Transcripts For CSPAN Key Capitol Hill Hearings 20240622

I wonder why air marshals have to fly first class. Roderick mr. Congressman, i cannot elaborate in an open hearing about our tactical seating. I would be happy to discuss with you in private and answer any question you might have. I will assure you that as i stated before, our impact on the Aviation Industry we view it as a partnership. As a matter of practice, those things are managed to a very high degree. I look forward to having a private conversation with you in a closed setting, and i will give you the full path or a full plethora of information to where we sit and why we sit there. Rep. Carter i certainly respect that. I understand there are probably situations where you would. It seems to me you would need the whole first class family first class cabin. Roderick i would agree with you. Rep. Carter i suspect you would. I imagine this is sensitive in light of the fact we have made so much progress on the doors, the cabin doors, to where they are secure, that the real target is going to be around the wings and the fuel tanks. That is where we really ought to have the agents or the marshals. Am i correct in that . Roderick sir, when you get to the notion of the evolving threat, as the chairman stated every day in tsa, we start our day with intelligence briefings. I do not have to tell you gentlemen, the threat to this country has never been higher. There is certainly an argument that is debatable. Has the threat involved . Or have our adversaries chosen additional message methods to cause us harm . That does not mean the old ones went away, and we cannot ignore them. We are not sitting around waiting for the last threat. We are watching for that. But we are also looking for the new threat. We have got our eye on that. We are looking at ieds on aircraft and the potential to do so. Christmas day 2009, i was at home, preparing dinner with my mother. I got the call from this guy who does about this guy who tried to light his underwear on her. We were not on that flight, but we were on the one just before that. If there is an incident on an aircraft i am very confident that our folks are going to respond regardless of where they are on that aircraft. Wherever that incident is, we are going to respond to it. Rep. Carter you see where i am going with this. I give you the benefit of the doubt. But just please lets make sure we are taking care of this. And again, thank you for your work and for what you do. Rep. Katko the chair now recognizes mr. Walker from North Carolina for five minutes. Rep. Walker mr. Allison, thank you for being here with us today. It is a privilege to get to put a face with a title. My question is, as a matter of policy, do federal air marshals flight out of one airport to their home . And are there incidents were a federal air marshal needs to lie and offduty commute to an airport before on assignment begins . Can you give me a backdrop on how that plays out . Roderick the chairman mention that to me yesterday, and i have not heard that. We are looking through industry engagement to get more information. As a matter of policy, that is not something we do. That is not something we have ever done. As long as i am director, that is not something we will do. I do not see a need to do that. Rep. Walker but you are looking into the reports we here . You are taking a look at that . Roderick yes, sir. I want you to understand i have been fairly busy over the last year. My strategy Going Forward is to really start looking out and having more conversations with the airline industry, airline ceos. Some of the Law Enforcement association groups, and things like that. More discussion. But i am going to look into that and make sure that is happening. It needs to be reported. There is misuse of physician and it should not be happening. Rep. Walker in your position we come from different backgrounds, ministry, law business. A general manager does not necessarily have every specific position, but as an overseer his job is to Pay Attention. Are you so busy with the day today are you able to get caught up as far as the Different Things going on . Or are you yourself overwhelmed with specific tasks that you should be a come pushing . A couple should . Roderick accomplishing . Roderick i am not overwhelmed because i have a great staff. If i need to immerse myself in daytoday business every day, i have the wrong staff. I have a great staff. I am not immersed in the daytoday business to the degree that i am blinded and do not see things i need to focus on. As i stated in my opening statement, getting out in a out in the field and talking to employees about what is going on and using information from outside the organization i have a perspective. Rep. Walker i appreciate the confidence with which you answered. I know we cannot discuss this openly, but as far as percentage of flights, i would like to follow up with you. What sort of physical and psychological evaluations are conducted to maintain rural air marshal stability . You feel good about that, the mission. You talked about burnout stress stretching out budgets. You feel the guys are in Good Condition to be doing the job is to mark the job . Roderick that is a constant monitoring. It is one of those things where you shoot for perfection. You aim for perfection, knowing you will never get there. We do have a mandatory physical for everyone, myself included, for all the potential personnel. Once a year, you get a physical. In the physical, there is psychological screening. You have to answer questions about what you have experienced or maybe not experienced. Physical fitness, you know we have a pretty good physical fitness program. It is not mandatory. It is mandatory to participate but we cannot remove people from service because they cannot do 20 pushups. It is mandatory participation. We provide a number of exercises and alternative exercises for you to participate. To the root of your question are we watching our personnel and do we give you give them avenues for assistance . Absolutely. Rep. Walker a 20 pushups rule in congress, we might end up pretty quick ourselves. I am married to a, Nurse Practitioner a trauma Nurse Practitioner, flies a helicopter, works in from a one. If there was an accident, wo rks in trauma one. If there was an accident, she would be the first one out. I know with pilots maybe their hours have expired. Can you talk about the protocol if they are off duty, yet a situation arises . Roderick i would assure you that any of our personnel that the something in their presence, they are going to react, and they do every time. That happens quite a bit and was the interest is behind the thank you letters. Was the impetus behind the thank you letters. Rep. Carter the chair recognizes the gentleman from new jersey for five minutes of questions. Rep. Payne my goodness, time is everything. Good morning. Lets see. So, mr. Allison, could you detail for us thoughts on the future of the federal air Marshal Service . Roderick how do i see the future of the federal Marshals Service . Rep. Payne yes. Roderick i see a viable Counterterrorism Force that supports the tenor terrorism efforts of this government. We may be smaller and leaner and i know budget dollars are tight and we need to do our part. But i will assure you that the threats that we a snail that we face now unfortunately may be with us for a little bit. We are costs only looking for ways that we are adding that value, assessing the threats watching the intelligence making sure that we are operating in line with the u. S. Government counterterrorism efforts, led by the fbi, looking at the secure flight data, as we talked about earlier, and making sure that we are wellpositioned within the Aviation Industry to thwart any threat, along with the ffdo program. The Office Closures where we are now, we are situated with 80 of the traveling public where we are in line as we speak today. That is a pretty powerful sort of statement. Rep. Payne you know, when the Committee Last held a hearing on fams, in the 112th congress, they examined allegations of discrimination cronyism, among other issues within the workforce. Detail for us the state of the workforce today, but the practices were what practices were put in place to address these concerns, and also, what is the attrition and retention rate of the federal air marshals . Roderick as we sit here today the attrition rate is 6 . It was 5 at the end of last year. It is 6 at this point. To your point about the ig report i testified at that hearing. I was Deputy Director back then. It is important to note there were allegations of discrimination and retaliation. They found none. They did highlight that there was a rift between the workforce and the leadership. A lot of that came from how we were stood up. The workforce was hired and then leadership was brought in. I will pay you today as we sit here, 92 of the leadership is from within the rank and file of the organization. The congressman, the ranking member, talked about pre9 11. I was a f. A. M. In 1998. I left and came back. That was part of the issue between the workforce and the leadership. So what do we do about it . Clearly there was a need to enhance the communication within the organization. Provide more