Transcripts For CSPAN President Obama At The Mandela Fellows Town Hall 20240622

Its one of the fastestgrowing regions in the world. Africas middle class is projected to grow to more than one billion consumers. With hundreds of millions of mobile phones and surging access to the internet, africans are beginning to leapfrog old technologies into new prosperity. The continent has achieved historic gains in health, from fighting hiv aids to making childbirth safer for women and babies. Millions have been lifted from extreme poverty. So this is extraordinary progress. And young people like you are driving so much of this progress because africa is the youngest continent. I saw the power of youth on my trip. In kenya, Richard Ruto Todosia helped build yes youth can, one of the countys most Prominent Civil Society groups, with over one million members. At the Global Entrepreneurship summit in nairobi, shadi sabeh spoke about how he started Brilliant Footsteps Academy in nigeria, which uses education to fight religious extremism and provide more opportunities for muslim youth. I met judith owigar, an entrepreneur who cofounded a nonprofit that trains young women living in the slums of nairobi in Computer Programming and Graphic Design and then helps place them in tech jobs. So i saw the talent of young people all across the continent. And as president , i want to make sure that even as were working with governments, were also helping to empower Young Africans like all of you. And thats why i launched yali Young African Leaders Initiative [applause] to help you access the resources and the training and the networks that you need to become the next generation of leaders in all areas in Civil Society, in business, in government. And the response has been overwhelming. So far, more than 140,000 young people across africa have joined our yali network so Young Africans with new ideas can connect with each other, and collaborate and Work Together to put their plans into action. And i want to welcome all of the yali Network Members across africa who are watching this town hall today. Im proud of all of you. Im proud that weve made so much progress together, after just a few years. [applause] and last year, i said wed launch a new set of tools for our yali network. So today, weve got more than 30 online lessons available on everything from public speaking to how to write a business plan, mentoring, new ways to Network Across africa, around the world, new training sessions, meetings with experts on how to launch a startup. And were launching three new online Mandela Washington Fellowship Institute courses so that all members of the yali network can access some of the great ideas that youve been sharing. Last year, i said that we would create yali Regional Leadership Centers across africa to provide skills, networks, and opportunities to even more Young African leaders. And in kenya, i had a chance to visit the Regional Leadership Center in nairobi. Just this morning, we opened a new center in accra. And two more will be opened by the end of the year in pretoria and in dakar. [applause] last year, i said we would do even more to support young entrepreneurs with grants to help you start a business or nonprofit, and with new training for thousands of aspiring entrepreneurs in small towns and rural areas. So at the recent Global Entrepreneurship summit in nairobi, i announced that we secured more than 1 billion in new commitments from banks and philanthropists to support emerging entrepreneurs around the world, including in africa with half the money going to support women and young people. [applause] and last year, i welcomed our first class of mandela fellows. This year, the response was overwhelming again nearly 30,000 applied. And today im honored to welcome you, the second Mandela Washington fellows class. Were on track to double the Mandela Washington Fellowship Program to 1,000 fellows by next year. [applause] and i know youve been busy. Over the past few weeks, at schools and businesses all across america, youve been taking courses, developing the skills youll need to make your ideas a reality, so that youre able to continue the great work that youre already doing, but take it to the next level. Thats what Brian Bwembya of zambia plans to do. Wheres brian . Where is he . There he is right there. So brian uses music to advocate against things like genderbased violence and to educate youth on hiv aids. So while in the u. S. , hes learned about our health care system, met the founder of an american hiv aids organization, and now he plans to start a record label for music about social change. So, brian, were proud to be your partner. [applause] or weve got Kadijah Diallo of guinea. Where is kadijah . There she is. So kadijah helped lead unicefs Media Campaign to stop the spread of ebola. And with the management skills that she gained at wagner college, she wants to work on improving the lives of women and girls back home in guinea. So we are proud to be your partner. Or weve got Jamila Mayanja of uganda. Are you posing . Shes posing. Jamila is not a fashion model thats not [laughter] she started a doortodoor Laundry Company to employ more youth and teach them entrepreneurial skills. And she hopes to take what she learned during her time at Dartmouth University to meet her