Moderator of Washington Week on pbs. I am pleased to have him on this program. Welcome. Let me begin with tax reform and what the senate is proposing, the house bill, and how significant are they . The key challenge for republicans is whether they want this tax cut legislation to be populist in nature or not. They know they want a Corporate Tax rate come bring down the rate to 20 . At the same time, the debate between the Senate Version and the house version for republicans is about the top rate. Should top earners see a tax cut or not . That will perhaps hold up the bill and coming weeks. Charlie what about other issues . They may delay the corporate reduction until 2019 . Is that still under consideration . Robert that is exactly right. That comes back to the point about populism. All these republicans were elected during the george bush trump hasera and disrupted their party. Signaturersue this tax legislation, they are grappling with the idea that the base is not begging for it. Because of that feeling that the base does not want this and a corporate donors want it, they are seeing about delaying the tax cut for a year. Aboutite house is open not giving a tax cut to top earners or delaying the Corporate Tax cut 12 years because heading into 2018 they dont want to be seen as the wall street Republican Party. Charlie is every conversation, especially after tuesday about what does this mean for 2018 . Robert everything, charlie. , thaty with the defeat has alarmed republicans publicly and privately. They are saying every step they take politically and legislatively has to be about what it means if you are a moderate or conservative running in the suburbs. Democrats did well not just in new jersey and virginia, but county races and local races, philadelphia suburbs, northern virginia. That is why they are moving slowly on tax cuts. In part because they dont have consensus, but they are wary of the wipe potential. Charlie the president needs a victory badly, does he not . Is debate about that in the white house. They want something more than the confirmation of judge gorsuch. They dont want to be painted with the brush that they are hurting the middle class or helping the wealthy come so this is something they will have to navigate. Charlie looking forward to 2018, how much of the suburban vote was about trump the personality, and how much trumps policy . Robert that is something also under intense debate in gop circles. Say thek at 2016 and reason they won the presidency and kept control of congress is because they won in the suburbs in milwaukee, philadelphia, ohio , where you had College Educated republicans and independents who voted for a change candidate. Charlie and women as well. Robert and women as well. Now they look at this canary in the coal mine and are moving away. Why is that . Meublican pollsters tell because it is because of the president s behavior, but also the policy, and in particular, Pay Attention to the health care. Their efforts against Medicaid Expansion are at an have had an impact. Charlie meaning people who receive medicaid dont want to give it up and believe the agislation that came out of Republicancontrolled Congress would eliminate some of the Medicaid Expansion they have come to need and appreciate . Robert and the view of obamacare is more nuanced than some republicans would like to admit. Marketplace ise in both parties come but you see a lot of people, independents, democrats, and some trump voters, they like the aspects of the law that have provided expanded coverage, so republicans going for a Corporate Tax cut, trying to go after Medicaid Expansion, the voters tempted by change and may have voted for trump may still like trump the kos he is a disruptor, but dont like the Republican Party and its policies. Comes andf Tax Reform Tax cuts passed, it will only be with republican votes . Robert home was certainly majority republican votes, of course, that you could see some moderate democrats up in 2018. You look at joe donnelly of indiana, lowkey, respected in the u. S. Senate. Trump won indiana. I have spokenly, with senator casey from pennsylvania, a democrat, they still believe the Republican Party is separate from trump in the sense they can vote against the tax cut and still articulate trumpstyle positions on trade, a little more populist when it comes to taxes, and they dont feel the pressure to go with the republican tax bill. Charlie what is the reaction tuesday to people like steve bannon . Robert he is disappointed in gillespie. Bannon offered to do a rally and the campaign said, no thanks. He was working with the grassroots in virginia, but it hurts steve bannon because he hoped the trump message would be resonant. He certainly played to the cultural issues, confederate history, illegal immigration, crime, gangs gillespie touched on those issues, taking those issues and trying to use them to win. It did not work because the suburban voters says that is not the kind of politics id like. With someone more steve bannon supported. He has been confronted by sexual charges. Is he likely to step down . Robert my colleagues here at the post broke that story, spoke to the women on the record, one of whom was 14 when she had an encounter. Almost every republican through the post and newspapers said if these charges, allegations, are true, he should step down immediately. There is a lot of pressure from leader mcconnell to get out of there. At the same time, in alabama, there is defense for judge moore. This is seen as a media attack coming even though it is solid reporting from the washington post. It will be hard to see if judge moore is pressure to step down. Charlie three billboards outside missouri tells the story of a woman