people then running in, using their bare hands, trying to pull people out. is vladimir putin off the hook in his war against ukraine? the kremlin believes that it can outstay. it's got the staying power — more than the west — the staying power to see this through. a politician who seeks advice on political matters from his dead dog via a medium he's coming up with, you know, different approaches and very radical approaches, and i think that's what people wanted. they just wanted something else. and the head of abu dhabi's giant oil company takes control of the next round of climate change talks. why? they say, "the problem is fossil fuels. "we need to be part of the solution." and so, israel has agreed to declare a temporary ceasefire in gaza and begin an exchange of prisoners. with hindsight, perhaps the key moment came when israel's hardline defence minister, yoav gallant, told some families of the hostages that the most important thing was to destroy hamas — and a number of the relatives walked out in disgust, because they believed the most important thing was to get their relatives freed. president biden has warned the israeli prime minister, benjamin netanyahu, that israel is losing the moral high ground, thanks partly to the television pictures which come hourly out of gaza showing the death and destruction caused by the israeli attacks. the bbc gets its pictures from a whole range of sources in gaza. yogita limaye, who's normally based in india, has been putting together many of the bbc�*s reports from those pictures at its bureau injerusalem. i think what we've been seeing every day for the past few weeks, homes that have been completely destroyed, people then running in, using their bare hands — because they have no tools — trying to pull people out. we've been seeing every day videos from different hospitals in central and southern gaza, and these are areas which are supposed to be the safer areas, you know, they're away from the north of gaza, where the israeli military had asked civilians to evacuate to. ambulances rushing in, injured being brought in, doctors trying to scramble to save them. you know, very often when they're brought in, people with minor injuries, they'rejust laid out on the floor, and the treatment starts right there. and then, every day also, the other thing we get are pictures of hurried funerals, usually outside hospital compounds, because they are considered relatively safe. so, you know, bodies that are wrapped in sheets with the name of the person who's died written on them with a marker, and then, families then, you know, sort of hurried prayers that are held outside, and people bidding tearful goodbye to their loved ones. do you get a clear understanding of what the power situation is like? for instance, the water situation, medicines, these kind of things? we've been speaking to people who've been telling us what's been, ithink, most difficult forfamilies is access to clean drinking water for themselves, their children. the un says there's only one to three litres of water per person for all of their needs. we've been told by people how they have to stand for hours in queue to try to get water. the un has been saying repeatedly that there are parts of gaza where, because there's a fuel shortage — so the sewage system has stopped working, desalination plants have stopped working. and what about the medical side of things? you know, 22 out of 36 hospitals are out of action. we've been speaking to doctors and nurses and staff in hospitals that are still operational, you know, mostly in central gaza, and in the southern part of the gaza strip. they've described how they're running out of medicines. we've been speaking, for example, to women who've been pregnant and who've gone into labour. they've talked to us about how they've had to deliver babies with no painkillers at all. the existing facilities are so overloaded that women have been cut off from safe delivery. so, we've even spoke to mothers who have given birth in overcrowded school shelters run by the un. yogita, tell me frankly, you're seeing these pictures, often really terrible pictures every day, but they are only one side of the story. it's the gaza side, the palestinian side. how difficult is it for you and for your colleagues to be really impartial? myjob, and the way i see it, when i'm working with journalists in gaza to represent the picture of what's happening there, is to try to provide, through the tools we have at our disposal, the most truthful picture that we can of what is happening there. and then, i think it's the responsibility of the bbc as a whole, of all of our different outputs, of all of our different programmes, and of all of our editors to ensure that that is put into the fuller context of what is going on in israel and gaza. do people around you — jewish people around you, israeli people — do they understand what's going on, do you think, inside gaza? you know, i have been speaking to, for example, the families of some of the hostages who have been held in gaza, and, you know, when i've asked one of them — i'm going to talk about one specific person whose 84—year—old mother is being held in gaza — you know, iasked him the question, "just when you look at the