goal of getting 1,000 youth to work in or run their own business. So were proud to be your partner, jamila. [applause] so thats just a sampling of the incredible projects that are being done by fellows all across africa. So this program is going to help all of you make a real difference back home. But Fatou Ba Ndiour from senegal [applause] wheres fatou . So fatou wrote me a letter and she said, if the real value of yali is for young people to learn from others, then maybe we should start sending some Young Americans to africa also. And she made the point, not just to help poor communities as they usually do, but to learn from other societies, with humility which i thought is absolutely true. So i have good news, fatou. From now on, yali will give americans an opportunity. Next summer, up to 80 Young American leaders will join yali and go to africa to learn from you and your countries. And you guys are going to have to look after them when theyre there. Show them good places but not to have too much fun. They need to be doing some work while theyre there. So these connections and partnerships and friendships, they forge an understanding that brings our peoples closer together. After six weeks here, some of you are now officially Texas Longhorns or notre dame fighting irish. Youve shared african cooking with your american friends, but youve also had a burger and a hotdog at fourth of july celebrations. Im told many of you went bowling for the first time. Audience yes pres. Obama i hear it didnt go that well. There were a few strikes. By the way, there was at least one marriage that came out of last years class. [applause] so who knows what might happen here. [laughter] so as your time in america comes to a close, i want you to remember this is really just the beginning. We just started this. And the truth is that our greatest challenges whether its inclusive development, or confronting terrorism, dealing with conflict, Climate Change, increasing womens rights, childrens rights these are bigger than any one nation or even one continent. Our hope is, is that 10, 15, 20 years from now, when youve all gone on to be ministers in government, or leaders in business, or pioneers of social change, that youll still be connecting with each other, that youll still be learning from each other, and that together, youll be reaching back and helping the next generation that youll not only be making a difference in your own countries, but youll be the foundation of a new generation of global leadership, a generation thats going to be working together across borders to make the world safer and more prosperous and more peaceful and more just. Thats my hope for you. Weve brought you here because we benefit from your leadership, but were counting on you to Work Together to make sure that youre also reaching back to those who are going to be coming behind you. Couldnt be prouder of you. So with that, let me take some questions, all right . Thank you very much. [applause] all right. So here are the i think youve been told how this works, but im going to just repeat it. Im just going to call on as many people as possible. When i call on you, introduce yourself, tell me what country youre from. Make your question relatively short [laughter] so that we can get as many questions in as possible. And im going to go boy, girl, boy, girl to make sure that its fair. All right . Ok. So let me see who im going to start off with. This is all such a goodlooking group. Im going to start with this young lady right here. Right here. Right in the middle. Yes, there you go with the african earrings. Very appropriate. Im from kenya. Pres. Obama habari . Mzuri sana. Yes. And my question is, im curious how you keep the balance in terms of your background as an African American and the kind of struggles youve had to get over to get here and being to married Michelle Obama shes powerful and amazing and as a father, as a husband. But you seem to not let that interfere with your work, and youve been effective. So how do you keep the balance . Pres. Obama well, first of all, i wouldnt be who i was without michelle. So shes my partner. Thats true professionally, but thats true in terms of my character and who i am. One of the things im very proud of is the fact that i married someone who is strong, and talented, and opinionated, and my equal. And part of the reason why thats so important to me is because shes the role model now for my daughters. And so malia and sasha, they have expectations of being strong and talented, and being treated as an equal by their partners as they get older much older. [laughter] the balance ive written about this. The balance isnt always perfect. I think one of the things that my generation, but now even more your generation, has to manage is, if you have two people working in the house, outside the home, how do you manage that in a way that were both good parents, were both able to succeed in our work. And what michelle and i found was that we had to recognize that at any given point in our careers, one person might sacrifice a little bit maybe this was a time that she really had to focus on something, and so i had to cover for her more. There were times where i was able to do something and she had to handle things more. Now, im not suggesting that its been completely