transparency, more opportunities with respect to groundbased assignments, more transparency and objective mess to the transportation process. There were a number of workforce initiatives that were put in place right after that. And then since my return, i have sort of up the ante, so to speak, on some of the communication efforts, making sure i am more visible to the workforce. I was sharing with the chairman then i am out once a month, and i will continue to do that. Rep. Walker rep. Payne thank you. You are saying allegations of discrimination are unfounded . Roderick they had no widespread discrimination but they did highlight that perception of that was sort of prevalent. Rep. Payne i only have try five seconds left, so in the interest of time, i only have 25 seconds left, so i will yield back. Rep. Carter the chair recognizes rep. Katko the chair recognizes the gentleman from texas. Rep. Ratcliffe i appreciate you convening this subcommittee hearing so we can do the work we have focused on in terms of making our airports and airlines safer. Director allison, i thank you for being here today. One of the rules we have here is to make sure that our airlines are as safe as possible. At a cost of nearly 800 million a year to sustain the federal air Marshal Service, we obviously need to look closely at its viability and effectiveness. I appreciate you being here to answer some questions. We have had some gaps and issues with respect to airport and Airline Security here at the subcommittee. We have convened hearings. We had the former acting tsa administrator here, melvin carraway, back in april, talking about improper screening of employees. Back in june, we had the Inspector General talking about the fact that tsa failed to identify three airline employees that had connections to terrorism. We had issues with Airline Security we need to address. When want to focus we need to focus on your Agency Efforts the air Marshal Service. One of the things that happened back in april there were reports that a nonduty air marshal left a loaded pistol in a bathroom at Newark Liberty international airport. I want to ask you about that incident in particular. Can you give us some background about your investigation into that particular incident . Roderick sure. So, whenever there is an allegation of misconduct, the allegation is referred to the office of inspection. They do the investigation. The former administrator set up an office of responsibility. That incident, like any other incident was investigated and referred to the office of professional responsibility, and i think there is discipline pending. Rep. Ratcliffe it bakes the question that one became publicized because of how the pistol was recovered. To the extent you are able to answer this question, are there less public breaches a protocol like that that have occurred and that have been a particular problem for you . Roderick you have mistakes and you have misconduct. You have, as you stated, breaches of article. Protocol. The number of incidents we have to deal with in that realm it happens. As i told the chairman yesterday, people who engage in this activity, they dont confess and they dont wear tshirts. You have to find them. What we do is and the size the standards is emphasize the rules, emphasize the standards and deal with people who engaged in egregious misconduct. You do not get an infinite number of lights at the apple, right . Bites at the apple right . I think this young man made a mistake and it is probably going to cost him. Rep. Ratcliffe i am, by way of background, a former terrorism prosecutor myself. I certainly understand the threat that that issue poses to our country generally. And specifically to air safety. Obviously, i believe in the core mission. But i would like to understand if it is possible for you to talk about when you look at the cost of maintaining this service, can you give us any idea how many onboard threats have been minimized or ameliorated by the federal air Marshal Service . Roderick sure. Mr. Congressman, let me answer your question this way. In the aftermath of 9 11, when those holdings were smoldering d. C. , and to gone, the world trade center, we were removing the wreckage from pennsylvania and burying 3000 of our countrymen we were asked to stand at the air Marshal Service to make sure that never happened again. And it has not. I would like to take credit for that, but i really cannot. It really goes to the effort of the counterterrorism apparatus this country has put in place. We are a part of that apparatus and together as a country, we have thwarted a lot of terrorist attacks. Some that we were involved with, and many more we were not. I can tell you, it is known all over the world that we have enteral air marshals on these air act. Aircrafts. That we have federal marshals on these aircraft. That is something everyone knows about. I believe in some mall way, that probably is why we have not had something in this country since then. I know that was not your direct question, but that is my thought. Rep. Ratcliffe again, thanks for being here and thanks for the work you do. I will yield back. Rep. Katko a quick follow question from the chair, and then we will take a brief recess and go to the second panel. You mention something with miss rice i wanted to follow up on briefly. There has been a hiring freeze i take it, at the federal Marshals Service . Roderick yes, sir. Our last class was 2011. At the time, we ramped up i think to the tune of 400 or 500 federal marshals. That was the last class we have had. Rep. Katko overall, not much hiring in the last two years . Roderick no, sir. Rep. Katko 800 million budget to read budget. If you are not having additional higher since then and the budget has made relatively static, what are you doing with the extra money . I know there is attrition. You are losing marshals. What is happening with the additional money . Roderick there are no additional funds. The budget is planned in accordance with attrition. Rep. Katko all right. Do you have sufficient funding moving forward, to have another class . Do think another class is required or needs additional ending . Funding . Roderick this year, from the reports i have seen, probably not this year. We are going to make another run for next year. We will submit here through the department to the congress a comprehensive report on what i believe we believe as in a part as a department that the federal marshals should be. That is coming up very soon. Rep. Katko two quick questions then i will be done. Actually, just one question, moving forward. There has been some discussion by in Law Enforcement circles that if other Law Enforcement personnel are on the flights, whether it is necessary to also have the enteral air marshal on those flights. Are you familiar with that suggestion . And how do you think it would work . Roderick yes, sir. When we first stood up the organization, we took a hard look at that. It relied on as getting the travel data and being able to plan towards it. We do our scheduling to minimize disruption to the airlines. It starts 60 days in advance. So there are a lot of times when we have other Law Enforcement people who are traveling and made the reservations may be days before. So we do not have the ability to look and plan around that. On a strategic level, we did look at that, with respect to places where we see a large number of Law Enforcement officers and trusted travelers. We reduced our coverage levels there. But individually by flight, it is sort of challenging. Rep. Katko very last question, i promise. That is, what percentage of the overall population of employees of the enteral air Marshal Service actually are air marshals in the air as opposed to administration aspect that is on the ground . Roderick the number four air marshals the overwhelming majority i do not have a percentage for you. I will get you one. Flying federal marshals or direct support, meaning they work in the office, they do the operations, they do the training. When you go back to the operations center, we have federal marshals there. We have enteral marshals on the joint vulnerability assessments. Our Mission Support staff, we are very lean in that respect. Rep. Katko if you can get as those percentages, that would be great. I want to thank the witness for his testimony. Very helpful. We have a second panel coming up in a few moments. But the members of the committee may have additional questions. We will ask you to respond to these in writing if you would, mr. Allison. The hearing record will be open for an additional 10 days. Without objection, the subcommittee stands adjourned or a very brief we recess. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] rep. Katko the chair will now introduce the witness for our second panel. Captain tim canoll is serving as the 10th president of the Airline Pilots Association International in january of 2015. As alpas chief executive Administration Officer he presides over meetings of the governing bodies and oversees daily operations of the association. The chair recognizes captain canoll to testify. Tim good morning chairman katko and congressman payne. I am the chairman of the air line Pilots Association international. Alpa represents passenger and Cargo Airlines in the United States and canada. Thank you for inviting me here today. For several decades, alpa pilots have had a strong relationship with the federal air Marshal Service. Our leaders meet on a regular basis with the fams to ensure we have the most current and accurate understanding of the roles, responsibilities, training, and methods. We focus in particular on learning how fams interface with flight officers like me when we lie the line. Alpa members have been deeply impressed by the professionalism of individual air marshals and the dedication of its leaders, including administrator allison. Every day, fams put themselves at risk for the passengers and crew members of our flights. For that, alpa members will always be grateful. In alpas view, flying with antiterrorism experts aboard is highly valuable. These professionals are capable of not only defending the flight deck they serve as a powerful deterrent to anyone who might contemplate hijacking an airline flight. The tsa has adopted a riskbased security philosophy for any of its programs. This embodies a risk waste approach riskbased approach. The flight deck officer is a critical layer in the protection and contributes to the riskbased approach to security. In the wake of 9 11, alpa conceived of and advocated for the ffdo program, which happened when Congress Passed the arming pilots against terrorism act of 2002. These Airline Pilots undergo screening and training by the tsa. Once qualified, these individuals are deputized before assuming responsibilities for protecting the cockpit. In 12 years since the first ffdos in 2000 3,000 of pilots have volunteered. They protect thousands of pilots in 2003, thousands of pilots have volunteered. Many pay for their own expense. Ffdos are the last line of defense in protecting the cockpit. Like fams, they provide cargo shippers and flight crew with a critical additional layer of security. Alpa applauds the members in congress and this committee. We believe the funding level agreed on by congress is adequate now for the tsa to continue to train new ffdos while providing the management and oversight required. The program is a successful, efficient, and effective program, and should be expanded to meet riskbased security objectives. Alpa commands the current commends current we have given members the opportunity to observe the methods and procedures and provide Airline Pilots perspective. It is been very responsive. We look forward to continue to work closely with them. Finally, since we are focused on the overall security of the airline operations, if i did not underscore the strong support for installing the secondary cockpit barriers on passenger airliners as another form of security. I would be pleased to talk about the details. Simply put, secondary cockpit barriers traded common sense additional layer of security by protecting the cockpit when it must be opened. Installing the barriers would be an important security enhancement, not the least of which we would benefit from this additional layer as part of a multilayer proactive strategy. At , we are committed to protect our passengers, cargo and flight crews. We appreciate this subcommittees approval of making the air Transportation System more secure. Thank you for this opportunity to be here today. Thank you, captain. Lets start with the secondary barrier issue. Have been some people advocating for a secondary barrier i know when im on the airplane there is a Flight Attendant turning the cart sideways and standing behind it if somebody comes out of the cockpit door. There has been some question about secondary barriers being necessary given all of that and how quickly one could come out of the cockpit. I want you to comment on that. Have there been any attempts to rush the door that you are aware of since 9 11 . Mr. Canoll im prepared to talk about it, they have occurred. The door is very well fortified and completely. The one vulnerability is this period of time where you have to leave it for central purposes. Even if this were a very short period of time, and we make steps to make sure it is very short, that period is where we are most vulnerable. The cost of a barrier 5,000 to 10,000 you could almost completely, if not completely eliminate that risky period of time. Is it a full door . Is it a screen . Mr. Canoll it is wire mesh, retractable, lightweight and inexpensive. It goes from the floor to the ceiling of the cabin and it is installed as a cockpit door but before the passenger cabin. You normally see the cockpit door to your left when you enter and then you go down to the isle. Aisle. P it is in thaterio it is in thatp period when you make a right turn. Lets talk about the federal Marshals Service. It seems it enjoys a pretty good relationship. Are there any concerns about the conduct at the federal air Marshal Service or ways to improve it Going Forward . Mr. Canoll we have no concerns over the conduct whatsoever. We think a part of aviation safety and security seeking better ways to do business. While we are satisfied, we have good communication procedures. We know we can do better. We are constantly looking for better ways to do it. How can we improve the air Marshal Service . More bodies in the seat or better training or what . Mr. Canoll it would be to expand the program. The program is an ample fire for the federal air Marshal Service in that the coordination is executed at the tsa. If you are covering more flights, you have the capability of covering more critical lights with the we would like to see the opportunity to expand to entice every pilot. Are there pilots that want to be that . It is my understanding there are people on the waiting list. How long is the waiting list . Mr. Canoll i do not but i can get that for you. It is a question of funding that cannot be a question moving forward. We should do a we have to do to make that happen. That is important. Can you tell me what percentage of Airline Pilots have the ffdo certification . Mr. Canoll i cannot confirm or deny how many there are. Unfortunately, i cannot tell you that. At some point, you could advise us. I think there is another layer of your that is an important deterrent. Is anything we can do to help you, we would be interested in doing that. Since i have a few seconds, what happened with the German Airlines with the pilot going bad and are there ways we can examine to try and help you prevent that from happening in this country with our airlines . This generalmr. Canoll as you know, Airline Pilots are subject to mental evaluations. We will examine the current processes used for these elements. We really have had programs in place for many years. We have not only Substance Abuse programs the professional standards committees that monitor peertopeer within the program. We have pilot assistance programs were pilots can access lines 20 47 to express their angst, whether it be a family matter or other. We think it is very effective. Part of the program solution Going Forward in trying to handle what else we can do. I look forward to hearing the results because if there is some that we can do to help you we would be interested in doing that. I appreciate your questions. I will refer to my ranking minority member. Thank you, mr. Chairman. As usual, we are on the same page and not. I was going to ask that same question in relation to the german incident. You kind of stole my thunder. We are delighted to have you here to testify before us. Your credentials are second to none as we look at them. We definitely consider you an expert in this area. I want to ask you about the screening process for applicants and the federal flight deck officer program. Are there any prerequisites for flight hours . Mr. Canoll the prerequisites are over and above the prerequisites you would have to maintain to be an active air transport category pilot. That would be the physical and testing requirements to be in the cockpit. The volunteers through a process submit a voluntary questionnaire which is extensive. There is an inperson interview that people to get to the first level and then there is a background check. The Program Training is essentially one week in length. They arrive on sunday and apart on saturday. They can look back and find the either completed initial training or need recurring training. Twice a year, they complete Firearms Training to complete their qualifications. How has the training undergone by ffdo been tailored to address the evolving threats . Mr. Canoll all of aviation is in the cockpit and design in the program is an evolving training process. It changes in each cycle. Im not familiar with the actual reason changes made. They are not for public consumption but they involve each Training Cycle so they are receiving the most current tactics. Are there any incentive that can be created to encourage enrolling into the ffdo program . Mr. Canoll yes sir. The program there are a few elements. First off, we do not have extremely limited International Carriage capabilities. They do not deploy an international flights. They go in and out of international categories. If we can work with the department of state to expand our ability to travel internationally with our weapon, that would be helpful. We also believe the requirement for the employer to provide a means of absence for