bombardment of gaza, "when you look at what's happening there, your mother is "there, what's your immediate reaction as a son"? and he said, "it's terrifying, because i know she's not "in a safe area. i'm not sure what's going to happen to her." he actually, prior to 7 october, he said, you know, "i very much believed in what was a — "in a two—state solution, "but 7 october has changed everything for us. "we cannot now live side by side," with what he describes, his words, he said, "we cannot live side by side with the devil". you know, you of course hear different perspectives, depending on who you speak to. most people, anyway, who i've spoken to will say that hamas needs to be destroyed one way or the other. the gaza conflict has come as a welcome relief to one man — vladimir putin — whose war against ukraine seems to be hanging in the balance at the moment. the ukrainian counter—offensive has clearly not been the success which ukraine's supporters in the west were hoping for. and although the ukrainian forces have established themselves on the russian—occupied bank of the river dnipro, the russians are consolidating their positions at a time when nato countries are getting more and more worried about the future of the war. i asked the bbc�*s redoubtable russia editor steve rosenberg for his thoughts about the way things were going for vladimir putin. he seems to believe that russia is getting the upper hand, and there's a bunch of reasons why i think he probably believes that at the moment. the russians seem to believe that the ukrainian counter—offensive has not been nearly as successful as kyiv had hoped. you could say the same thing about western sanctions, as well, right? the west had hoped that the tsunami of sanctions imposed on russia would cause huge problems, huge difficulties for the country. well, russia this year is set to enjoy, i think, 3% economic growth. and i think the feeling is in the kremlin that the geopolitical situation may be changing slightly in russia's favour. you know, president putin looks at the situation in america — a very polarised country, republican voices grow louderagainst, erm, massive aid for ukraine. i'm sure the kremlin is hoping that donald trump will come back to the white house, and that could change the situation hugely. but also, there's a feeling here that perhaps in europe, there's now a degree of ukraine fatigue. and then, you've got gaza, of course, gaza. the attention of the west has switched to a large degree from ukraine to what's happening in the middle east. so, for all these reasons, i think, the kremlin believes that it can outstay. it's got the staying power — more than the west, more than europe — the staying power to see this through and emerge the winner here — whatever being the winner is. it's still not clear what victory would look like for vladimir putin. i suppose for him, simply surviving is winning, isn't it? possibly. yeah, quite possibly. to be honest, it's hard to imagine vladimir putin now as a peacetime leader because, over the last two years, russia has changed hugely. the economy is almost on a war footing now. the kremlin has used what is happening to try to whip up a patriotic — a wave of patriotism. if you look at who's being put in prison, for example, john, at the moment, and what for, and you compare that to who's being let out of prison at the moment, you see a very strange situation. i was at a trial in st petersburg a few days ago for the verdict in the case of sasha skochilenko, an artist and a musician who was sent to prison for seven years. and what was her crime? she'd replaced some price tags at the supermarket in st petersburg with anti—war slogans. compare that to the case of vladislav kanyus, who was a convicted murderer. he brutally murdered his girlfriend, stabbing her, i think, more than 100 times. he was sent to prison last year for 17 years. it's emerged that he's been let out of prison to fight in ukraine, and he's received a presidential pardon. and the whole issue of gaza has been, really, to putin's... it's worked in his favour, hasn't it? i think so. there's no doubt that the awful events of 7 october and what's followed have diverted attention from what is happening in ukraine to the middle east. the talk shows on russian television that were talking about the special military operation constantly switched to talking about the situation in the middle east. and i think that was welcomed by russian officials here. they believed that it would lead to a reduction in western military assistance for ukraine, and would accelerate western ukraine fatigue. what's it like, as a brit, to be roving round in moscow? is there more hostility to you from ordinary people and from the authorities? or is it less? i mean, wh—what�*s it like? there's a lot of anti—british propaganda in the state media here. we're very much made to feel like the enemy. and yet, travelling around, i don't get the sense from ordinary russians that they see us as an enemy. a while back, we were coming back from a trip, and we stopped off at a petrol station. i was buying some biscuits in the mini market there, the petrol station, and i picked up the biscuits, and a man came up to me. "i've seen you before, your face looks