equal, because im the first one to acknowledge that shes probably made more sacrifices, given the nature of a political career, than i have. But what ive learned from her is that if she doesnt feel respected and fulfilled, then im going to end up being less successful, ultimately. And thats something that i think that men in africa, in particular men everywhere [laughter] but men in africa ive spoken about this a lot. The best measure of how a country does economically in terms of development is how does it treat its women. [applause] and as i said in a speech a couple of the speeches that i gave while i was in kenya and ethiopia if youre mistreating your women, then youre just holding yourself back, youre holding yourself down. You may have some false sense of importance, but ultimately you dont benefit if women are being discriminated against, because that means when theyre working, your family is going to have less income. If theyre not educated, that means your children are less likely to be well educated, because, typically, the mother is the first educator of a child. So if they see you disrespecting your wife, then what lesson is your not just your girls, but what lessons are your sons learning from you . And so this is something that i really think everybody, especially the young generation of african men, have to learn and internalize. And i want to see more men creating peer pressure among themselves. If you see a friend of yours, a classmate, one of your buddies abusing a woman, you have to say something. You have to ostracize them and say thats not acceptable. Because, ultimately, this is not just an issue of laws although here in the United States were still fighting for equal pay for equal work; were still fighting to make sure that women have the same opportunities as men but its also a matter of culture and what our expectations are. And your generation is going to have to change expectations. You do not lift yourself up by holding somebody else down. And thats especially true within your own family and the people that youre closest to. All right. That young men right there, in the striped shirt. Yes, you. Thank you, mr. President. I am from rwanda. [applause] pres. Obama you have a little cheering section here. Got the flags. Mr. President , there is a big problem of Climate Change, and research has showed that africa will be the most vulnerable continent to Climate Change in the next decades. Africa is the continent which is responsible to Climate Change mitigation, and it is reducing the Greenhouse Gases and the global warming. And i saw that africa was the last continent to get the funding for Climate Change mitigation and adaptation. So my question is to ask you what is the plan of the United States of america to empower africa so that our community can adapt themselves to the Climate Change in the next future . Thank you. Pres. Obama well, first of all, this generation has to understand that Climate Change is going to be one of the Critical Issues that you face. Now, oftentimes youll hear people say, well, Environmental Issues, Climate Change, we dont have time to worry about that right now because we have much more urgent issues we have to educate our children, we have to feed people, we have to develop maybe later we can worry about Environmental Issues which i understand why a lot of african countries and poorer countries in asia or latin america or other places would say that, because historically, thats basically what the United States and developed countries did. The United States used to be terribly polluted. If you went to los angeles, you couldnt it was like beijing is now. It was very hard to breathe if you ran outside. You had lakes and rivers that were so polluted that one of them caught fire. Thats serious, thats some pollution there. The same is true in london when london was first developing during the industrial revolution, because of all the coal that was being burned, and the soot. Heres the problem. Whether its fair or not, the issue of Climate Change is not like traditional Environmental Issues in the sense thats its just isolated in one area. Global Climate Change will affect everybody. And because the changes could be so severe, frankly, the countries that are most likely to be adversely affected are the poorer countries because they have less margin for error. So if you have changing weather patterns in, lets say, the indian subcontinent, and the monsoon rains shift, suddenly you could have millions of people whose crops completely fail. Well, the same is true in africa if rain patterns and drought starts changing, subsistence farmers are completely vulnerable. If you are in coastal communities, and the oceans begin to rise, millions of people could be displaced. So this is something that everybody is going to have to take seriously. Now, what were going to be doing is, here in the United States, we are initiating some of the most aggressive action to start reducing the emission of carbon that produces Climate Change. Theres going to be a paris conference later this year in which were organizing china and other countries that are big carbon emitters to participate, and set targets for reduction of carbon pollution. Now, africa, per capita, doesnt produce that much carbon. So some african countries have said, well, why