whose daughter was raped and murdered. After months with no developments, she rents three billboards to accuse the local police of neglect. Called a finely calibrated mixture of melancholy and quirk. Here is the trailer. You arent trying to make me believe in reincarnation are you . Because you are pretty, but you arent her. She got killed. Still no arrests. How come, i wonder . Because there aint no god. I hope not. I dont know what the police are doing. Frome not heard a word them for month. At the you what, ive heard an awful lot since i put those billboards up. We are keeping her in the public eye. You can start getting involved. Theyve got nothing to arrest you for. If i had some food, i would give it to you. All i have is some doritos. This is so good. Joining me now is the director and two actors. I am pleased to have all of them here. This was a script that have been around . I wrote it eight years ago. I wrote it charlie you let it rest and marinate . It was identical to the one we started from a year and a half ago. I was doing a different project with sam. This one could have happened first. On thathe ball rolling one, this was going to be the next one. After we finish that, i just traveled around and did nothing for a few years. Trailer, ast in that fascinating woman. I think she is a fascinating woman. Charlie tell me more. A you put martins writing in cocktail shaker and me in a cocktail shaker and other good folks from the theater world and mix it up and you are happy. Charlie you saw it in the script . Martin actually wrote it for me. He has seen not only my film work from but my theater work. I am 60, charlie. Come on. I have some work and some stuff on my face to work with. Charlie you have some talent, too. I have worked hard. I was told in drums geoeye was not naturally talented, so i went at it. Im going to change their minds. Went out to multiply that talent. Know how to do anything else. I wanted it. Charlie if it was not acting, you dont know what you would have done. Housewife. I dont have a plan b either. Pumping gas. It is good not to have a plan b sometimes. Charlie what was it about her having written this with her in mind . Integrityctress, but on and off screen. Her and weg about bumped into each other a few times, but just the knowledge that offcamera, offscreen, she doesnt take any crap. That is a part of what mildred was too, so we can harness that. Charlie i will ask you, who is she . , someone whoother has lost her daughter to a horrible murder seven months before the story started. That she has gotten through, the grief and the sadness and depression and she has come out at the end of that with pure rage almost. At the beginning of the film, she is raging the police have not done enough to solve the crime. Character inly a had never written before, a woman who is that strong and outrageous almost. Didnt haveart, but to wear that on her sleeve. I want to add to it. Grief willnk the ever be over. That is part of mildreds tragedy and any parent who loses a child because it is a biological imperative to keep them alive, but after that seven months, she takes radical action , and that breaks the paralysis of the grief. Knowing full well that there will be collateral damage, robbie, her son, people in town. Charlie he said an interesting thing. He created the character, but you have also created the character. It became a collaboration. We had one major debate after i read the script, being so honored and so excited. You do not get a gift like this, even from your family members. Im waiting for my family members to give me a gift like this, but you gave it to me three years ago. Do the math. Do the math. I was 57. I was concerned about the i am from age because a workingclass background and feel like a lot of women from that socioeconomic world as mildred would not wait until they were 38 to have children, so i was concerned about playing the mother of younger children, 16 and 18, so i asked martin to make mildred their grandmother, knowing grandmothers do raise their children. , and rightfully so, connected to the idea of her being a mother in the greek tradition of l mothers fight for charlie revenge. Justice. We never talk about revenge because it almost makes it justice is larger. Charlie who is dixon . Dixon is a complicated guy. He is a racist cop. He is a mamas boy. He is a lot of stuff. He takes a journey and transforms it. Charlie you prepare hard, dont you . I try. It comes out of a fear of sucking. I had time for this one. I was able to do a couple of things i would not normally be able to do. Hang out with some cops and stuff like that. Martin writes this great script and it is a roadmap of what to do. Charlie that is where you start. Robert that is where you what do you want your actors to do . Bring the truth to the characters as we see it. Particular, i would not much, justearsal so talking it through before hand and trying to get on the same page about who we think these characters are. Me going for together, trying to get out of the way as much as possible. Charlie get out of the way . Get out of the way of their choices in their performances. Give them a text, stimulate the senses of what this is about, and lincoln out of the way and let them find it and then the way and let them find it. Pretty much. We become the experts because we are living the interior lives of the characters as well as honoring the words on the page. That is not always the case. We are presented three quarters of the time with blueprints. There are huge holes in the , character lines developments, but with martin it is like play. You start inhabiting it from the minute you decide to do it, so thin you go to costume designers, hair and makeup, and