familiar." i said, "well, i'm a journalist. "maybe you saw me on youtube or something?" because the bbc is blocked here, right, in russia, so he couldn't have seen me on the bbc. he said, "yes, i saw your interview with the belarusian "leader, with lu kashenko". and i said, "oh, right. ok." and he said, "i'm going to pay for your biscuits". ah! the sea of anti—western rhetoric, which is washing over the state media here, doesn't affect everybody. the man argentina has chosen by a landslide to be its next president has been widely mocked by his critics. after all, javier milei, a former tantric sex guru, consults his dead dog via a medium on the political questions facing him. his plan for solving argentina's overwhelming economic problems makes the experts groan. he denies that the far—right military dictatorship of 1976—82 killed anything like 30,000 left—wing activists — even though the figure�*s thoroughly attested. and yet, although he makes a lot of noise about argentina's right to the falkland islands — which argentineans call the malvinas, he's careful to say that the islanders�* views must be taken into account. that's not at all a popular view in argentina, and it may hint that a more pragmatic line runs underneath the hokum. i asked katy watson, the bbc south america correspondent, what she made ofjavier milei. you know, he's made some huge proposals — introducing the us dollar instead of the argentine peso, detonating the central bank — all these drastic proposals which seem to garner an awful lot of support among people who are just desperate for something different. but you've got to keep in mind that argentina is going through an economic crisis — more than 140% annual inflation, two in five argentineans are living in poverty. and those drastic measures, you know, could spell disaster, certainly speaking to economists. replacing your currency with the us dollar — i mean, it's been done in various countries. it's not a solution necessarily, is it? he's coming up with different approaches, and very radical approaches, and i think that's what people wanted. they just wanted something else. let's just try anything, because we've tried things before, it hasn't worked, so let's just give something else a go. i mean, that's certainly what speaks to his success. that change is moving away from the status quo. yes, of course, it is in a major way. but milei is replacing peronism, isn't he? i mean, this extraordinary movement that kicked off in the 19405 under general peron. can we assume now that peronism is now a dead duck completely? i mean, it's a phenomenon that i don't think is going to go away. it's certainly been questioned, especially with cristina kirchner in the last decade or so, who's taken — gone from peronism to kirchnerism, which is another branch. there's been lots of splits, if you like, in what argentina sees as peronism. it's much more of an ideological movement than an obvious political left or right. and i think that that in itself is still very much ingrained in argentina. javier milei has criticised that peronism, that kirchnerism, that populism — but he himself is a, you know, a populist character, and certainly, it's down to his personality and his radical approach that people have decided to, you know, to vote for him. it might be that peronism is weakened, but i don't see it going away. what about the feeling in the countries roundabout? i mean, brazil, where you are, chile — they must all be very nervous, aren't they? gustavo petro in colombia has called this, you know, a difficult time for latin america. lula, here in brazil, stopped short of congratulating javier milei. he congratulated the authorities who carried out the electoral process. javier milei has been criticised. he and his vice president have continually called into question the number of victims during argentina's dictatorship. they've been criticised for undermining and threatening democracy. and lula, in his tweet after the election results, made a point about how important democracy was. i mean, it's not good news for brazil. javier milei has again made digs about brazil, and about not wanting to do business with communists. of course, you know socialist lula is not a communist, but certainly, that has been a label attached to him from the far—right in the region. so, that relationship is bound to come under pressure. but brazil is one of the biggest trading partners, along with china, for argentina — china's also been criticised by javier milei, but that's something that, going forward, you know, you can have a political difference with these countries, but it's going to have a massive economic impact if you do endanger those relationships. so, it's going to be interesting how javier milei, you know, works out the political rhetoric with the economic benefit, because those are relationships that are probably worth keeping, even if he doesn't agree with their politics. if our small, fragile planet starts to heat up by three degrees, that will be a savage threat to life on earth. and scientists are now talking about it as a very real possibility. the major international conference on ways to save ourselves from all this, cop28, is just about to open. yet it's being hosted in the