the ff the do to attend training would be helpful. Right now, we havent coordinated through the obstacle. Any assistance we can get in travel and practice ammunition would be helpful. We have received no renumeration for service. And in the way the ffdos communicate with fams to within commercial flights . Mr. . Mr. Canoll we coordinate with programs. Im not to miller within the bureaucracy of the cost communication i am not familiar with in the bureaucracy of the cost medications. We ar communications. We are confident it does take place because of the response we get. I appreciate your testimony. And you will be unavailable to answer the questions. With that, mr. Chairman, i will yield back. I have one question i deducted to ask neglected to ask. Given the current Safety Strategies in place, absence of the secondary barrier which is turning the cart sideways and having a person behind it versus the secondary barrier, can you tell me the degree of difference there is when the pilot is coming out of the cockpit . Mr. Canoll we never really contemplated putting a mathematical measurement on it. What are your concerns with the current way of doing it . Mr. Canoll without getting into our common strategy elements, i think even the most uneducated passenger could see a simple drink cart is not nearly as obstructive as a floortoceiling wire mesh. The drink cart is guarded by a Flight Attendant which also was not nearly as strong as a wire mesh. I think it is intuitive that if you have a wire mesh you will have zero give abilities to get through that in the time the doors open. A drink cart has wheels. It is meant to move and it only comes up about waist level. There are serious considerations. Obstructive as a floortoceiling wire mesh. The drink cart is guarded by a flighti dont think you can find anyone that would argue the word mesh wire mesh is far more secure. I have done a lot of hearings and i never asked this question, but is there anything you have not touched we have not touched on dell you wish we did talks donned that you wish we did watched on that you wish we did watched on that you wish we. Mr. Canoll since 2001, we have had secondary barriers in our agenda. It is something that we wanted to see. We have had voluntary compliance. The last seven to eight years, it has waned to zero. If we can finda a way to work ina requirement in, we can face this i over a. Ofin over a period of time. If there is any information you want to submit, we would be happy to look at it. I thank you for your testimony. Members of the committee may have additional questions. We will ask you to respond to these in writing. The hearing record will be open for 10 days. Without objection, the subcommittee stands adjourned. Thank you for your time, sir. This weekend politics, books and American History our road to the white house coverage features almost all of the candidates and begins tonight in iowa. At 8 00, we are live for the Democratic Party hall of fame dinner. All day saturday starting at 11 a. M. Eastern we are live at the family leadership summit. Sunday evening, interviews with two republican president ial candidates. First, Lindsey Graham and then Ohio Governor john kasich. On book tv saturday morning beginning at 11 00 eastern, we are live from new york city for the 17th annual harlem book fair with panels on economics africanamerican identity and race and politics. Sunday night at 10 00 ann c oulter says the Biggest Issue facing the u. S. Is immigration. Saturday afternoon, we live with the Warren Harding symposium. Speakers include authors historians and the executive director of the National First ladys library. After 9 00 the National Archives of kansas city shows how the u. S. Government used propaganda during world war ii to persuade citizens to join the military. Get our complete schedule at cspan. Org. Tomorrow, thedaniel halper looks at the 2016 republican campaign. After that, former undersecretary of state for arms control lellen that, former undersecretary of state for arms tauscher talks about the rainy and nuclear agreement. Earlier today, the former director of the eyes israeli Missile Defense talks about the threats. You heard about the weapons capabilities for isis and iran and the dangers the u. S. Could see. This is one hour. I want to welcome our friends from cspan that are here this morning. On behalf of the air force association, the National Defense Industrial Association i want to thank you all and welcome our sponsers and our friends from the israeli embassy. I want to thank two of our former missiledefense information group. Both formally from lockheed martin. I want to also say hello to the head of our Government Affairs program that is joining us today. Uzi rubin is the father of Missile Defense in israel. He was head of the missiledefense organization in israel and father of the aero program. Hes the surround the world about missile developments in the middle east and the threats to the United States and our allies, in particular israel, as well as being a Missile Defense expert. On our dear friends and colleagues that came from israel. Uzi, we want to welcome you here today. Will you all give a warm welcome to uzi rubin. [applause] mr. Rubin thank you peter. It is always a privilege to be here. I try to be here about once a year to talk about recent things and threats and the Missile Defense in the middle east. This time i chose to update you i try to be here about once a yearon Missile Defense with isis and other munitions. There are too many to name. The main point would be integrated space and missile program. I will try to show to you these programs. They are the same program. Finally, we will focus on Missile Defense. The iran agreement was concluded, i think it was but it is concluded i was on my flight here. That will reflect in my show. I dont know many of the details. I have no prepared remarks on that. I will be happy to answer questions to the best of my ability. Not on the specifics or details but about the implications. If you have any questions, hold on. As to be a good question not excellent question. Only good question. Let me speak first about the missiles on radical parties. Let me show several pictures. This is a picture a recent one. It shows there was a big attack by isis lacksst week towards an egyptian town. Is a very nice town near the beach. A beautiful, magnificent beach. It was acquired for many years. Isis does not like us and fires rockets at us. This picture shows isis firing rockets not at us but at hezbollah. I cannot believe my ears when i am saying that. They are firing rockets at has hast has hezbollah. This was last winter. The snowy ways of lebanon firing rockets. That shows you how complex the picture is in the middle east. Im revisiting something i showed years ago. This audience, too. This is Ballistic Missiles in the hands of isis. The story goes like this this building is reported to be the nuclear reactor. That was taken out, reported by news media, in 2007. The ruins were out, reported by news demolished by the isis regime. The Atomic Energy inspected it. It shows the building in the blue was built on that site. It is a mystery what was on that building. Two years ago a video was published showing them occupying the same blue building and finding it innj it scud missiles. What was amazing was the launching mechanism. It is something new. It was designed locally by iraqi engineers and syrian engineers. It was iraqi missiles. It was in order to be used against israel. That can be propaganda im not sure. This is the last time we saw this missile until about half a year ago. So, they have now scud missiles which are now operational. Isis is getting a lot of volunteers talent from all over the islamic world. They have missile experts now. It could be the missile will be made operational and it could be used. Here we have isis with Ballistic Missiles. Speaking about rockets and missiles and militias, a whole zoo of missiles is showing up in iraq apparently homemade by shia militias. Now dozens of them making home made rockets. Im not sure if it is all homemade. It is very big. Too large to be a manufacturer in a rac thesein iraq these days. It is to the local militia. A whole zoo i am showing you several pictures out of dozens. This is a regular iraqi army. You can see the iraqi flag here. Very typical lounging area is installed. Same rocket is installed here on some kind of improvised object. Here is another type of weapon. A good one with the flags may have dozens of lives. Flags. You have different strange flags there. A militia was here. It is on a security service. It is something we have never heard about. It is associated with some kind of splintered community. You can see all the flags. You can see more of the zoos of rockets. These are usually bombardment rockets. Ain order to fight in close quarters. All of those flags are shia malicious in a iraq. Im showing the collection all gearing up to fight isis to take western iraq. It is not very successful as of now. Talking about creativity in syria, rocket production im showing you a huge selection. All this fascinating stuff. Homemade rockets in northern syria. The warhead is a canister, commercial canister of cooking gas. There is a short video showing you the delivery. It