we can help martin because we start living the interior life. I immediately wanted to do it. The minute i would say it took me about a yearandahalf charlie because of time factors or what . Just to develop and be able to produce it. That is the timeline. It i hadw to play here a play. The money fell through, then came back. Question,s of the age my husband said, shut up and do it. Himnt always listen to when he says shut up, but in this case, i did. Charlie this is a clip in which the two of them are together at the police station. Here it is. What . Dixon when she comes in here calling you shut up. You get over here. No, you get over here. What . That is what i am doing. I am taking care of it in my own way actually. Have a seat. What can i do for you today . Where is Denise Watson . In jail. On what charge. Possession. To marijuana cigarettes, big ones. Because ofher bail her previous marijuana violations, and the judge said sure. Calling an officer of law a in his own station house. Whats the new attitude dixon . Your mama and coaching you . That. My mama doesnt do take them down. Charlie i want mildred on my side. Both of them actually. You dont want either of them on the other side. Charlie do we see redemption for dixon . Absolutely. I think so. I think there is definitely some redemption. He takes quite a journey, yeah, yeah. In that scene he has an achilles heel, which is his mother. Anytime i try to stand up to mildred, that is his kryptonite. She uses that. When she brings up mama, it is over. Charlie and she knows it . She knows it. It is a small town. Mama dixon is played by an extraordinary actress. What is wonderful about the way the chemistry between sam and sandy in the film is they are from the same tunnel. And mama dixon are cut from the same cloth. They are women, Missouri Women cut from the same cloth,charlie what kin charlie what kind of cloth . Bark cloth, floral pattern perhaps. Bar cloth, floral pattern perhaps. It is working class. Tod is allowing her come forward. Charlie she is allowing her machins mode to come forward. It is rushing out of her. That is part of the radical action she takes. Charlie you thought of john wayne as a model here . I did. , i worked very hard for just such an occasion, to come up with a female iconic cinematic character are and the only one i could think of yes, sure. Though it is interesting because i did not cast that far back. Lls, shall weme ba say. Ive always wanted to play cowboy. It is interesting. I had just read a biography about john wayne cover to cover, and i dont usually read biographies cover to cover, but it was well written. Im not that interested in actors lives after a certain point, but there was something about the breadth of his life it was fascinating. Had to work in b movies for so. Ong before he did stagecoach charlie a casting home run . Dreamland. How many people did you have in mind when you wrote the piece . These two and woody. Charlie there were three of them in mind. Woody is a theater guy. We met at my place. Read all my stuff. We met in dublin at a bar and chatted for a few days, but we always wanted to Work Together for ages. First on the play didnt quite work out, and now this. Center tost the moral a degree of the whole film. He is that in life. There is something so lovable and decent about woody the man that as soon as hes on screen or onset you feel relaxed around him. He has a relaxation that makes you feel charlie you are comfortable because you know he knows what he is doing. Also, i feel like im related to woody. If you know you will be in a situation where you are laying bare, he will take care of it. That comes from the top. Same with martin. We were all tangling over the edge and felt like we were not safe because it is never fun to be safe, but we had a good harness. Mildreds relationship with her son changes. Paralysis think the i am not a big one for ies, but lucas and i talked about it. We talked about acting. He is a young actor and i am an older one, so we had fun with that. What i offered him was the idea that for seven months she was playing around on the couch, comatose, not eating or drinking or speaking, so though her actions are not great for him or his life and not completely understandable, at least she seems like herself again. You prefer actors who have had some expense on the stage . I wouldnt say i go out and seek it, but it naturally happens. Charlie what is that . Like a love ofs movie stardom and acting. There are probably more meanspirited ways of saying it. They are all proper actors, and proper actors know they will have to do theater as well as movies. You haveve always said to go backandforth between the if you want the good parts. Yeah, go back to the training ground. None of us, yet if i catch you doing it we dont sell perfume, watches, cars. You havent done that yet . We will have to ask him. Christopher walken. It is kind of hard it started in japan. It started in japan. Thatwe werent so global, it was there and not but it is really difficult, i think. If we wanted to play a heroin addict living on the street it would be hard if someone had seen us in a magazine with diamonds dripping off our ears. For me, even people who whiten their teeth too much, and you go, i dont know about all that. So i think it really, it behooves an actor who wants to play a wide variety of characters stay real. Get closer. It is still a movie after all. Its not like we are really living it. It is not a documentary, but on the other hand, the storytelling is so much easier. Completely. , especially when it is a workingclass character, it is hard to find actors who can play that convincingly without sentimental icing it or patronizing it. You guys practice this