united arab emirates and chaired by dr sultan aljaber, the head of abu dhabi's oil corporation, which has made itself unthinkably rich from the very thing that's being blamed for so much of the danger to our world — fossil fuel. activists like greta thunberg have said this is a sign that cop28 isn't intended to succeed. but what's the reality? i sought the views of justin rowlatt, the bbc�*s climate editor. what they say is, "look, without us at the table, "the oil industry at the table, we cannot have a solution." you know, the problem is fossil fuels — and they acknowledge that very explicitly, dr sultan has talked about that repeatedly. they say, "the problem is fossil fuels. "we need to be part of the solution." but there are some kind of people who criticise the uae for a certain amount of hypocrisy on all of this stuff. and adnoc, the state oil company, is investing billions, hundreds of billions, or at least more than 100 billion... 150 billion, actually, in increased capacity. the plan is buy 600,000 barrels of oil a day, currently produces about 2—2.5 million a day. so, that's a significant increase of capacity at a time when the un's saying we almost have to halve carbon emissions. or 43%. they have a defence for that, as well, john. they say, "look, our oil is the easiest to produce, "and the cheapest to produce", typically... you know, so it's — they say it's the lowest—carbon oil. but you can't say it doesn't look weird. when we talk about oil and gas and fossilfuels, generally, there is a tendency to kind of demonise producers and not recognise that there's a responsibility of consumers, as well. so, yeah, the uae produces millions of barrels of oil and gas a day, but we use it. and we have to look at our own behaviour, as well, and the efforts of our governments to drive down our emissions. but you can't blame the campaigners for saying, "look, it's not serious. "the big—oil producing countries and so on "don't want to cut down." they live in a country that's very vulnerable to climate change. i mean, there were floods in uae — i mean, really, kind of, dramatic floods. they experience the challenge of climate change quite directly, as well. but you're absolutely right, there are criticisms, and there is considerable evidence that they want to continue to be a major oil producer notjust into the next decade, but for decades to come. and that represents a real challenge for the world. is there any possibility now, do you think, that by 2030, we'll be able to make these savage cuts? when you look out at the world — the buildings, the infrastructure, the cars, the incredible food that we have access to — all of that is a product of fossil fuels. a number of reports by really serious organisations have all said it's now looking as if we will peak the use of fossil fuels this decade, right, and begin the process of reducing our fossil fuel use. now that is a really significant moment in human civilisation. it looks like we can transition to clean fuels with all the benefits that that would entail. it looks already that it's beginning to happen. but you are absolutely right, john, to identify it is not happening anywhere near fast enough. the ipcc, the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the un's science body, says 43% cut in fossil fuels by 2030, within this decade, is necessary. the un's assessment of the climate pledges made by the member states suggest we will have a 2% reduction on 2019 figures... 2%, instead of 43%? ..instead of 43, so, yes, we're turning the corner on fossil fuels, but nowhere near fast enough. and that is the challenge, that's the key, the central challenge for this meeting in dubai. when you look back at the weather we've experienced just this year — and it's worth noting 2023 is expected to be the hottest year ever recorded — but you'd say, "well, this is at 1.1, 1.2 degrees of warming", how frightening would it be to go as far as three degrees celsius, which would be a huge change... devastating, surely. ..in the climate of the globe? say we get to 2030. we haven't got anywhere near the 43% cut, the temperature starts to rise. can we then pull back, or is it too late? there are technologies that can suck the carbon from the atmosphere, and we know there are ways of storing that carbon dioxide underground indefinitely. so, it is possible. most climate scientists would say they think it's unlikely that that's going to happen at the kind of scale we need for many, many decades to come. so, there is a real danger that we go above 1.5, and we stay there for some time. one last point on the 1.5 is, if you go above 1.5, how much of the world's diversity, the biological diversity, do you lose in that period when you're at a much higher temperature? how much do you change the patterns of weather and sea currents, and things like that, that define the weather patterns that we all experience and live by? and maybe some of those would be lost. and then, when you come back... no coming back from that. yes, exactly. i mean, the ultimate tipping point, if you like, is extinction. justin rowlatt, climate editor. right round the world, people are switching off the news on television and radio and refusing to buy newspapers. it's obvious why it's