destroys buildings. The creativity here it is being loaded into this pipe. It is not a tube, it is a pipe. It is flying on its own. While they are doing that, the army is increasing its firepower with the help of outside forces. The latest addition we see is this russianmade 220m illimeter gun. Last time we saw it in action was in georgia in 2008. Look at this emblem. Lets see a closeup. Peers a closeup of the emblem. This is a syrian officer. This is the emblem you find on the russian airborne. This is an emergency supply of rocket systems directly out of the russian army depots. It shows how desperate the situation as. They fly them in or ship them in without repainting them. That is the other side. We will show somewhere else in the middle east. A few slides down will show it. Im talking about homemade rockets. Here is another set of homemade rockets that show some iranian influence. In yemen this rocket industry it is iraqi war shops. This is very similar to one of the rockets we saw. That is very similar to that. It seems to me the fingerprints of iranian capabilities in yemen. Talking about yemen, another very active arena for rocket fire on both sides. Here are Yemeni Government missiles before the outbreak of the civil war. They have missiles. Amazingly enough, they have Ballistic Missiles both supplied by soviet union and north korea. If you remember, it was north yemen and southaven. In 1998, they had a civil war. The south fired scud missiles that china and caused damage and casualties. The north fired ss21 a tactical rocket. It is accuracy of less the 100 meters. It has a range of 120 kilometers which is equipped with the syrian army. It had good effect against georgia in two dozen eight by then 2008 by the russians. As soon as saudi arabia started they declared to have destroyed missiles Ballistic Missiles depots of the army in order for them not to fall. The next time we saw a scud was at the end of the houthi rebels. It seems to be completely destroyed. The picture was taken from smartphone. I added another picture of the system. Of here it is again but in yemenhere it is again in yemen. It is in the rebels hands. We never had it. The yemenis had it. Or one hacan see some connection to what was being built in syria can go all the way from iran to yemen. Maybe newlyy supplied. Going back to the scud, there was interception of the scud that was fired at saudi arabia by the youyemeni weapons. They say they fired several. The saudis announced the shooting down of one. We cannot find pictures of the debris. There is a reason to doubt the claim. One scud fired from somewhere in yemen into a town which is a very innocent name the. The largest Saudi Air Force base regarding the red sea. There it is. Congratulations. A good job. In thing this part of the ending this part of the creativity, last week we celebrated a year for the operation of protective edge. It was celebrated as a victory. They showed two new missiles which may or may not be operational. They call them different names. Look at this guide. Here is the rocket, almost touching look how big of this rocket is. The names are the first letters which those rockets are being called. There were two commanders in hamas which were targeted and killed by us during the war. You could even see the map. They show the shorter range type hitting. G near the tel aviv area. The larger one. The size means this is not just a dog and pony show. I speculate there are larger warheads. Clearing out most of the things two small warheads to cause damage. It seems operational. It will cause some pain. Im guessing it is hamas. Maybe that is not what they think, it is a possibility. I want to go to my main theme which is the Iranian Missile program. Usually i do it want to gear. Once a year. I want to draw your attention to it. It is an accelerated risk. The main highlights are this we see an upgrading of older generational rockets and missiles into position. We see it going to the older types. We see the development of tactics of Missile Defense. They are very aware of Missile Defense, especially now. They are very aware of that and need to capabilities. There is a high rate of production of stockpiling of Ballistic Missiles. Im showing you the depots. Perhaps there is a blip of information that may hint exposing iranian rockets to north korea. We usually think of it going the other way around. There may be a hitnt, but i am not sure. Maybe i am reading this size ng the science signs wrongly. Last but not least acquiring technologies for Ballistic Missiles. I will show you how. Lets look at the precision rockets. This is something i showed you before. Technically, they are not a mortal enemy. They hate us and dont want to see us striving. mim an engineer. I cannot help but admire a good engineering work. They took the rocket and turned it into a bombardment rocket. They added precision to it. They did it several different ways. The basic way is 624inch rocket. And ranges 350 to 550 kilometers. It could destroy a block. It is a blockbuster. They have gps guidance and precision weapons. They can hit specific buildings and targets. They could be anywhere between 10 to 50 meters which makes it a military weapon. This is a precision weapon from 300 kilometers away. It is from the forces of the gulf area. They are all within range of this kind of what the. Weapon. They can target our airbases now. And installations. There is an antiship version. Just to show you how it works this is a demonstration of the position precision rocket. Inking about it and training thinking about it and training for it. North korea missile threats a short clip. I got excited. A short clip of to my amazement, an iranian precision rocket. It could be the header of the south korean video the editor of the south korean video did not know. Maybe it was north korean. Im not sure what it was. The North Koreans showed the iranian rockets. Look at the terrain. There are not many deserts in north korea. So it could be a mistake. It could be im seeing the shadows. But, it could be also the South Koreans the North Koreans are thinking about it. For them, it is very important to make that. Im not saying it is happening. Im turning your attention to something that might happen. And maybe they are thinking about it. Another way you can see the precision going into the all the iranian Weapons Systems he is re is a picture of the exhibition. It shows all kinds of rockets. This is now a small rocket. It is 300 millimeters. They are improvising. They are becoming that are engineering wise. It is comparable to others. Here it is flying. You can see the little winglets here. It is matching the american one by performance and precision. Those are developing technical people abilities. L capabilities. Thisthis is a different version. It is about 1900 kilometers. It did not show any illustrations, but it can impact vehicles. I exaggerated just to show you the motion. Once we to that and it is do that and it is successful, they can make precision attacks from almost 2000 kilometers away. Think about that. You dont have to do it with nuclear weapons. You could paralyze a country. Saudi arabia israel 2000 kilometers egpy typt too. Youi can paralyze a country with a few strikes. It does not have to be nuclear to paralyze a country and this is a weapon that can do that. Speaking of Missile Defense, two strategies. One strategy is another is a cluster of warheads. This is an illustration of a version. And has very fancy names. They have those very symbolic names. It is a cluster warhead. This is a demonstration by a person who does not know very much physics. You dont have that much flying information in space. The idea is clear. Here. To make sure it is not just a concept, it is very much the same arms exposition in may 2014. You see it in another version. A cluster werearhead they painted it bronze. It is clear it works. Another strategy of Missile Defense again and again, this is a very recent disclosure. More warehouses with a rose and rose ofows and rows of completed rockets. There are two warehouses. Another year, they showed three warehouses. Two of those are above ground. This is underground, a tunnel. Obviously, designed by the saudis not isis. It covers the major targets in saudi arabia. The rocket innovation of the scud. Very clever engineering. Here 1800 kilometers against those. Quantities they tend to overwhelm missiledefense with quantities. I think the top of it all is the long expected strategic longrange missile which has been anticipated over 10 years ago. They have 20 of them. The Strategic Missile from 3000 kilometers. When the soviet union broke up, some of the Strategic Forces of the soviet union moved into ukraine and Strategic Nuclear equipped cruise missiles. They had airbase cruise missiles. They had about 500 of them. By agreement, they were returned to russia. However, about 20 of them or so found their way to north korea, china and iran. Three people were indicted for that in russia. All of them mysteriously died of. It was done. Obviously, from that point it was obvious it was too small to use operationally. From that point on, i was predicting the appearance of the 2250 would look like the soviet one. In 2012, the iranaiians this closed the program disclosed the program but never showed a picture. They explained the number. The estimated range is about 2500 kilometers. Obviously, lo and behold, there it is like a magician. A few months ago, here it is. But, for some reason which i cannot explain, now it is not called the range was not announced. But here it is. You can see it. Here is a shot. It is the spitting image. Obviously, this is not chinese it is iriananian, probably with a different engine. Maybe jet engine from china. It is very tricky. There is only one company that specializes in that. They may have bought the designed an upgraded it. Same length, same diameter. The wings are in the same places the engine is in the same place, except this is landbased. It takes off from the land. This is a short video of its takeoff. This is iranian tv. The wings popout when it goes out of the canister. This is an achievement major technical achievement. It is more difficult to design a new one. I take my hatthe wings popout when it goes out of the off to the guys who did it technically. Go back to 2000 kilometers. They did it to design athewe are not attacking. 