Which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] the communicators visited bell labs. The labs were created by at t they are owned by nokia, we president bell labs marc Marcus Weldon at the labs in new jersey. So where are we . Were at bell labs. Historical institution, we like to think very relevant to the future as thats institution invented just about every imagine y that you can that underpins the internet. In every silicon chip linux, your apple hone, lasers that do all the optics, Long Distance communications, satellite communication, we invented all bunch of d won a prizes but we consider ourselves internet. Ation of the in 2017, who owns bell labs . Company called nokia. That company you probably all 3310, do you remember the leg nokia phone . T was sort of a wedge, very popular with everyone, probably the first phone if you lived 20 r 30 years ago that company evolved. It got out of the handset business which it can sold to microsoft. Then microsoft shut down but now its on the network side of the equation if you think about it a network and handset. Now nokia owns the network part Radio Networks and Optical Networks. The internet, if you like, to all the major operators around the world. Still a little bit in the handset business but much more network side of things. Here at bell labs its proprietary to nokia . An interesting question because, in fact, bell for is actually inventing the good of humankind. You think that sounds very noble day aybe unlikely in this and age but when it was set up s a research lab for at t, the monopoly as it was at the time, the rules for bell labs, because monopoly owned innovation, all the developments for the p with were public good so royalty free on the backtel grew of many of those innovations, Companies Use them for different applications and services, that was done for the public good. 20 or 30 that stopped years ago but, in fact, mentality of bell labs has invent the things that humans need, yes, some get icensed through nokia, some as patents. Some are done just for the public good. We publish results still quite them out there where we think the public can benefit from them. Ts very much part of our attitude even though there is a bit of commercial outlet through need to pay we back the investment they have made to invent these things. Labs was en bell founded in the 1920s, gifford, who was president of at t at the said bell labs could carry on a entific Research Scale thats probably not equalled in the world. Today . T still true i think it is. May be shocking to people. Bell labs at its peak was about scientists. There was a time when we changed to include all the development at ts Massive Development teams, were counted s part of bell labs but the Research Part was only about 1,300 scientists. Nobel prize Winning Research group, about 1300, today were at a thousand in. That 1,300 there were a lot of counted. Ans back in the day you didnt program your own system. You had a technician who you. Sted so i would say were about the same size as weve ever been, course, uld argue, of its a bit selfserving but just as innovative. Whats changed is public anything. N more than what do you mean . I think weve lived through era recently where everyone obsesses about their phone, and the web services they consume, google, facebook, instagram, cetera, and they forget about what connects those things. Or 40 years ago, the only thing that was there was a black phone and another black phone at the other end, so there was an wareness that that sort of infrastructure was big and porch because you were sort aware of the network. Had a phone, it plugged into the wall and you knew there was a switchboard and it did clever things. There was a Network Awareness in that era. In the smartphone and cloud era era people sort of thought of the internet as just something that should be there ut didnt really value how difficult it is to build that and have massive rescaleable to any ations attached cloud anywhere at any time. There is a lack of appreciation ecause it seemed like all the value had become detached and yet its always been the same. There is a device. There is a network. There is an application, but somehow, the momentum or the marketing was in your hand, and was on the web. Exactly hard to know how we lost the understanding of the network in between. Massively important thing but its harder and harder to scale that and provide the data expect. Services you but thats what we build and that hasnt gone away. In fact, we greatest, we like to give some numbers, were Building Networks that have a million times more capacity than that starttarted and was only 30 years ago from the point where the internet was founded. A million times more internet capacity than when we started. Thing. Amazing if you think about it. We talk of the billions of search results and we talk about the billions of iphones, but talking about a scale thats been increased a million times from where we started, and adding , you know, devices here and there. Weve done something remarkable to appreciate that now. I dont know why to be honest. In techy e not living era like we used to. We can see the telephone wire think were in the era where it was so remarkable that that wire worked that all the amazing this ts wire can transmit a voice. Ecause we cant imagine when that wasnt possible. Now we take that for granted. Were in the era where we take granted. I think that will change. I can talk about why that is but generation, next socalled, industrial internet r the industry the next industrial revolution, its called all of those things, its a massive change to how we think network and how cloud and devices all come together in the network. Is the cloud era a revolutionary era . In a way but if we look t it from an economic perspective, we understand human need but yet you have to think about how it could change the the economy and society, not just personal consumer. Gordon wrote this very famous book, the rise and fall growth. Ican he points out in the first