should we have to do anything . Well, the answer is, is that you have to project where youre going to be 20 years from now or 30 years from now. If you get locked in now in, for example, the way you producing energy thats producing a lot of carbon, given the youth of africa and its rising population, you could end up being the major carbon emitter if you dont take plans now. So what were saying is, learn from our mistakes and find new, sustainable ways of Generating Energy that dont produce carbon. When i was in nairobi, i highlighted the work were doing with something called power africa, which has generated billions of dollars with the goal of electrification throughout subsaharan africa. But part of what were trying to encourage countries to do is dont automatically take the old models, think about new models of energy production, and try to leapfrog over the old models. So, for example, with solar energy, we were looking at solar panels that you could send into rural areas, put on the roof of a hut, and for the same price per day that people are purchasing kerosene, they could have a small solar panels and pack that generates light and provides what they need. And in fact, it will pay for itself in a year, and then theyll save money after that. And so, in the same way that youve seen banking and Financial Transactions off smartphones, cellphones, leapfrogging some of the old ways of doing business in advanced countries, the same has to be true for energy. And we want to encourage new models. We are going to be providing the United States and other wealthier countries are going to be providing billions of dollars in money for adaptation and mitigation. But whats more urgent is how do we create the energy thats needed for africas growth and development in a way that does not make the problem worse, but instead makes the problem better. All right . Ok, this young lady right here. Youve got the mic coming. Hello. Im from mauritania and im 23 years old. So my question is simple you, as a president , and you as a citizen a u. S. Citizen, will you, after leaving the white house, keep up this program . Because we still need it. [applause] pres. Obama yes. It is a simple question, and ive got a simple answer yes. Now, heres what were going to try to do. We want to institutionalize the program so that the next president and future president s and the United States government continue to sustain the program. So thats going to be important. And since i still have this job for the next 18 months, i havent been completely focused on what im going to do afterwards. The first thing im probably going to do is im going to catch up on my sleep. So im going to do that for a couple months. But i can guarantee you that one of the things im interested in doing when i leave office is to continue to create these platforms for Young Leadership across the globe, to network, get relationships, to Work Together, to learn with each other. [applause] and by the way, its not just in africa. So weve set up a Young Leaders program in asia. Were doing the same thing in latin america. Because the goal is, eventually i want not only for there to be a network of thousands of Young African leaders who know each other across borders, are sharing best practices, sharing ideas, but i also want you to know Young Leaders in indonesia, or Young Leaders in chile, or Young Leaders around the globe. Because i said before, ultimately youre going to be global leaders, not just leaders in your own country. It begins in your own countries where you can make your mark, but one of the powerful things about technology and the internet right now is you can learn and forge relationships and learn best practices from everyplace. So if youre an advocate for womens rights, and youre doing great work in nigeria, it may be that somebody in burma can, on the internet, see how you organized your campaign and how you were able to finance it and what you were able to accomplish, and suddenly what youve done in one country becomes a model for action all across the world. So this is going to be a top priority of mine. I will definitely continue to be involved in that. All right . [applause] lets see, ive got to call on a man now. Lets see. Lets see. Im going to call on this guy right there. Yes, you right there just because i like that hat. Thats a sharplooking hat right there. I come from madagascar. Pres. Obama there you go. We madagascar fellows are involved in the environmental entrepreneurship. So what is the commitment of the United States towards young entrepreneurship and Climate Change . Pres. Obama well, as i said before, we are pledging weve got a billion dollars for entrepreneurship, half of it we are going to direct towards Women Entrepreneurs and young people who are entrepreneurs, because theyve been underrepresented in terms of access to capital. And as i mentioned to the young man earlier, the opportunities for entrepreneurship related to clean energy, related to conservation which oftentimes, in a place like madagascar, involves tourism and ecotourism theres huge potential there if its done properly. So the key is, in some cases, just the access to financing. But part of what youve learned, hopefully, with yali is part of it is also having a wellthoughtout plan. Now, not everybody can afford to go