2000 kilometers is good enough. It is almost near the pakistani border. They cannot reach with 2000 kilometers more than some countries. Not many people want to air kill. With this capability, which was once airborne and could be made again airborne, they have two digit air Strategic Air arms. Capable russian support. If they adopt an airborne version of the missile, they can fly 2000 kilometers. They can launch it north. Under the radar, out of the attention of european capabilities which i suggest people Pay Attention to. In the Space Program, they managed to fly another satellite dish year. This year. There were three failures which i showed here. There may have been more. You can admire the persistence. They tried again and again. Finally, they had a success. One can learn a lot from their mindset. It looks like a military operation. They fired again and again until they succeeded. We do not have this tradition in the west. If we have a major failure, we stop and go back to the drawing board. Here they sent them to the test range again and again until they were successful which shows this is not exactly civilian program. I dont have to go into that. All the space agencys socalled civilian program, it is tied to the defense establishment to the office of the supreme commander. It is integrated with the totality of the missile programs. The space launch is a worked up operation. This is an adapted launcher. Look who is making the position. Recision. Who is the boss . This is the defense minister announcing the test range for the Space Program. The announcement for the Space Program by the defense minister with a uniform general. That shows you how symbolic these programs are. Here is a new space launcher. The picture does not do it justice. The geometry is exactly like it. This is about 80 tons, 90 tons. The launching facility being built. It is the spitting image of the north korean facility. Space facility. However, this year, the iranians have a program, Space Program with an ambition to put an iranian after not in space by an asked heran asked hertronaut in space by 2020. It is not too young and a number of young engineers it reminded me of the old times. Lets go back to the program. They want to do a suborbital by 2020. It is an orbital test. Those guys know what they are doing. This is an escape tower in case there is a emergency. Here is a regular flight suborbital flight. They did not an escape tower in case there is a mention a range. There is an a emergency pod. Emergency pod. It reminded me of what the United States did. By emergency, they went into the Space Program. You take the only rocket available at the time. Mention ayou put it onto a launcher and make a minimal space launcher which can take one man into orbit. Very rudimentary. One man capsule which stays in space. One canc assume the range is about the same. Look at the american one it was going into orbit to put an asher asked rovetronaut into orbit. They want to go into space by 2020. Being an engineer and doing the calculations, one hint is the that of the general who was killed in a huge explosion not far away from iran in 2011. An the explosi explosion that broke windows. It was something huge. Something that had to do with a huge rocket that went bad. Beginners problem. I assume that was the problem. Again, hints are coming out of a version of a space launcher. Making about three or four out of it. I speculate the new launcher, the equivalent would be around 260 tons. The diameter 2. 5 meters which is not far from the 2. 4 meters. There is another hint of what is going on. They have yet another space launch facility being built. It is the one that has the space facility. The new one is built not too far away from here. Yet another one and huge. It boggles the mind. Here is the launching pad. 200 meters foby 250 meters. Six feet of concrete. It is built to absorb huge explosions. Big, solid propellants come to mind. It was built by the revolutionary guard, not the space industry. There is competition between the organizations. I see all those clues. This is the roadmap. We saw last winter the bigger one is liquid, apparently done with north korea. The next one will be a huge solid propellant turned huge launcher which is immense space capsule, and to teach iran everything they need to do about propellant. They have all the elements, all the Technology Elements huge, and whats a capsule event comes back. So the Space Program not a Building Blocks to be able to do it if and when they make the decision. Thats why i say again and reiterate again to my mind, looking at all the pictures, an integrated missile leading to on one hand capability, and on the other hand, the future to reach United States with icbms, when theyre ready to take the decision. Im not sure they made a decision yet. And now they have this condemned here but the main basis, and you can see the complexes, the silos, and one of them is obviously designed to locate and that one is located in israel and perhaps in the future. What you do about it, again the Missile Defense program, but the Missile Defense program is the first not the first but a series of very successful tests. Lets see a short video here. Unfortunately no sound it had spd track, but this is an official movie that was made and you can see the target. We have to file it, believe me, when they started the idea that you file it ballistically with a plan towards it, really to engineers, but we have to overcome this relaxed stance. Ok. So the target is fired, and the missile is going up there. While they would love to show the shots, this is nothing, so excuse me for the hype. Heres another one. We do it too. Looks great. And lo and behold,theres a target coming down. The target goes in, the Ballistic Missile. It locks on, and this is key hit to kill. Im showing it again, this is a Missile Defense that can look for itself, can see the target, you can see the missile. They hit each other. Thats it. Another achievement, they have gone several testing and upgrades, which the details are not available to the public, but recently last week, i couldnt help it, another capability the capability, and this was published. They shoot it. Again, it was for the first operation. But we did it for something. So at this point, but they have a very good viewer. But it was a very good year after the war in november and december. And thats what was really with that system. Now they can do it, and im very happy about it. So my concluding remark, i showed you, i took you on the list and i showed a lot of things. I mean all of them happening in the last year, so what is my conclusion from that . The only concluding remark is life in the middle east is not a picnic. [laughter] you can see it, theyre under attack, under missile attack last year. You see im taking probably not to defend, but here to the left and tel aviv under that functioning. You can see traffic on the roads, you can see people there. The town is being attacked. The Missile Defense is working, and life goes on. Theres a mad house around us, and we try to live our life and defend us. And with that, id like to conclude. Thank you. And now im open for question. I know that your first question is the w. M. D. Im from the Congressional Research service. I wanted to ask about israeli capabilities against the ground launch cruise missiles, whether theyre launched from iran or from a cargo ship out in the mediterranean. Is this the came they have have . Good question. Good question. Because one of my slides was about that. But let me answer it in two parts. About capability, cruise missiles they come from ships in the mediterranean. It is designed, and against, this ground hopping cruise missile, and other part like early warning. It looks downward ground hopping. So we have this in our sights, and we are working on a solution. But talking about ships, just underway here, an article about a company that didnt know existed and it was attacks. They flesh out suspicious behavior, taking out of course. It comes to my mind that a capability like that is very hard for anyone to take a ship out of the behavior without being noticed. Reporter dr. Rubin your Technical