and second industrial revolutions the more physical networks that built, you know, they were rail and road and transportation, gave rise to increase in productivity and gdp but the internet age has not. In a t, its result slowdown in productivity and over this but ze the general consensus is we moved information around but we change anything for the good. And so cloud, as being part of that, you would argue perhaps it hasnt yet changed anything for the good. Not in economic terms. Maybe there is a sense that a wellbeing. E, you feel a little better but it hasnt actually manifestly your existence. You might feel a little more connected, but for every feeling you feel overwhelmed by the deluge of information thats coming in. Reactiont of a neutral to whether we change the world in the internet age but going we believe it does matter, and change, as we actually automate things for you. He problem we have is weve presented you with a ton of data but not necessarily knowledge. Enabling you to think better so in the next era we will actually connect everything, your environment, you, infrastructure, buildings, bridges, cities, so you can see whats going on, and automate that. Think of your house will be like the jetsons. Cleaned. Callially automatically managed. Will y i think cloud couple of it. The network will become valued again and the devices will be everywhere. You, in you, your car, inf infrastructure infrastructure. Thats when well see an increase in productivity. So when we talk about the anymore, were not just talking about the World Wide Web, are we . Were not. Hats a very good question the World Wide Web was a construct to allow machines to talk to each other. Its how systems could interact in a very relatively simple way main h using domain services, urls and things like that now we talk about machines machines and machines talking to platforms and thats a much larger thing. It doesnt go through urls on the World Wide Web. Network. An i. P. You can Exchange Data in many different ways and thats really underneath. Think of that as the webpage part of the web. Is more like i. P. Networks that are moving packets very interesting ways. Maybe a. I. Systems. There is no human involved involved. O webpage its data systems that are moving, optimizing and understanding information thats and then producing new outcomes and that may not involve the www part at all. It may just be a machine signaling a. I. System, the machine what is saying and a robot performing the outcome and there was no www that. Does that increase efficiency . This, again, is not something terribly sexy. Cant see it. We cant touch it, we cant put it. P on its a good question. The way i like to think about it. F your life, if i could pitch it to you in the following way. All the mundane tasks in your taken f they would be care of for you, youre already smiling, it sounds fantastic. Would have more time to spend on esthetic, cognitive value creating things. Ambition youve always had to write the Great American poetry, screen play or whatever it is, or make a movie. Those things, youll have more ime for because im going to eliminate all the mundane tasks, because machines will help you those. So i think its okay, that sounds good. Im in. And hopefully you will see the selftasks that are done for you. And the time you have to do more creative humanistic things that make you feel more valuable. Appreciate, u will because youre always connected over this infrastructure. To you remain invisible because in some ways it is there are no wires youre drag with your rhumba or your robotic system but youll value e it as having because its changed your life and humans are capable of nderstanding, there are three ingredients in that. There is the robot, there is the network and there is the application that essentially automation for you, and those three things have equal value. Weldon, among your thousands of scientists here do you have researchers, do you ave engineers, do you have the technicians, the whole mix, or is it purely Scientific Research . Thats a very good question. Thats one of the other misconceptions about bell labs, t just did science for sciences sake. The reason people believed that prizes. On so many weve won eight nobel prizes for work directly done here, if you people who worked here on part for part of won 30 reer we probably nobel prizes, because it was a small group of people but they were always ocused on solving a very real problem. Or example, one of the prizes you mites consider, discovering the microbackground radiation. Radiation. What on earth was bell labs doing looking for the origin of the universe . Werent. We were trying to do radio communications, the earliest between newications jersey and maine, and there were no satellites at the time. We had was a mylar balloon, 10 meters this diameter, floated up into the atmosphere, bounced radio waves off of it between maine and new jersey but you can that doesnt result in a very strong signal. We hadnt even invented that point for those radio signals so it really was an unamplified signal. Very small signal so the noise that comes from the atmosphere mattered. Started trying to investigate how could we get rid of that noise so the signal was good. We found out we couldnt get rid of it because microwave signal from the origin of the universe. We discovered that, won knebel discovery. That all we were trying to do was bounce a signal off a balloon nobel prizes are like that weve always gone after a specific problem. New amplifying technology, for a new transistor, a new memory device to the camera, which is the origin of the digital sensor you have in your smartphone that pictures to take digitally. So all of these things we were trying to solve for some reason, because it was a hard problem and because we went all in, we ended up winning a nobel prize. In fact, weve never done pure Scientific Research. Its always what i would call isruptive research, but directed towards a real problem in communications, and we go all in and tend to win prizes as a result. Yes, to answer your question, were still like that we go big human problems. 