to a fancy Business School and graduate and have all the credentials, but that doesnt mean you dont have a good idea. And one of the things that were trying to do, particularly through Online Learning, is to create some of the basic concepts for how a business or a nonprofit can get started, how it can be properly managed, how you can do the accounting in a way thats efficient. We want to make sure that we are a continuing partner for you as you start your business and you learn. And this is where these Regional Networks that were setting up is also useful, because not only will we have Online Learning but these regional hubs, initially in four regions of africa, allow you to continue to network and access through the u. S. Embassy, or the chambers of commerce, or private sector participants who are partnering with us, so that you can have handson mentoring and learning as you are developing your business plans, and as youre trying to move forward. The one thing, for those of you who are entrepreneurs or aspiring entrepreneurs, to remember is all around the world, even in the United States, not every idea succeeds. So if you want to be an entrepreneur and start a business, you have to believe with all your heart that youre going to succeed, but then when and if one of the businesses fails, youve got to be able to get up, dust yourself off, figure out what youve learned, and then start another business. And eventually, its from continually refining your ideas and exploring what works and understanding what your market is and what consumers are looking for, that eventually, you have a chance to succeed. Ok. Its a young womans turn now. Well, shes just dancing over here, so well have to call on her. That doesnt mean, by the way, everybody should dance. I just wanted to point that out. Go ahead. Mr. President , thank you. Im from cameroon. And i would like to find out if you will support africas condition for permanency at the u. N. Security council. Thank you. Pres. Obama so the Security Council was formed after world war ii, and obviously the world and the balance of power around the world looked very different in 1945, 1946, 47 than it does in 2015, 16 and 17. So the United States is supportive in concept of modifications to the structure of the United Nations Security Council. I will be honest with you how that happens, and how you balance all the equities is complicated. As a matter of principle, i would think that there should at least be one representative from the african continent on the Security Council, along with representatives from the other regions of the world and some of the other powers that have emerged. I will tell you that because, for example, latin america does not have a country thats represented it does get complicated, because you have to figure out how let me put it this way. Everybody probably thinks they should be on it. And so even in africa, if you started saying, okay, lets say we should have an african is it south africa . Is it nigeria . Is it see . Uganda . See . Suddenly everybody was thinking, well, why not me . The same is true in japan considers itself, as one of the largest economies in the world, suitable. Brazil thinks it should be on. India, the Worlds Largest democracy. So were going to have to design a process whereby all these various legitimate arguments are sorted through. But what i very much believe is that for the United Nations Security Council to be effective, it has to be more representative of all the various trend lines that have occurred over the last several decades. One thing i will say, though, about the United Nations everybody wants a seat at the table, but sometimes people dont want the responsibilities of having a seat at the table. And thats happening even now. And the one thing ive learned, both in my personal life and in my political life, is that if you want more authority, then you also have to be more responsible. You cant wear the crown if you cant bear the cross. And oftentimes, in the United Nations which im very committed to, and the agencies there do a lot of really critical important work but when it comes to, okay, whos going to actually step up and contribute to peacekeeping, whos going to actually write a check when it comes to making sure that were dealing with the ebola crisis, whos going to show leadership in tackling Climate Change are you willing to speak out on issues even when it contradicts your own interests, or when its politically hard, or when its uncomfortable if youre not willing to do those things, this is not just something where, ok, i got a membership key to the club and now im just going to show off how important i am. And you see that sometimes. This happens and sometimes it happens at our own agencies. On human rights, when i was in kenya, i said that its not enough for the United States always to be the heavy who has to point out that its unsuitable for leaders to ignore their constitution and try to cling on to power. Their neighbors have to speak up as well, even if its uncomfortable. [applause] so my attitude is, if you want to participate then you have to recognize that you have broader responsibilities. And thats something that the United States, by the way, for all our occasional mistakes or flaws, or our policies not perfect all the time, the one thing