Capability is highly regarded. What is your feeling with the removal of the rocket embargo thats being brought up now . Will that wreak any havoc in iran . Dr. Ru bin well, i can show you with the embargo. Ill extrapolate to that what can happen without an embargo. I think that i was very happy to see that at least the embargo continues for about five years. I think so. Im not sure this morning. Now i heard something else. But if its true and according to a report that they had, and again, its very preliminary. This was a pentagon intervention. I could sympathize with what the pentagon the iranians will be permitted to rearm with the basis. The idea is unacceptable i think to any soldier. Appreciate your general standing up and saying no, no, dont do it right now. Obviously without the embargo you can extrapolate on that. But let me let me say some remarks about this, and ill comment about them. I think that when i look at this, the question is not i am not an expert to deal or talk about the details of the nuclear part of the deal. Whether theyre good or bad, will they stop the iranians . Five years, 10 years not at all, will they cheat or not cheat . I dont talk about it. But what i want to turn my attention, my opinion, the real implication that there is not the nuclear part of it, but the deal part of it. I was very blessed by articles published by the wall street journal by kissinger and schulz. It turned out it didnt turn out too much attention to the fact that the deal itself is an historical event. So regardless how effective is the nuclear part of it, whether its even air tight, the fact that the United States, and its the United States not the p5 plus one its the United States that made a deal with iran. Changing the relations between them, the relations between the United States is real pleasant where they were up to now, not by the revolution, which was supported by the United States but by the following of the islamic regime. It was the capture of the embassy stuff. Once upon a time, when you wanted to tee clare war, you killed them on the other side. Later it became no civilized injustice, and even later, theyre more uncivilized t. Means an indication of war. And in fact its what it represents. I tell you now, this deal is shifting the relation. Now, what is the logic behind it . I found it en lapse late in an article who i dont like his views. I dont violently disagree with some of his views, but hes a journalist and has a way with words, and its going to be the dilemma, which i translated part for his benefit in two short sentences. Its his statement, but its all of it. Iran is a big outdoors on the middle east. Its a small segment and this is actually. Whos right . This will change the regime, and you start dealing with its own internal problem, and this deal is going to open for better. But this is wrong, then what we have here is the good intentions which are the deal, and the middle east will become much more dangerous place than it was before. This is an answer of what will happen without an embargo. More questions . That is going to make our weekend very pleasant. [laughter] i want to thank you, uzi. And just for the record, for those of you interested in the iranian agreement, there is a clause after the five and eight yee embargos, and it says or when the iaea declares the Iranian Nuclear program peaceful, at that time which is slated for december 15, 2015, whichever is earlier, the embargo on Ballistic Missile parts goes away. And that is whether or not the iaea declares iran in compliance to the agreement as a peaceful and legal agreement on december 15, 2015, the embargos can go away. And the thing is this entire agreement has those kinds of, on the one hand, on the other hand, and the two sometimes cant be reconciled. But i want to thank you for coming all the way from israel. Its always an honor sir, to have you here. I want to thank you for your remarkable insights into middle east and threats and defense. Would you all give a warm thank you to uzi rubin. Thank you. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its captioning content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] this weekend, politics, books, and American History. A road to the white house coverage features nearly all of the president ial candidates and begins tonight in iowa. At 8 00 eastern, were live on cspan from cedar rapids, iowa, for the Democratic Partys hall of fame dinner. All day saturday, starting at 11 00 a. M. Eastern, were live at the family leadership summit in ames, iowa. And sunday evening, a little after 6 30 eastern, interviews with two republican president ial candidates, first south carolinas senator Lindsey Graham, and then Ohio Governor john kasick. On cspan2s booktv, were live from new york city for the 17th annual harlem book fair with author talks and panels on economics, africanamerican identity and race and politics with with more. And sunday night at 10 00, political commentator ann coulter says the greatest issue facing the u. S. Is immigration. And on American History tv on cspan3, saturday afternoon starting at 1 00 eastern were live with the warren g. Harding symposium on modern first ladies from Florence Harding to michelle obama. Speakers include a an historian and the executive director of the National First ladies library. A little after 9 00, the National Archives of kansas city shows us how the u. S. Government used propaganda during world war ii to persuade citizens to join the military, buy war bonds, and keep national secrets. Get our complete schedule at cspan. Org. Tomorrow on washington journal daniel of the Weekly Standard looks at the 2016 president ial campaign and the latest polls and developments with the candidates. After that, former undersecretary of state for arms control, Ellen Tauscher discusses the Iranian Nuclear agreement and its impact on the middle east, plus your phone calls, facebook comments, and tweets. Washington journal is Live Saturday and every day at 7 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan. The congressional internet held a discussion on musical screaming. Members talked about how profits are distributed to artists and songwriters. Happy friday, and a few more weeks to recess, and this is called taylor swift or congress, who has more power in the Digital Music streaming marketplace. This event is mosted by the congressional internet caucus advisory committee, in conjunction with the congressional internet caucus itself, which on the outside is shared by congressman bob and congressman anna. On the senate side, the cochairs are senator thune and lay lee. Its been around 20 years and created basically to do educational discussions in kind of a far and balanced way on these really interesting and new innovative internet policy discussions. And these issues have just gotten more and more interesting, more and more new over the past 18 years. So thanks for showing up today, and thanks to the internet caucus who dont alza gree on all the issues, but they believe that putting down a baseline of education is really important. And i think id also like to extend my thanks to them, because this particular issue you know, i think we were having some fun with the title. Were not trying to pick a fight between congress and taylor swift. But given some latitude for me to hang myself in this particular discussion. I really want to thank them. If youre following or if you want to follow the conversation, the hash tag is policystream, and well be posting information and audio after the event and links to the cspan stream and things like that so you can join the conversation that way. Our next event, we have an Event Next Week on the Remote Access to stored email of constituents. That will be on our twitter account as well, or find it on our website. Every week we do a different thing. Keep checking that twitter account for upcoming events. So let me just start off with just im the least qualified person to moderate this discussion. Im not a copy right expert or an internet expert, but im a person always shocked at what the congressional role and Government Role is in the music that we listen to. Its really interesting. Its not really well known. So me being a total neophyte and not a copy right expert, i might be in a good place to kind of keep this at a high level, and if we come out of this today with just kind of explaining and having you better understand the role that Congress Plays, how it affects the music you listen to over your favorite services, and how artists get compensated and are able to negotiate their compensation, that would be great, and thats really what were trying to do here. Were not trying to get into any discussions about legislation thats on the table. My understanding is that the House Judiciary Committee and house of representatives is reviewing copyright in this area. They probably wont introduce a bill at some point later on. Other agencies are also looking at this age. But in the meantime, we thought wed lay down a good understanding of how this works at a general level. Its possible to take a course at georgetown or g. W. And the entire semester, maybe not really understand this entire marketplace. If youre an economics major you might want to do your ph. D. Thesis on the rate