10 years out. We try to find solutions that than times better anything available today and we focus our best and brightest on problems as fast as possible. Scientists, engineers, electronic or electrical, as the more artistically inclined person. Physical design. Even now were working with some artists to help us think about more re something thats than just communicating words, communicating emotions an sentiment. Its an interesting collective of unlike minds working clabra to invent the er future. Thats how it is. I think how its always been. In my mind, im seeing lab laboratories, test tubes. Test tubes less now. Coats. Are lab big qualcomm labs the that cool hings down to liquid helium temperatures. Yes, there are big laser structures and fiber. Wireless antenna, reinventing wireless signals. That. Ll find the lab coat wearing is not what it should be. Meaning, i dont think were our clothes ting appropriately, and maybe goggle osha specs, up to but, yeah, you would find labs goggles and lab coats running around the place, and labs full of very expensivelooking equipment. Are some weldon what of the things that bell labs is now, and looking at 10 years from now . So, i think the thing that at the moment is the idea that were bringing all online. E machines this is a very popular phrase, internet of things. Meaningless. Most people think youre a smart watch but, in fact, what it eans is adding senses to everything. You, yes, but they wont just be fit bits. Hey will be biological sense that is measure your physiology that will let you know whether youre well at any moment in room will sense you and be able to pick up your movement. Rate. Measure your heart the infrastructure will measure you, but ill be able to see the shipping f every object, every week, every train, every plane, ever vehicle, the of every traffic light and the reason for that is to allow massive degree of automation, so of it as an industrial or technological revolution, and here havent been many, technological revolution means you invent technology, you network it and it changes mankind so we think were about to enter that era and the changes you will be able remove mundane tasks, live a more complete life, doing more what ve things, which is humans are good at because machines will take over the dull, drab and ordinary. Thats a very interesting reality and what we have to do make that happen is we have to work on new cloud echnologies, new computing technologies, new devices that sense you in deep physiological ways, meaning your whole biochemistry is measure at points in time. He environment has to be able to perceive you and sense you, not just invisible, but acoustically. We have to build networks that make all of that information cloudrom one place to the and back. We have to build a. I. Systems that make sense of it all to use if i send that data you, youre going to say, i dont know what to do with that. What does that mean . All of that and we consider that our purview all you to from a sensor on a cloud system, that runs an. I. Agent, that helps you perform and live your life more efficiently. O thats sort of a massive change. Yes, there will be a. R. , virtual relality will be part of that as well. Youll be able to perceive and starings in a bit like a trek way. Youll be able to walk into become what y will you want them to be. Youll just have to youll be sensed in every environment that sensory inpulitzer be able to be transferred between people, so to understand how other people are feeling across the digital network. To doctor will be able understand how youre feeling. Your work your employer will be able to understand whether in a risky position or perhaps even suffering on the job. Of be ything will sort understood and known, not in a reepy big brother way but in a personalized way that makes your life better. Thats pretty interesting because its a massive pretty much n in everything that we do. Lets go back to the creepy big brother, because a lot of like creepy big brother. Until i said its not creepy big brother. Trick. Thats the the trick is, so that the user is in control of the information. Advertise you only make available, lets take the xample of, working on new Sensor Technologies that detect your biochemistry. You would only be willing to your that data with doctor, and maybe friends an amily if they are acting as your custodian or your caretaker. Where, making that available is clearly the right hing to do, because ill pose to you the way its done today and you know it very well. You go to the doctor once a year, maybe, if your spouse bothers you to do that. Thats how it is in my house anyway. But then, doctor asks you, how are you feeling . You make up your response, so up, if you dont make it its inaccurate. Its a reflex of how youre feeling on that particular day during the you felt course of the year and you present no data to them. Of measurements and hope that at one moment in time they can diagnose you on a set of sed measurements. Maybe blood and heart rate and pressure. Its an impossibly foolish endeavor. Data, anaid based on no incorrect presentation of the information, im going to diagnose you, you would consider witchcraft. The right way, of course is to ontinuously collect all the data, so i have a complete image of your last year. Through some intelligent systems, that look for patterns that you see, perhaps that humans cant. But then advise the human, doctor, this is what they found walk into en you their office, or maybe dont even walk in, its across a igital network, ive already figured out your issue and its wellinformed baited on a complete data set and you think, testing. Or maybe it didnt let the condition happen. It sent you alert that youre on andpath towards a condition youve just got the earliest signs, if you modify your behavior, or your diet or you wont ever have to come and see me. Thats how healthcare should be done. And think of that applying to