dynamic could we just saw that scene. Did you rehearse that a lot . No. Do. New what we had to we knew what we had to do and came and loaded for bear. Charlie you are shaking your head. That is what a real actor does. There are actors who love castrsal, but we were all properly. You put those dynamics in the same space and we know who we are playing. Theater actors and there is the consistency to being a theater actor, but now you dont have the time or the luxury to do a million takes and we have to come in ready to go. Charlie you are a man from london, an irishman. Missouri . Making up a name. It isnt real. Charlie you had in mind, a sense of a town . Probably as much from movies as traveling. I do like traveling around smalltown america quite a lot. Charlie do you do that . Ever since the beauty queen was on i have had money enough to get a train or bus and have time to explore america. Charlie do you write while you are doing that . This was written in trains and in little towns across the country. Charlie you check into a little motel and in the daytime, go to a field or riverbank. R was on a mountain and a dee came along and made it into the scene. Charlie everything is fodder . Yeah, and when you do that, everything becomes part of the script. As you are walking down the street, he would not notice it, but even a song becomes integral. Charlie what caused you to write this though . I saw something similar to what we see on the billboards at the start of the movie on a bus trip about 17 years ago. Charlie you made a note. It was just a mental note. The rage and pain behind it and the bravery i realized because it was calling the cops out for inactivity in that signage stayed with me and bothered me for 10 years. It felt almost too dark to tell a story about, but then when i imagined that person who put the signage up was a mother and a strong woman, everything fell into place. I did not even have to plot the film. Mildred popped up and it was about following her through her adventures almost. Seelie some people parallels with flannery. A i love flannery and we have nod of the head to one of her books in the film. We have catholic backgrounds. We like the darker side of life. Charlie congratulations. Fantastic film. Thank you very much. Charlie it opens in limited release november 10 in select cities. Michael lewis is here. He has many bestselling books. His latest book, the undoing project, was just released in paperback. He has a new investigative story about the department of agricultural in vanity fair. I am pleased to have Michael Lewis back at this table. Welcome. How did you end up at the department of agricultural . It is a good question. This is the idea. It is part of a series. Charlie you said it should be called the department of food. Maybe even the department of helping the little guy, because n important part of the social safety net. Less than 10 of the budget has to do with farming. Is a 200 billion bank inside that does nothing but subsidize rural america, and so on and so forth. Notice afterlp but trump was elected that there were these sporadic reports about how the transition was not trumpwell, the administration was either thin on the ground were not there at fairies agencies. Obama administration, partly because there was a law passed during the Obama Administration requiring the president to prepare for the transition, but also because the Bush Administration had prepared well for the transition that obama was personally grateful to bush. Prepare people to briefings, briefing books, so for the day after the election, it was assumed people would roll in and take over and they would either with a briefing about what goes on inside this place. It is a very odd system of government, 2000 employees overseen by 4000 political people. Show. Ump people did not there was this exquisite course on how the federal Government Works and the student did not show up. I thought this is interesting on a number of levels, but interesting because these briefings didnt happen that i can go get, and that is what i have been doing. I have been getting the briefings that the Trump Administration did not get at all. Thelie you go to department of agricultural and say my name is Michael Lewis and i am here for the briefing. Waiting for somebody. Michael they are not, but you asked them if they can give me the briefing. Oh my god, i spent six monsantos and would love to give it to somebody, but it is trying to understand how these enterprises work, but with a particular angle. That is what is vulnerable inside in and in ministration that is either ignorant, misinformed, or outright hostile. It didnt take the transition seriously. And to this day it has not the place. Fed up the department of agricultural has 13 Senate Confirmed positions you are supposed to fill. Charlie how many . Michael only one had been filled by the time i finish the piece. One other guy had been nominated, but this is an example of the problem, one of the Senate Confirmed jobs is to be in charge of all the sites in the department of agriculture, 3 billion that gets doled out to schools to prepare for Climate Change and figure out how to grow crops and raise livestock. Research that the private industry is not going to do. The woman who occupied that job preparing forears it. She was an agricultural scientist, had done original work connecting the american diet to American Health and had run interesting parts of the government and was exquisitely prepared to oversee this thing. This is the one nominee made other than the secretary, a guy named sam clovis, a rightwing radio talk show host who was cochairman of his campaign and had no background in science, much less agricultural science, thatl, so