setting aspect of it alone and you probably still wouldnt even understand fully this entire complex space. There was a piece written, and he said its complex, and i think thats a really good description. We are not going to get anywhere near any of that complexity. Were going to try to keep it high level and keep it at that. So thats our goal, and then maybe at the end well just ask if people have an opinion about whether congress or taylor swift is more powerful in this particular internet streaming marketplace. But lets start with taylor swift. You might have read that she had a disagreement, a polite disagreement with the most valuable company on the planet a couple of weeks back, and wrote a polite letter, and within 24 hours, that most valuable company on the planet changed its mind. It was a breathtaking display of power and i think people were like, wow thats brett a mazing. Her twitter followers just gob smacked by how powerful she was, that she could do other things, like they pleaded to her to save the whales. And create sensible gun control and affect climate policy. Its really kind of that display of power thats really interesting and kind of at the core of how the entire ecosystem works. I also affects you. Everybody is listening to music on their favorite apps or Favorite Streaming Services and accessing it in different ways, and it really is really kind of immediate to all of and you the american people. That wasnt the case, you know, 10 to 20 years ago. So its really interesting that today we this everybody is invested in this. So we wanted to frame this as a discussion not to create or pick a fight, but really to show the kind of role that Congress Plays in this. A bit of mangled legislative history, you could go back to the original copyright acts, back to the constitution. Im not going to do that. Im going to go back only as far as 1995. In 1995, Congress Passed the Digital Performance right and recording act. Its limited only to digital transmissions. So basically for lack of a better, internet translations, and thats really the scope behalf were talking about today, internet transmissions so. It created the right in 1995. It was a performance right. Now, there hadnt been a performance right copyright, before, and anybody here will correct me because im not an expert on this but Performance Rights performances, the sound recording on your tape or on your digital file whether it be an mp3 or streamed to you from a streaming service, thats the sound recording, the performance. Thats what it created in. It created two rights, which we can get into detail about, but there are two. One was for noninteractive transmissions. Non interactive is like you cant control what specific song you listen to. It basically streams to you. You can fast forward one or thumbs down one, but thats basically like theres a lot of companies that do this, but spotify is probably the best known. The act requires them those services to pay a statutory license established by a copyright board. Thats one thing. They control that space. Also, internet transportations, and thats where you can kind of select the music you want you know, pick what types of songs you want that are streamed to you. You dont own them, but theyre streamed to you. Thats the spotify model. I think thats the best well known. And for that, Congress Said you have to negotiate a license agreement with the copyright holder. Those services have to negotiate a license. But 1995, when they passed this act, i mean, we can talk about spotify and pandora but what were you doing musically in 1995 . A lot of the interns up on the hill were really busy being born. [laughter] i dont know what they were listening to, maybe baby einstein, the kids supposed to make your kids smarter. But generally, it was a long time ago. 1995, there was no internet streaming. If i torp say who in 1995 was streaming music, no one raised their hand. And even if they were streaming music, it would probably be pirated material and you wouldnt want to raise your hand anyway. Those were f. T. P. s from a College Server tucked away somewhere. There was no music streaming in 1995. Of course, towards the latter part of that decade, you know, you had you started to see like more and more sophisticated piracy. You also had the introduction of mp3 players. I had a notice mad by creative. Other people had res ons. You would take your entire c. D. Library you collected your entire scomplife rip it on to your mp3 player that would only hold like 12 songs or something. That was basically the life in the late 1990s. In 2001, apple introduced a massive ipod music player, the first ipod. It was in 2001. You could cram your entire c. D. Catalogue into the ipod, which was cool. And then in 2003, itunes came out and you could download songs, one song at a time, like 99 cents basically, later goes up to 1. 29. That was pretty cool. You kind of owned that song, right . That was kind of the streaming situation or the internet Distribution System of the day. Of course, this entire team, piracy kept going. Not saying that that was running in parallel, of course and then later, it wasnt until later that pandora and other types of streaming services started coming into the fold, and that, again, those are the noninteractive services where they just kind of stream. You can fast forward one but you get what you get in a certain genre. That has grown tremendously over the past several years. And then while this is going in europe, there was a Company Called spotify what we would call interactive services, where you could select the songs you want to listen to. Spotify was growing in europe, and kind of like washed on u. S. Shores in 2011. So now we have this really amazing marketplace. It gets more and more interesting. And now what were going to do is try to explain how congress has a role in all of this. So i think to start us off im going to go through and introduce our speakers, and then maybe ask folks to layer on very simply kind of like the different types of roles that government has and how it all works out, and then well go back and do it again, then well go to audience questions and answers, and then finally ask the question, who has more power. Im going from to my right. We have alec french. Alec used to work on the subcommittee and the Judiciary Committee on i. P. Issues. He also represents ascap, an important player in the space. We also have Julia Massimino from sound exchange, a company that literally kind of was born out of that 1995 act, and she can explain how that happened. And then to her right, we have kevin erikson, from an interesting advocacy group, but also does a lot of education and things like that. And then jon potter. We wanted to have Jonathan Potter here to kind of explain it from like theance that are on your phone and how you can access these Internet Services and kind of explain this in a little bit more detail. My understanding is that taylor swift was not available for this panel, which also says these are four really great speakers. We would have to have a panel of like 100 people to represent every part of this particular ecosystem, and thats not possible. Were going to do our best to lay this all down. If i can start with jonathan because jonathan represents app developers, a variety of different companies, and jonathan maybe can explain kind of like the Music Services that you have in your pocket, you know how does this all work . And just a good overview of that. Jonathan . Jonathan thank you, tim, and thanks to the internet caucus for inviting me. In 1995, i was not listening to baby einstein. I was actually representing the original streaming Music Company which is historically known as musak, and wikipedia, so first stream was in 1993 at andeer ox park, when they were testing the band in, and they streamed it all the way to australia. So when i think about internet music, and were obviously not talking about streaming, which is considered straight performance, which is radio if you will, you think about the variety of services that are online today that have come and gone over the years, id group them into four basic business activities. Then theres twists and turns on each one. Tim has asked me to basically talk about some of the business and then some of the other rights and royalties, and then well circle around. So to lay out your four basic business models, one of them is really internet radio. Take your radio station, put it on the internet, listen to music that other people are programming. At the purist sense of Internet Plus radio, think about your local radio station, whatever it is, and they just happen to be streaming. That was the original that was mark cubans second company, the one that made him the owner of the dallas mavericks. He did very much he sold it to i cant boo for 6 billion. Yahoo didnt do so well with that one. So thats internet radio. But then it goes all the way forward to what about people that are only streaming on the internet, only playing music on the internet . Thats your ban dora model. We can talk about what it means to be interactive versus noninteractive, things like that. But at the basic level, think about it as preprogrammed or consumerinfluenced. You cant choose which song you hear, but you can affect it