we looked at about a dozen that we captured social skills on the job. Interpersonal communication, and also management skills. Thats what we mean by social skills. Call analytical skills, these were, again, about criteria fferent job both Critical Thinking ability as well as usage. Er we looked at ly, jobs that have above average, social skills. Above average, high, analytical skills. And high or above average physical skills. Now, keep in mind, that there is an overlap. Some jobs need both high social skills. And analytical a good example being a chief officer will have good social skills as well as analytical skills. And so a pharmacist, these are not mutually exclusive. But anyway, cutting to the the , lets first do history, what we saw from 1980 is that total employment in the u. S. Grew by 50 . But jobs that required high or above average social skills they almost doubled. Growing by 83 . Jobs in occupations that high analytical skills, doubled, n, almost to that 7 as opposed jobs that required high analytical skills only grew by is,ut 18 so what im saying the mix of jobs is changing in u. S. And its changing toward jobs that require higher particularly in our categorization, higher social and analytical skills, have been rements going up. Why is this not necessarily a bad thing . We also found that jobs with social skills and above average analytical skills also tend to have higher wages. So, the employment mix is but were creating more high wear jobs as a result. The employment mix is changing its more towards good jobs challenge . The as you know, they may be good were t as weve seen, all wondering as to how were going to get our students and ur workers as well as benefiting our employers helping skills they are need. To at the Pew Research Center, occupational to do projections. Okay . Its very difficult. Department of labor, the bureau of labor statistics does try. Based on their most recent 10year projections of to employment is going change from 2014 to 2024. A detailed set of ougss and they say how employment will grow. Is we said, okay. A taxonomy of which jobs equire high social skills, analytical skills and physical skills. Since 1980, the mix has been analyticalwards high and high social. According to their projections, correct, this trend is going to continue. Nd so the basic messages here, im going to end up here, is we ace two challenges Going Forward. Unlike the previous 50 years, here our standard of living partly was driven forward by a large baby we have got a head Going Forward according to our projections because we are not going to get the growth in the working age population we had previously. That is a headwind and it is going to make 3 growth in the standard of living very, very difficult. Also the skill mix is changing. This is a mix toward better paying jobs. However, we all face the challenge of how we are going to help our workers and employers find those highly skilled workers. Thank you. [applause] good afternoon. So im perhaps the last thing standing between this group and happy hour. Is that right . Well have a couple of questions. Perfect, ok. Always an enviable position to have. As governor hickenlooper alluded to, we live in a time of profound change. At microsoft, we find it helpful sometimes to reflect upon not simply the changes weve seen in the last 25 years, but the changes in the life of our company. Microsoft was founded in 1975 in albuquerque, new mexico, in the midst of a revolution wrought by the microprocessor. And bill gates and paul allen had a very simple vision. And that was to put a p. C. On every desk and in every home. Three decades later, we see a smartphone in every hand and every pocket. Four decades later, we see even more profound changes, and our company has changed. We are no longer the Little Software startup from albuquerque that then moved to seattle. We are now a big, multinational, Cloud Computing company. We have thousands of employees, not just in seattle or silicon valley, but we have a campus in Engineering Center outside salt lake city. We have employees in arizona, nevada, colorado, all throughout the west. But were also part of what a lot of people are referring to as the fourth industrial revolution. Its a revolution thats driven principally by Cloud Computing. Cloud computing, meaning the provision of services over the internet using massive data centers that can collect, store, and process huge volumes of information extremely quickly. This trend is changing everything, every industry, every segment of society. It is what is bringing us autonomous vehicles. It is changing education, creating new opportunities to connect students and workers to new training courses. Its transforming medicine. In 2003, it took us a decade to sequence the three billion base pairs of dna that make up the human genome. 10 years later in 2013, a single facility can do that in a week. Its even faster now. So all of these changes i mean, even agriculture. You guys heard of precision agriculture . We have a project outside carnation, washington, where you can put cheap sensors into the soil you mine a farm with these things connect back to a Cloud Service like microsoft, and you can take moisture readings and take other readings about the composition of the soil and help farmers be more efficient, increase yield, make better use of irrigation. All of those opportunities require one thing and that is access to broadband. 