there is a sense either trump himself for people in his orbit think the government runs itself, but if we neglected it will fall apart like we want it to. It feels more like an aptitude ineptitude rather than a plan. To scare people away from what i have written, but this is an interesting way to deliver a civics lesson. Know it was in charge of policing conflicts between people and animals in the country or around the forest service. It is fast. It is 100,000 people. Vast. It is 100,000 people that is 200 million acres of land. Federal see the government fighting wildfires, that is the department of agriculture. The angle is, where are we vulnerable . What should we be worried about . The truth is not all of it. Arefarm subsidy programs atched by the senate like hawk. There are senators in farm states that will not let them screw with the farm subsidies, but there are parts of the government where people paid no attention at all. Charlie how many departments . Five may be. I think i will do a few more of these. Charlie like what. Michael i am open. Charlie i would suggest just is. Michael maybe. The broader question is where is the light not shine. Energy and agricultural seemed like two places. Useful for mest to wander in and start asking questions, and it may be the justice department. It is so reported on and watched that that may not be the point of vulnerability. Charlie knowing the relationship you had with barack , the seminal magazine piece you wrote about him for vanity fair, do you have no interest in trump himself . Michael i may get to that. Charlie ah. Michael you mean that may be down the road. That maybe down the road. , with obama when i went to write about obama, there were a bunch of things i wanted to do to get to know him, like play basketball with him, take me to the place in the white house where he writes that night when he is alone. There were things, with trump if i want tothat list see, the only thing is i want to be there late at night when he tweets. What turns you on. What were you watching when you were pounding this thing in your phone. Charlie does he do it or talk to somebody who does it . Michael who knows. Whoever is doing it, grammatical errors and spelling errors, you have to assume he is doing it himself. I would love to know what is going through his mind and what in that moment he thinks he is achieving. It is his mode of communication with the American People really. Charlie roosevelts radio, kennedy was television, and he basically says social media is my medium. Michael im not arguing with that. I just want to understand what he thinks. Achieves when he he does whatever he is doing at the moment. It would be fun to take one tweet and take it apart. Thelie or does he accept argument that it takes him so far off message that what he hopes to accomplish legislatively is delayed or impacted. Michael or does he think what i am doing is an act of constantly distracting everybody from the fact i am not running federal government. It would also be fun to know. Are literary events. He has to write a sentence or Something Like a sentence. To ask him why did you put it that way rather than this way . Charlie how interesting is he to you . Michael obama was really interesting to me. Trump is not that interesting to me. He is and just of the position he is in. Write aad said you can profile donald trump when he was a real estate developer, no thank you. He does not strike me as that interesting of a person. Runlie someone who has not for Public Office will become president of the United States, are you more interested now . Michael i would have been terrified. I am interested. Because of the situation, i am interested. Said after the election that it is no mean trick to win the presidency, so whatever he did, ladies and tournament, we need to know ladies and gentlemen come up we need to know. Later. i make it to him i will continue with the series. It is funny. The department of energy, i did not know what it did. I found out what it did and went, oh my god. A lot of people were very howresting, then i wondered robust this conceit is. If i pick it because it seems like the most boring neglected department and went in, would it be interesting . I was riveted by the department of agriculture, in particular the caliber of the person i was dealing with. They basically dispensed a trillion dollars worth of hungered aid over the course ofger aid over the course eight years. Nobody knows his name or why he was good at that job or why he cared so much about it. But he did. Was itger point for me sounds simple, but the motives of a person in the job really matter. Why you are doing what you are you are president of the United States or why you want to be the deputy secretary for the Signs Program in the department of agriculture, it did hates how you do your job. If your motive is i was just a trump supporter and this is where they stuff to me, you get a completely different outcome. Charlie i got the impression that most people who have been successful, because of whatever reason, go into government, they come away with more admiration i am asking. This is my impression. More admiration for many of the people they work with than they imagined before hand. Michael this is what i am finding. It is incredible. The person at the center of the piece i wrote at the department of energy made his fortune as an investor in the energy sector, and he thought he knew what the Energy Department was because he had invested in mainly alternative energies, but he couldt, not that he condescend to government employees, but he did not expect to think highly of the people working there when he came to work at the department of energy , and he was blown away for