we do try to be is responsible. If theres an earthquake or a tornado or a hurricane somewhere, were there. Were stepping up. When ebola happened, we stepped up, even when other people were kind of looking around and trying to figure out, well, i dont know, what should we do . And that is part of leadership. Thats true, by the way, for you individually as well. You have to be willing to take some risks and do some hard things in order to be a leader. A leader is not just a name, a title, and privileges and perks. Lets see, i think its a gentlemans turn, isnt it . All right. This guy looks sharp, right here in the corner. I mean, thats a seriouslooking coat. Look at that. Thats a goodlooking coat. Dont worry, ill call on somebody whos just wearing a suit at some point. Thank you, mr. President. Im from cameroon. So we are very grateful for the American Leadership in our fight against violent extremism and the military response. So my question is, what kind of engagement what kind of support we can expect from you in building resilient communities, especially along the sahel, where we are grappling with those issues . Pres. Obama well, this is something thats very important. Look, the sources of violence around the world are multiple. And its important for us to recognize that, sadly, the human race has found excuses to kill each other for all sorts of reasons. In the continent of africa, oftentimes its been along ethnic and tribal lines. It has nothing to do with religion, it has to do with you speak a slightly different language than me, or you look just a little bit different. In Northern Ireland it was religious. In other places, it just has to do with trying to gain power, or a Majority Group trying to impose its will on a minority group. So there are all kinds of reasons for violence. But one of the phenomena that we are now seeing is a very specific promotion of violent extremism that oftentimes is twisting and distorting and, i think, ultimately, defying the edicts of one of the worlds greatest religions islam. And its being exported and turbocharged through social media, and groups like alshabaab and isil and boko haram. And the question is, how do we fight back against those ideologies in a way that allows us still to be true to the values of peace and tolerance and due process and rule of law. So the United States is obviously committed to this fight against terrorism. And we are working with countries and partnering with countries all around the world to go after whether its al qaeda, boko haram. But what weve also said is in order to defeat these extremist ideologies, it cant just be military, police and security. It has to be reaching into communities that feel marginalized and making sure that they feel that theyre heard, making sure that the young people in those communities have opportunity. And thats why its so important to partner with Civil Society organizations in countries throughout africa and around the world who can reach young people before isil reaches them, before al shabaab reaches them, and inoculate them from the notion that somehow the solution to their alienation or the source of future opportunity for them is to go kill people. And thats why, when i was in kenya, for example, and i did a town hall meeting there, i emphasized what i had said to president kenyata be a partner with the Civil Society groups. [applause] because too often, theres a tendency because what the extremist groups want to do is they want to divide. Thats what terrorism is all about. The notion is that you scare societies, further polarizes them. The government reacts by further discriminating against a particular group. That group then feels it has no political outlet peacefully to deal with their grievances. And that then that suppression can oftentimes accelerate even more extremism. And thats why reaching out to Civil Society groups, clergy, and listening and asking, okay, what is it that we need to do in order to make sure that young people feel that they can succeed . What is it that we need to do to make sure that they feel that theyre fully a part of this country and are full citizens, and have full rights . How do we do that . Bringing them into plan and design messages and campaigns that embrace the diversity of these countries those are the things that are so important to do. We still have to gain intelligence and engage in effective military and Police Campaigns to eradicate those who are so brainwashed that all you can do is incapacitate them. But the question is constantly, how do we make sure that the recruitment of young people into these terrorist organizations, how do we cut off that flow . And that requires more than just military efforts. [applause] all right. This young lady right here. Yes, right here in the green and red. Yes, you. No, no, no right here. Go ahead. No, no, no, right here in front. Yes, you. Yes, go ahead. Thank you, mr. President. Im from kenya. And im speaking on behalf of my brothers and sisters with albinism from africa. As you may know, mr. President , persons with albinism in africa are being killed and their body parts harvested for ritual purposes. My request to you is to raise this issue with the heads of states from african countries to bring these atrocities to an end, for the benefit of for us in this room, and