34 million americans today, 23 million of whom live in rural communities, lack access to broadband. Which means that each day that goes by, for 23 million americans, theyre falling further and further behind, as the rest of the world is taking advantage of all of the new opportunities that technology is providing. So we started and you can see on this slide you dont actually have to go very far outside of some of the tech hubs of this country to find communities that are affected by this problem. This shows county by county the percentage of people who have access to broadband, but even within counties, you can find pockets. You go to eastern washington, where im originally from go to okanogan county, you can find plenty of communities that are affected by this problem. So we started a new Rural Broadband initiative this summer. Our president announced it. Its an attempt to take a crack at solving the broadband gap with tv white space. It provides broadband using unused tv channels over the air. And so it literally works by building a base station with a radio antenna. You hook that up to the internet and then you can broadcast the signal out over an area with a 10mile radius, in homes or Small Businesses or farms. On the other end, you have a little radio, which can receive the signal, translate it to wifi. So if you are in your house, you simply open your laptop and connect to the internet, much the way most of us would. The advantage that tv white space has is that it is much cheaper to build the infrastructure necessary to get broadband up and running than traditional forms of providing broadband, which has been the classic problem as to why we have this broadband gap. Its prohibitively expensive to put fiber in the ground to reach a lot of homes across the country. It can cost 30,000 to 40,000 a mile to do so. Tv white space is much cheaper, in part because the signals that uses travel farther and go through obstacles much better than even other Wireless Technologies like lte. Its not and will never be a replacement for fiber or even lte. This is really an addon. The speeds you can achieve are good enough. They are not fiber speed, but its possible to achieve speeds fccs definition of broadband, which is 25 mega bits per second down, 3 mega bits per second up, fast enough to stream a movie or do anything that a Small Business or consumer would want to do. Our initiative has a rather ambitious goal, and that is to help the private that is to help galvanize the private marketplace and solve the Rural Broadband gap in five years. It has three components. First, we are launching a series of pilot projects in states across the country over the course of five years. We are launching projects in the first year in the 13 states you see up on the map. In all of these projects, we will go in with a local Internet Service provider, an isp partner on the ground. Microsoft is not an isp. We have no desire of being an isp. Were not entering the isp business. But well go in weve been working on this technology for 10 years. Weve launched pilots in over 20 places around the world, connecting 200,000 people. So we know how the Technology Works and well provide Capital Investment to build the infrastructure necessary to get a project off the ground. So we effectively buy down the business and technical risk for our partner. They run the pilot. While we typically do a revenuesharing agreement with them, we sign that solely to recoup our Capital Investment. Once we do that, we are out of the project and its up to them to run. And the idea is, we dump that money into another project and continue building out the network of projects. We think over the course of five years, our projects alone can connect 2 Million People in world america. In rural america. So there are a couple of other components to the project. First, i should emphasize that i alluded to this earlier tv white spaces is not, and we are not portraying it as, a Silver Bullet to solve the problem. We actually think a mix of technologies would best enable us to solve the broadband gap. Frankly, we dont care how people get connected, we just want them to be connected. Whether its through tv white spaces, other Wireless Technologies like lte, satellite, even expanding the fiber network, we think that is all great. After all, we are a Cloud Computing company. If you dont have access to broadband, you cant be our customer. It is in our business interest it is and, frankly, the interest of every business with a presence on the internet to have more people connected to broadband. The second real briefly, the second aspect of our initiative is a a Technology Licensing program. Because our real goal is to galvanize the marketplace, we want to convince other private sector entities to jump in and start their own projects, start their own businesses. So we have 39 patents related to tv white spaces technology. Weve announced well provide access to them royaltyfree, free of charge, to any comers. If you want to start a Tv White Space Program in your community, we will provide you the technology to do that. The last piece is a Digital Skills and Digital Literacy piece. We have announced a multiyear, multimillion Dollar Partnership with the National Council for 4h, where we will go and help train teens that are part of 4h in communities that are receiving new access to broadband, so they can turn around and train members of their