The support page for an affected version of Windows 10 outlines the symptoms of the issue:
A small number of devices that have installed this update have reported that when running chkdsk /f, their file system might get damaged and the device might not boot.
The same page also outlines how the issue has been addressed:
This issue is resolved and should now be prevented automatically on non-managed devices. Please note that it can take up to 24 hours for the resolution to propagate to non-managed devices. Restarting your device might help the resolution apply to your device faster. For enterprise-managed devices that have installed this update and encountered this issue, it can be resolved by installing and configuring a special Group Policy. To find out more about using Group Policies, see Group Policy Overview.