our brothers and sisters back in africa. Thank you. [applause] pres. Obama ok, good. Thank you. Well, can i just say the notion that any african would discriminate against somebody because of the color of their skin, after what black people around the world have gone through, is crazy. It is infuriating and i have no patience for it. When i was in africa, i said there are important traditions and folkways that need to be respected thats part of who each culture is, each country is. But theres also just foolish traditions [applause] and old ways of doing business that are based in ignorance. And they need to stop. And the idea that a society would visit violence on people because of pigmentation, thats not a tradition that is worth preserving. Thats tomfoolery. Thats craziness. Its cruel. The same is true with practices like genital mutilation. That just has to stop. You dont do violence to young girls just because your greatgrandfather or because theres no reason for it other than to suppress woman. Thats the rationale. Thats what its based on. Bride abduction bad tradition. End it. Beating women not a good tradition. I dont care that that used to be how things were done. Societies evolve based on new understandings and new science and new appreciation of who we are. And so we can preserve great traditions music, food, dance, language, art but if theres a tradition anywhere in africa, or here in the United States, or anywhere in the world that involves treating people differently because youre scared of them, or because youre ignorant about them, or because you want to feel superior to them, its a bad tradition. And you have to challenge it. And you cant accept excuses for it. Grace was up here you heard the power of graces talking. Now, traditionally, people with disabilities are treated differently because people are ignorant. And when here in the United States, we passed the americans against with disabilities act. And that opened up more opportunities, and suddenly there are ramps so people can access it, and there are computers and new technologies so that people who maybe couldnt communicate before can communicate. And it turns out theres all this talent and brilliance, and people can do these things. Well, then peoples attitudes have to change, and the societies have to change. And thats why young people are so important in changing attitudes. The same, by the way, is true for sexual orientation. I spoke about this in africa, and everybody is like, oh, oh, we dont want to hear that. But the truth of the matter is, is that if youre treating people differently just because of who they love and who they are, then theres a connection between that mindset and the mindset that led to racism, and the mindset that leads to ethnic conflict. It means that youre not able to see somebody else as a human being. And so you cant, on the one hand, complain when somebody else does that to you, and then youre doing it to somebody else. You cant do it. Theres got to be some consistency to how you think about these issues. And thats going to be up to young people because old people get stuck in their ways. They do. They do. And thats true here in the United States. The truth of the matter is, is that when i started running for president , everybody said a black guy names barack obama, hes not going to win the presidency of the United States. But what i was banking on was the fact that with all the problems that still exist in the United States around racial attitudes, et cetera, things have changed, and young people and new generations had suddenly understood that, in dr. Kings words, you have to be judged not by the color of your skin, but by the contents of your character. And that doesnt mean that everything suddenly is perfect. It just means that, young people, you can lead the way and set a good example. But it requires some courage, because the old thinking, people will push back at you. And if you dont have the convictions and the courage to be able to stand up for what you think is right, then cruelty will perpetuate itself. So you guys are on the spot. If theres one thing i want yali leaders to come out with is that notion of you are strong by taking care of the people who are vulnerable, by looking after the minority, looking after the disabled, looking after the vulnerable. Youre not strong by putting people down, youre strong by lifting them up. Thats the measure of a leader. All right, how much time do we got . Ive only got time for one more question. Now, first of all, the women youve to put your hands down because i just asked a woman. So its got to be a guy. And i promised id ask a guy in a suit. Im just going to ask this guy right here. Look at him, hes all buttoning up. He looks very sharp. Thats my boy. Thank you, mr. President. Im from nigeria. Thank you. I want to say we appreciate all the great work that the United States is doing with nigeria and many other african countries, especially as it concerns Infrastructure Development policies and all of those. But im of the opinion that if we do not make investment in education more than any other sector of the economy, then we are not building a sustainable partnership. [applause] and im saying that with respect to the fact that we are all of the intellectual dream that africa is experiencing. Due