happening right now — the news is just so ultra—depressing, with its images of children, dead and dying, angry demonstrators, explosions, hatred, fear, global temperatures on course for levels that will be "hellish" — the word comes from the un secretary general — entire species being wiped out, entire countries liable to disappear under the rising waves. argentina, run by a man nicknamed "the mad one", and his role model, donald trump, quite likely to return to the world stage — though, of course, a lot of americans and others think that's the good news. vladimir putin, if not successful in his war in ukraine, at least not destroyed by it. and these are just the subjects we've been discussing in this one edition of unspun world. but i do hope we haven't driven you to think of switching us off, too. yes, times are worrying, but choosing not to think about them doesn't help. we need to look dispassionately at our world and work out what our own views are. otherwise, we'rejust part of the herd. and, believe me, things will change. peace — of a sort — will return to gaza and israel, and maybe to ukraine, as well. even global warming may at least be mitigated. but putting ourfingers in our ears is never a very good solution to anything. well, that's the end of my sermon — and the end of this edition of unspun world. until we meet again, goodbye. hello again. many of you will have had a dry day of weather on friday with plenty of sunshine around. blue skies like these pretty commonplace across the country. however, it certainly was quite chilly, wasn't it? temperatures on thursday reached 15 degrees — well above average. but compared with that for some, temperatures were seven degrees lower on friday and actually quite a bit below average for the time of year. now, what followed from that sunny day is these clear skies which took us into the first part of the night. temperatures have been dropping like a stone and already are well below freezing in many areas underneath these clear skies. the exception to that really cold theme is across northern and eastern scotland and the eastern side of england, where there's a bit of a breeze around and that mightjust keep the frost at bay. however, i think in the very coldest areas in the countryside, we could see temperatures as low as minus six. that's potentially even the case across our very coldest areas of southern england. so, a freezing cold start to the day on saturday but your weekend getting off to a sunny start as well and for most, that's the way the weather's going to stay all day — just blue skies and sunshine overhead with barely a cloud in the sky. the exceptions — again northern and eastern scotland, down the eastern side of england. there'lljust be a few showers which occasionally could graze some of our coastal areas but otherwise, it's dry and it's cold with temperatures typically between about five and seven degrees celsius. we are going to see some change in the weather picture as we head, though, into the second part of the weekend as this area of low pressure moves in off the atlantic. for scotland and a good part of eastern england, should stay dry with sunshine for most of the day but out west, you'll see some thicker cloud working in. a bit of damp weather for northern ireland, wales and western england and eventually, you might see temperatures climb to about 9—11 degrees — but really late in the day. the area of low pressure, then, pushes eastwards sunday night, bringing some rain. that clears off into the continent. as it does so, it will shove back our way some cold air that originates from europe and scandinavia. so, next week, it stays very cold. into that cold air, occasionally, there'll be some weather systems, probably mostly bringing outbreaks of rain, but i can't completely rule out a few flakes of snow as well. good morning. welcome to breakfast with naga munchetty and charlie stayt. our headlines today: free at last: the israeli hostages released by hamas spend their first night back with their families. palestinian prisoners have also been freed as part of a deal that sees a four—day pause in fighting, allowing much—needed aid to get in to gaza. calm in dublin overnight as a heavy police presence prevents a second night of rioting in the city. in sport, everton manager sean dyche says he was shocked at their ten point deduction. speaking for the first time since the record—breaking punishment, dyche called it "disproportionate", ahead of their match against manchester united tomorrow. good morning. it is a cold and frosty saturday for all of us this morning but at least there will be some beautiful, sparkling winter sunshine out there. yes, it's going to stay dry and settled for most. it will be rather cold with it. all the details coming up shortly. it's saturday the 25th of november. our main story: the people of israel and gaza have had their first night of relative peace in seven weeks, since the hamas attacks of october 7th, as a temporary ceasefire appears to be holding. the pause in fighting allowed aid to enter gaza and an exchange of people — 2a hostages held by hamas, which is designated a terrorist group by many western governments, and 39 palestinian prisoners who'd been held in israeli prisons.