anything. Any task youre performing optimized, more fully understood when youre about to youre in a , when environment. We do a about it today, massive segmentation so that not all data goes everywhere. Think about it today, the web your data. Ets all of the device companies, everything youre doing on your device, the Search Engine you use, get everything. The ones you buy from get everything you buy. Ones you have a social network with see everything about you. Thats much more scary big where the n a world data is actually contextualized and only sent to the person who you, and not to someone who is aggregating all of your advertising it for purposes. So i think were moving away much more big brother to, i dont know if you would little brother. But thats the world its a uch better world than we frankly. Live in, at what point are we going to get there . Crystal ball gazing. At 2020, youll start to see clear signs of this. Things that are automated. Trucks driving large platoons on ighways, probably, relatively autonomous. Thats a form of automation. Some home tasks that are automatically managed for you. Probably the beginnings of youll wear ement, some sophisticated, whether its Glucose Monitoring or high blood monitoring device that is actually are beginning to provide advice to you and sort healthcare. Your and by 2020, i think that will be true. Will be in full swing, i would say. We predicted this productivity growth, where we change everything and everything becomes automated, by 2030, we youll be s where living in that existence. Not all that far off. You and i have left this plane, well be living relatively a much more satisfied empathize we team thighs more with each other. There is an interesting paradox people worry about the scary a. I. Part of it, but there which is paradox, that machines are good at things that humans are poor at. At things are good that machines are poor at. And if you think about one of those things, machines are very at repetitive tasks and ad will repeat it infinitum. Humans thinks they are good at tasks, humans deviate. Driving,hink about your do you drive exactly the same way . No, a little bit left, a little bit right in the lane. A different take route because you feel like it. Sometimes you drive faster or slower. Creatures. Deviant machines are very good at repetition. So machines will take over be more in and well the space of things that are want, take nd if you leaps of faith or flights of intuition. Well be doing those things that make us feel special, make us feel alive. Thats where well be in that space with Something Else taking things. Mundane i think its excellent based on where i want to be 10 years from now. Is there anell labs Artificial Intelligence department or is a. I. Part of any more . You do a great question again. Weve started organizing it a bit more. Everywhere. A. I. , ill explain, we invented current techniques in a. I. Because bell labs invented everything. True, but we invented something we called Neural Networks, we did pioneering work. In fact, the head of facebooks a. Iteam did his pioneering bell labs. And this Neural Network are the used for voice recognition, so when youre invented itlexa, we here. Why were we working on them . Okay, you were doing crazy stuff again. Task then was optical handwriting. T was handwriting to recognize phone numbers. When people wrote down phone numbers, we wanted to be able to that and lly scan maybe auto dial, and, of course, post office was interested in on letters, so they could work on optical recognition. Need a neural u network to do that. Still do but thats why we were orking on it, and now we continued working on it. We didnt do quite as much for a and now were back in but its everywhere, the labs are looking at neural data science we call it, which is basically tatistics and analytics but also mathematical models of things. You dont have to just do patent do modeling you can physics or engineering. So we work in all of those started t weve to egating together, probably not everyone is learning about each others works so we started organizing it a bit more. Augmentation initiative. Claude back to claude. Who is Claude Shannon . He was one of bell labs gods. Didnt win a nobel prize because there wasnt one in information theory. Possibly could have won one in mathematics but the mathematicians didnt think theory was serious math because the formula was so simple. Computed for any connection over any interface, or over the copper air, if i tell you, or someone how much bandwidth you have, that means spectrum, hell tell you how many bits of information you can send maximum. O think of that as being like one of the 10 commandments of to nology, he didnt need know anything about anything except just tell me how much spectrum. Is on e medium communicating, and i can tell you how much information you can send. Forever. Time,ust for this point in forever, maximum you could ever end because it was based on mathematical and physical and its proven correct. Information much you can send. Thats why hes one of the gods. Genius is, se, real e. Equals mc square. Formulas to describe these things. So we continue to honor him oday because its still true that every Wireless Network and very Optical Network has to abide by shannons law. With a. I. , we decided, one of how uestions in a. I. Is, can you improve the information . Wrong . Right or how right is it . Can you prove its right or wrong . Its a bit sean 23407blike in its quest. Whats the fundamental truth or information value of an a. I. System . So we called up the shannon initiative, ation which is where all researchers ull together to discuss a. I. Problems and a. I. Solutions, but they remain dispersed, they just ome together under this initiative to exchange ideas. Newo you like being here in ersey rather than in Silicon Valley . Salaries are a bit lower. Actually think that bell labs founded Silicon Valley. Claim, ems to be a bold maybe im bragging too much but it was founded by one of the transition so, a guy called