to the fact the grass seemed green on this side and then the United States attracts so many intellectuals, we should have stayed to development and grown these programs. For example, recently, when you were in kenya, you launched a project around power and energy. Im of the opinion that if that program is going to be successful and sustainable, then all of those programs should include the partnership of universities. Because through that, we can build the capacity of universities, and then those countries can go around in other african countries replicating that. So in that case, we can control the dream that is moving from africa to the west, or to any other part of the country. [applause] so i want to ask, what is the United States doing to control this intellectual dream to the western world . And what are you doing to increase, more than others, the investment in education so that our partnership and development can be truly sustainable . Thank you. [applause] pres. Obama okay, good. That was good. That was an excellent question. It is an excellent question, but im going to reverse the question a little bit. The question is not what is the United States doing to reverse the brain drain. The question is, what are your countries doing to reverse the brain drain . Now, many of you have friends who study overseas, they study in the west, and then they decide to stay instead of going back home. Now, the United States, we are partnering with every country here. I guarantee you there are programs to invest in education in your country. There are programs to work with the universities in your countries. I think you make an excellent point that on big projects like power africa, we should make sure that there is a capacitybuilding component. And in fact, one of the things thats been done with our Development Assistance that were providing is to emphasize capacitybuilding. So, for example, our feed the future program, the goal is not to just keep on sending food forever. The goal is teaching farmers to double or triple or quadruple their yields, which then gives them more income, which then allows them to buy maybe a tractor or to start a cooperative foodprocessing plant, that then accesses the market and the money gets reinvested, and now youre building jobs and commerce inside the country as opposed to just being an aid recipient. So im all about capacitybuilding. But ultimately, why is it that you have so many talented, welleducated Young Africans leaving instead of staying . Why is it that you have so many talented, welleducated people from the middle east or parts of asia, or latin america who would rather live here than there . The issue is not just that were i think it is fair to say, and you know better than i do, but part of it has to do with a Young Persons assessment with, can i succeed in applying my economy is still built on corruption so that i have to pay a bribe or be wellconnected to start my business. [applause] or are there still ethnic rivalries in the country which means if im from the wrong tribe and less likely to advance. Sexismhere still so much that if im a woman than i have just to be at home and be quiet when i am a trained doctor. Lack of rule of human rights and freedoms that make me feel i am restricted and what i can do. I made this point to say that some of the brain drain is it has tout some of do with peoples assessment of if i stay in my country, and i going to have the ability to succeed. If you put together the basics of rule of law and due process and democracy and youre able to keep peace so there is not conflict and constant danger and ,he government is not corrupt then you are going to want to attract a lot of people who want to live there because they feel like they are part of something and contributing something. Discoveredng i have is right now i live in a big house but it is a lease. I have to give it up and 18 months. I big house is nice for the first month. Like this is a really big house. But after two months you realize i cannot live in all of these rooms. Mine life is not appreciatively better once i have the basics. Africans lot of more would be more interested in saying staying in if they dont have as big of a house or the shopping malls are not as felt that the basics are taken care of. I can keep my family safe and practice my profession. I will not be discriminated against. The government is wellmeaning and wellintentioned and not corrupt and public investments peopleng made then would be happy with their lives there it doesnt mean there are not still people who would live in london or new york because i can make more money but that is much as anything we do is going o reverse the brain drain. If you as Young Leaders are creating an environment in which that people can succeed can help turn the tide. So good luck. Hank you everybody the president of nigeria recently discussed his relationship his country is seeking better trade relations. Factors including violence by militant groups have threatened its growth. His remarks are about 15 minutes. Please sit down ladies and gentlemen. Think he started it by rereading his speech. Wondered why some of our governors have turned down our invitation only for me to find them here. And since we are complete i will speech. Reread my [laughter] of the former ernor