community to provide them with Digital Skills and help them make better use of the Broadband Access they will be receiving. So theres a lot of work going on with this initiative. There are proceedings of the federal Communications Commission to make sure that there will continue to be adequate spectrum available for the public to use, to use tv white spaces technology. Weve been asking state and local leaders to speak up and help with us that, and thank you to governors bergen, hickenlooper, and daughter for raising your hands and doing that. We are constantly looking for communities and partners who would be good candidates for new pilots. If you have ideas in your state, wed love to have those conversations. Lastly, were just starting to explore the possibility of doing matching funds, whether theyre Grant Programs or Something Else from the public sector, to perhaps take the 2 Million People we plan to reach directly and help us make it 4, 6, or eight. Thank you very much. I would be happy to answer any questions that the governors may have. [applause] great. And we have time for a few questions. I think you guys all did a great job, i want to thank each of you for taking the time out of your busy schedules to be here and illuminate us. Maybe ryan, i will ask you as the moderator, i get asked the first question, and then i will yield to the governors. It isct that royaltyfree, you are giving up allowing access to all these patents. It really is, i think, a philanthropic effort to a large extent. Obviously, you benefit by more people being connected, but not only does every business benefit , every governor and every state benefits by getting people connected. I love the pilot to have been doing around the world. This has been going on for 10 years, this notion of taking tv white space on available frequencies and using it. You can see through buildings. I get that. But it has not really proven out yet at a commercial level. My first question is, how does that justify broader deployment . Thats what you are recommending. And then the second part is and this is, i think the fcc is now looking at Net Neutrality. And how would this assuming that they do pull back, if Net Neutrality is eliminated, as it appears it will be, what kind of an effect could this have . My dad is an old trial lawyer and they have a tag line, doing well by doing good. Which is sort of how i think of this initiative. You are right, governor, there is a philanthropic component to it, but it is, as i mentioned, also in our core business interest to have more people connected. You know i dont know on the second question how Net Neutrality may affect us. I havent thought about that, to be perfectly frank. But as for your first question, ahead oftually schedule in terms of getting the fcc to adopt rules that would allow Tv White Space Technology in the marketplace. The federal Communications Commission initially allowed rules allowing tv white spaces devices to function nine years ago. By comparison, it took cellular fromology 13 or 14 years the time the federal Communications Commission first issued rules until when they were brought to market. Frankly, there has been a great deal of regulatory uncertainty created in the wake of the spectrum auction the fcc held. Congress passed a law in 2012 there were concerns that given the rise of cellular technology, that we were going to run out of spectrum for those kinds of uses. So Congress Passed a law in 2012, among other things, that required the fec to auction off more spectrum to cellular providers. As result, forced them to take another look at all of their rules relating to spectrum, including the rules related to tv white spaces. Ofre is a whole Network Manufacturers chip manufacturers, manufacturers that make the components for the devices that make tv white spaces work. Theyre ready to go. Theyre ready to produce at scale. But they need to know. They need regulatory certainty, so that they know their will in fact be a market for their product, if in fact they go ahead and do so. We know the Technology Works. We think it can be a sustainable business. Its what were trying to prove with our pilots. And wed love to work with some of you governors to make this happen. Great. Wed love to do that. Ive had some discussions around the Net Neutrality and i think it would have a positive effect. I think it would expand Net Neutrality into some different regions and provide kind of a balance. Governor walker, you had a question . I did, i had a question for the last presenter. Thank you for the map on what you are doing on the air band projects. I noticed alaska was not even on the map, so i will look forward to seeing that on the map at some point. But also find out the problem we have is the rural areas are the least populated. So the focus of attention is always on the bigger populated areas, because on the financial plan, i understand that but i as a governor am looking for ways we can connect some of our rural areas. We had standardized testing it took them longer to download the tests the time was up to take the tests and they had not even been downloaded yet because it was referred to as a rubber band rather than the broadband. So we need to work with Companies Like yourself to find out, what can we as a state do to help level the Playing Field . Because i think those that dont have equal access to broadband i think are going to there is no question