shockley. He went down to sylvan valley there. E his mother lived in fact, he had grown up there and he went there to take care f her after leaving bell labs, and yes, he had fallen out with his cofounders so there was a and he went leave back home. Semiconductor, which intel. Around outline of that, silicon formed, but in terms of tech not so sure ere hat Silicon Valley has really ontributed as many big Tech Innovations as people think. Certainly search out algorithms technology, ly new f you think of it in the era. Istor, linux that still has been done more on the east coast and in israel, and a few other places. Now in china, but that big Tech Innovation has never really been done in Silicon Valley to the same extent its been done in these other locations. Remains an jersey epicenter, the boston, new york, new jersey corridor, still a hotbed of innovation. Good place to be, the weather is beautiful except for the six months of the year e discussed earlier, january, february, july, august, september, but, no, its a very its got this tremendous culture of innovation. S you know, sometimes the culture matters and in bell labs the culture is still a huge scientists to come and innovate. Appeal is the the culture weve created here and its part and parcel of being at this site in new jersey, this site of great innovation. Bell re president of labs, youre also the chief nokia, gy officer for but you have to justify your in nses to mbas back helsinki. If you start describing this, to want to going moneyize it . About, how dothink we survive when many other ndustrial labs like ours suffered. Xerox, hp labs was a big deal. Large and is now smaller. Weve survived at roughly the same size. I think the argument i make is every year we deliver tremendous value. Creatingr value thats billions of revenue, i mentioned capacity, times more if youre using which most using are, they arent a all the way to the home, if they use that connection thats bell labs. On for increased the copper wire to a million. If youre communicating with using an tem youre optical connection that was a bell lab invention. We invent things that create the future of the company and so in that context its pretty easy to ustify the investment at bell labs because its a small part of the revenue of the company. Less than 1 of the revenue of the company is what gets spent on bell labs. Bang for the of buck and i think the helsinki, fins, very quickly understood that. They had large team in the past working on handsets. Center and they invented all the handsets. It was about the same number of labs, that wasell focused on the handset business but they understood the value of the future ofting that business. That business has gone away but they understand the value of inventing the future of these Cloud Networks that we talked about earlier. Actually havent found much of a difficulty explaining value. What year they check in, have you done for me lately . Thats normal question . But, in fact, i think its been supportive which is one of the great things about bell labs history, a great set of off to get handed parents, t of grandparents, great grandparents and so on. But a great set of parents and we have a strong future here at nokia. Do i use a nokia product regularly . You will soon probably. If you ever communicate in the u. S. Over a Wireless Network thats a nokia product. Dont see it because its called at t, verizon sprint, tmobile, but we build thats all of and our technology. So all of that is nokia insight. Have an ly should advertising campaign. Part. Hats the invisible but increasingly, we now license some of our smartphone designs a Company Called hmd global so the nokia 8 is a very popular in europe thats beginning to come to the u. S. Think of it as a samsung quivalent or an apple equivalent thats doing quite well. They have got some Innovative New features. Also support another company thats being rebranded nokia health, a set of sensory devices wear. Ou a scale, Blood Pressure monitor, a smart watch so those you might actually be wearing and they be called nokia. Thats being rebranded, too. So youre going to start seeing i think, and center, as part of your life going forward. Think well be more visible again to you but never forget the invisible part, that makes it all work. Final question, marcus of the themes or one hashe ideas about bell labs always been it might some day work. Is that still one of the philosophies . We work on as a technology . Yeah, might someday. Absolutely believe the way we think about problems is, we limits according to current knowledge and when we find those limits we get excited. Like to hats where we be. We like to be at the limit of things, but it has to be a real problem. That, it has to be lets say you want a hundred capacity wireless because you want to have the headset on all the time and be ompletely biologically sensed and all of that data being sent, maybe thats a hundred times ore capacity but very low latency. Thats the speed at which i go back and forth with the data because thats important for a e of these systems, thats big challenge and i might need that in 10 years but to do a more capacity or a hundred times lower latency in 10 years thats a big challenge. And say what hose do we have to fix . We find there is a limit in physics. There is a limit of speed of light that comes into play. There is limited mathematical a. I. Systems, that they can be proven to be correct or incorrect. You will all of those things get us excited. We dont like to do the small things, we leave those to others. He big things, thats where we play and this is an era where big things are going to change and big things matter and so we feel pretty excite about the future. Marcus weldon, president of know coke nokia bell labs. Guest. Ur thanks, its been a pleasure chatting. To see moreuld like communicators. Ommunicate cspan, where history unfolds daily in. 1979, cspan was created as a service by americas Cable Television companies. Nd is brought to you today by our cable or satellite