a first rate scientists wandering the halls, people who worked really hard. Of course in every place there are people charlie private sector too, by the way. Forael it is shocking people who come from the outside the caliber of the people inside. If you think about it, it is almost at this point an act of rape free to work for the federal government. We have been dumping on it for 40 years in this country. We dont pay them that well. If you are therefore a real purpose, it takes courage to be there. People if you talk to like bill gates, who has a healthy respect for government and believes some of the money is to show government direction. Can do things i conquer diseases. Michael there are things that only governments can do right. Charlie if you can be part of the direction in the smartest thatble application of power or those resources, then that is a very good thing. Michael i totally agree. We have this dysfunctional relationship with our own government and the society. It is regarded as this other hostile force, this deep state. If our government fails, and our society fails. Charlie the undoing project, id love the story and the friendship or romance that existed between the two of them, one now dead. You came to this because after writing moneyball you had mentioned the work they had done. Michael correct. This is the oddest book i have ever written because it has a 13 year history. Normally i am in and out very quickly. About thewas a story way the team figured out the market for Baseball Players is screwed up and Baseball Players were not being valued. When the book came out, Richard Thaler and his writing partner wrote a nice review, but it was a damming review that said michael does not seem to understand the point of his own book, that this is all very interesting. It is a very interesting case study. Charlie and he doesnt mention them. Michael and he never mentions them. I never got to the place in moneyball where i was asking why are these scouts making these mistakes. The best looking Baseball Players overvalued and the worst looking ones undervalued . Why is a young player who reminds a scout of a player they saw 20 years ago overvalued . They did all the studies showing the way the mind makes decisions. Charlie what did they do . Michael broadly what they did is set out to study the way the , andworks scientifically they did it by giving people paper and pencil tests to see where they got things wrong. Hunch of where they might get things wrong in advance. So over the course of 1012 years of working closely together, they are exploring human nature and the things the mind does. They turned up lots of startling insights him of the fact that generally when people are deciding between things, there deciding between descriptions of things, and if you change the description, you can get them to reverse their choice. They discovered that when people are making judgments, like got decisions, they are way too inflows by what just happened or what they just heard. When you are driving down the road and are deciding how fast you will go, you are making a probability judgment about how likely you will be in an accident. You may not be thinking that way be thinking you think that way, but you are. You see an accident and all of a sudden you slow down to 55 along with everybody else. T is a weird thing to do whatever it is coming your sense of the probability of an accident went up at the moment you are less likely to have an accident. They show the way how when we move through the world we has people are always making implicitly these probabilistic calculations, and how we are wrong. Instead of actually doing statistics even when we can do statistics come we are answering by telling ourselves a story. We think in stereotypes when you can think in statistics and said , so we think the big players are better than the smaller players because we think bigger players are better than smaller players. They are on a journey. They got the nobel prize for something called prospects theory. That a complicated theory has in bedded in it some startling insights. Charlie tell me about the personalities. They were dramatically different. Michael they were so different that nobody who knew them imagine why they would Work Together. Brooding,k, constantly doubting. In fact, his doubt becomes the engine of their collaboration. He doubts everything around, existing theories, everything, but basically an artistic increment. Turned the dial a little bit on his personality and you get a novel. Startling insights come out of him, constantly. The other is this totally selfassured, smartest man in the room wherever he goes, wearing it lightly almost all of the time. Everybody who meets him says that is the most brilliant mind i have a permit. It is the mind of a logician. It is not a fertile, creative mine exactly. If you give him a startling, fertile, interesting idea, he could figure out how to carve it up and present it to an audience where you can argue with it anymore. Diversity was the life of the party kind of wasnt at the party. You here. Reat to have Michael Lewis. The undoing project is now in paperback am i fastening story about science, friendship, and understanding humanity. Charlie thank thank you for joining us. American energy will power the future. We have become an Energy Exporter for the first time ever. At homeoduce more oil than we have in 15 years, more natural gas than ever before, and nearly everyones energy bill is lower because of it. 40 years ago, these with images that rocked the u. S. Now america has gone from Energy Crisis to energy success. Howard by new innovation and technology, we are on the cusp of a new energy revolution. It is all thanks to shale