they are going to suffer. So im really anxious. I appreciate your presentation very much. Im anxious to work with you to see what can happen on the rural level, not just the urban centers of each respective state. Governor, you will be surprised to find that weve gotten that question before. You show someone the map why isnt my state on the map . It does notis that necessarily mean your state wont be on the map moving forward. We intend to rollout pilots each year over the course of the next five years. Your state would certainly be a good candidate for a pilot. You are right the scenario you are describing is one we have a project, for example, in southern virginia. Its a project we call the home homework gap. Its intended to provide broadband to school kids who dont otherwise have it. They have the same experience you just described, trying to take online courses or Computer Science courses we have this big Computer Science skills gap in this country. 500,000 open jobs require a Computer Science degree but we are only producing 43,000 graduates with those credentials. One of the ways you can get access to them is through online courses, but if you dont have broadband, you cant. I would say a couple of things. We would love to continue having a conversation with you. We would love to have a conversation both about what communities in your state might be a good fit. Frankly, most of the states our team chose for the first run of projects wound up being states we chose our home state, washington, that is an obvious tie. But they wanted states where they could find a partner who would be a good fit. So if you have ideas on who would be a good partner we would love to have conversations, too, that whether there is a role that public funding might play to help us do this work and expand it more quickly. I think did i see a hand . I think we are down to the last you are selected. Question, the last just want to make sure governor bergen, did you want to have a question . There have been 10 governors that have sent a letter to the fcc governor hickenlooper is one of them that signed it as well supporting this. I just want to say thanks to microsoft for, in general, driving the initiative. Specifically this has taken spectrum thats available and repurposing it in a smart way and it has a great role for precision agriculture. In north dakota, we spend a lot of money bringing broadband to small communities. I think in the illustration, it showed it going to a house. It goes everywhere. It is broadband. It is going to reach a tractor. Reach somebody on a horse with a it is going to cell phone. And it is going to reach that school kid who may have gotten broadband at the school, but when he takes the bus home for 30 miles at night to the ranch, does not reach him. We have to have it to everybody all the time, 24 hours a day, to be able to take advantage of it. And for energy i know we have a lot of people are interested in energy. Well have Remote Monitoring on pipelines, transition lines, wind towers in remote parts of the state. We need to have those connected. Its an internet of things and not just internet of people. Its a terrific initiative and were happy to be supporting it and looking forward to working with you on the rollout. I hope youre happy now. [laughter] thank you, governor. Thank you for your leadership. Governor, we will let you close out the session. I will be quick. Thank you. Its a fascinating subject and thank you all for being here. We as governors try to predict the future and anticipate the past and what will happen in the future, so we get good policy in place is important to us. Although i do kind of fall down on the side of that great new york yankee halloffamer yogi berra, that great philosopher, who said, i hate to make predictions, particularly about the future. My question is for you, richard. I have Great Respect for the pew center. You guys do great work for all of us and we appreciate your good work. It seems like to me you were talking about the headwind and talking about the fact that we are trying to have a goal of a 3 gdp growth. I dont think that has to do with any administration. I think that has historically been the growth rate of our gdp in this country on average, and i think all administrations would like to maintain that. Our headwind, as i understand it, is because our working age of americanborn to American Parents is going to drop. And that gap is being filled by immigration in all of its different forms, and consequently gdp is equal to the employers, workers, times their productivity per employer equals gdp. Why could we not still increase our gdp by increasing the production of the employee, the worker, even if the numbers are stagnant . As we look at history for the past 100 years, i think our gdp has grown dramatically because of advancements in science and technology and increased production for labor. We could see third world countries where theyve had some increase in population, but their production thats why theyre third world. Per employee, is very low. It is certainly in proportion to the advancements we made in america and other Free Democratic countries. So help me understand im missing something, im sure , here, as to why can we not have increased gdp growth, with a 3 growth, in spite of the immigration issue, as we increase with science, technology, increasing skills and production per worker . Richard and tim, why dont you each give that a minute and a half and then well let people go find a beer. You have had enough chance, ryan. Thank you for your kind words towards the work of the Pew Research Center. We certainly do, indeed, aspire to raise our standard of living through greater productivity. And we have had periods where we have had very healthy productivity growth. In the last 50 years, particularly with the rollout of the internet and broadband from 1995 to about 2004, there was a productivity spurt. But at least economists, they talk a lot about productivity growth, but we dont understand it very well. And at least since 2005, measured productivity growth has at least been more abundant. Thats not to say that, indeed, we cant get to a higher standard of living, and i agree that all administrations aspire to 3 growth. It wont happen. That is not to sayit wont happen. But at least that is not to say it wont happen. But at least right now, current productivity trends have been somewhat stagnant, so that is why the growth in the workforce does take on particularly greater importance. All i am simply pointing out is that, as you pointed out, as a result of the baby boomers aging and declining fertility, increasingly it is not going to be Third Generation americans higher that will grow the ranks of the u. S. Workforce. So immigration is playing a more important role. Add to that, i think there is incredible Untapped Potential in our American Work force right now. A few months before i started at gallup, we wrote a book called first break all the rules. We introduced the language of Employee Engagement to the workforce. In the years since that, we have tracked with our polls and clients, over 40 million employee surveys around that. Overall, Employee Engagement is largely unchanged over the last couple of decades. About one third of employees are engaged, about half are not. They are more transactionally related to their jobs. And about 1 6 of our u. S. Workforce is actively disengaged. They are frustrated about the workplace and not afraid to say so. I would say we have incredible Untapped Potential within the current Employee Base in addition to the trends mentioned today. The 2 3 of employees that are less than engaged would be a pretty Good Economic Development strategy if we were to say within our own workplaces, how can we address elements around recognition or having an opinion that counts or having let or having a manager that sets you up for access s up for success. If we could address the basic human needs and tap into the potential of the 2 3 of employees who are there with their head and hands but not their emotions. So i think thats a strategy that is right in front of us. Thank you very much, all three. I want to recognize gallup for the work. If you ever get a chance to read the coming jobs war, its a short book, but very good. Ryan, thank you so much for bringing this to the table. Your work at microsoft continues to help us. The skillful effort that you and linkedin have been pushing in colorado and several other states, wonderful progress. Richard, thank you. We all depend on factual, accurate assessments of real information, and pew does that better than anybody. All three of you, thank you very much. [applause] that concludes todays panels. But the day is not over. We look forward to seeing you all at dinner tonight at 7 00 in biltmores gold room that will roam for a Dinner Program that will feature an address by john ratsenberger. Thank you very much for being here. We look forward to seeing you tonight. Announcer monday night on the communicators, we are on location at bell labs in new jersey for the first of a two part interview series. Bell labs is one of the premier Communications Research facilities in the world, providing work in astronomy, lasers, and information astronomy theory. The president discusses what is new and Communications Technology and research. The problem is we present you with a ton of data, but not necessary not necessarily knowledge. In the next era, we will actually connect everything the environment, you, infrastructure, buildings, bridges so you can see what is going on and automate that. Your house will be the jetsons, automatically clean for you, your energy will be automatically managed for you. Your car may be automatically driven for you. The cloud has to move into the network to make that work. The cloud will come of age. The network will become valued again and the devices will be everywhere on you, in you, your car, the structures, so that is a big change coming. Announcer watch the communicators monday night at 8 00 eastern on cspans washington journal live everyday with news and policy issues that impact you are good sunday morning, with take a look at the future of health care and what changes congress is considering this year with Kaiser Health news chief julie ruffner. And the latest on the protests in iran. Plus, the trump administrations response. Journal, lizington beginning at 7 00 a. M. Eastern sunday morning. Join the discussion. Trump takes nt President Trump takes questions from reporters. Steele talksichael about the future of the republican party. Then a member of the Hillary Clinton campaign discusses the 2016 is essential election. 2016 residential election. President trump has finished his meeting. The purpose of the gathering was to outline a legislative agenda for 2018. Following the meeting, president