a clean energy revolution is under way as we turn the page on fossil fuels, and turn towards renewables. from solar panels to wind turbines, we are rolling out green energy faster than ever, because the way we power our planets could decide its future — and ours. i'm carl nasman, and this is future earth. welcome to the new series, shining a light on the simple real world solutions we already have to help us solve the biggest challenge of our lifetimes. each week, we'll be taking you on a journey — from our forests to the oceans, examining where we live, how we travel, and what we eat. we'll show you some of the paths for tackling the climate crisis, meeting the innovators, action takers and climate heroes who are truly making a difference. coming up this week... what happens after we pull the plug on oil and gas? we travel to oil country, to see the teams cleaning up our fossil fuel past. lessons from the first us city to run on 100% renewable energy. reaching for the skies. how new fuels can help green our air travel. plus, can we reallyjust get power out of thin air? well, we'll speak to one scientist who says he's doing just that. we start with a look at why our transition to a greener future can mean dealing with the legacy of our past. fossilfuels, like oil and gas, have been powering the world for decades, but they often leave behind facilities that continue to pollute long after they've been shut down. i travelled to america's forgotten oil country to meet the people sealing off our abandoned wells. on a cold day in autumn, these workers are helping clean up part of america's petroleum past. 0ld oil and gas wells left abandoned for generations, and they're not always where you might expect. when you picture oil country, you probably think of the oil fields down in texas. but we are in a residential neighbourhood in upstate new york. here just outside of buffalo, this abandoned gas well is being sealed off in the middle of someone�*s front yard. we've had some wells that are literally feet from a house. when they were drilled 100 to 150 years ago, a lot of these houses didn't exist at the time. so over time, as areas get developed, you have structures and houses being built right up against them sometimes. it's part of the nation's fossil fuel legacy. just a couple of hours south, in titusville, pennsylvania, likely the first modern oil well was drilled, back in 1859. it sparked an oil rush across the region. by the 1880s, pennsylvania rock oil made up more than three quarters of the global supply. but the boom eventually dried up, and now, decades later, abandoned wells like this are still polluting. so this is an abandoned well. it's one of hundreds of thousands scattered across the united states, and every single one of them could still be emitting methane, a greenhouse gas several times more potent than carbon dioxide. until very recently, methane emissions were not that much of a concern, and it's only been recent science that has shown how damaging methane actually can be. so even trace amounts of methane that is leaking out of these wells can be pretty impactful to the climate, and so we're doing everything we can to be sure that we seal those up. 0ver beyond the rig here, we have a fresh water tank. luke plants is the ceo of plants and goodwin, a third generation oil services company, and business is in overdrive. in 2021, a federal infrastructure bill set aside some $4.7 billion for capping old wells, the most ever spent on the problem. a few years ago, nobody really cared about these orphan wells, so through various avenues, the government was able to come up with some money and inject that into each state, to help solve this problem. but the solution, injecting concrete deep underground, can be slow, and sometimes dangerous. so this well had some obstructions only 50 feet down in the well, that we didn't know we were going to run into when we entered it. the challenge there is, as you clean those obstructions out, there could be significant gas pressure behind them. so you always have to be mindful of well control so that you don't take a large explosion or kick, up at surface. and the scale of the problem is vast. there are more than 120,000 documented sites stretching across the united states. it's estimated the true number could be in the millions, leaking nearly 3% of the nation's total methane emissions. this year, we're projected to successfully decommission somewhere around 150 to 200 of these wells. but when we're talking about the problem of wells in the thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, obviously that's not going to quite get it done. we're actively hiring more people. we are buying more equipment. we're doing everything that we can in order to ramp up quickly and address this issue. cleaning up the pollution of the past, creating a new green boom here, where the last one went bust. the people that drilled these wells, and the companies that drilled these wells haven't been in business for 50 years, or 100 years in some cases. and so now it's kind of left with what's called the legacy wells, the legacy of 100 years of unregulated oil and gas exploration. now we're coming back and trying to clean up and do right by the communities that were affected by it. all right. let's talk more now about energy emissions and why cleaning them up could make a big difference. here's the bbc�*s former science editor, david shukman. if you want to try to limit the rise in temperatures, limit the explosion of extreme weather events that we're seeing being so destructive at the moment, one of the best things that can be done is to limit the leaking of methane into the atmosphere. the oil industry has been talking about this, has been accused for years of allowing methane to escape into the atmosphere. there are many other sources of it as well. and the hope has to be that at last people start to understand that the more they can limit the venting of methane, the escape of methane from leaky pipes, for example, the bigger the difference it'll make. and it'll have a difference that's notjust significant in scale, but also in speed. we really now need quick action on climate change. curbing methane will be a great way to do that. so what will the energy of the future look like? the good news is a lot of the technology that we need is already here. wind and solar energy made up 12% of our global electricity supply in 2022, and that was a new record. 2023 could be even higher. that's thanks, at least in part, to solar plants built on a massive scale. recently, paul carter visited the largest solar plant in the world on the edge of the sahara desert. this is noor — a solar power station putting morocco at the forefront of pioneering renewable technology. this is not an ordinary solar field. panels with over 7,000 mirrors follow the sun. whirring and i can hear lots of sounds at the moment. it's quite eerie. is that the panels moving? that's right. movement just with small speed. all these reflect the sun back at this dazzling monument. 2113 metres up, this white—hot beacon can hit 1,000 degrees celsius. a liquid salt absorbs and transports this heat, using it to produce steam and generate electricity on the ground. while solar is used across the globe, what's special here is the molten salt, which retains energy eight hours after dark. even with all the progress that we've made on renewables, some energy experts say we're going to need more, a lot more. one report from the international energy agency says the world should triple its renewable power capacity by the year 2030 as part of a plan to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees celsius and avoid the worst effects of climate change. for more on where we're at and where we need to go when it comes to renewables, i spoke with the iea's senior energy analyst, heymi bahar. can you give us the good news on renewable energy? what are you seeing in terms of global growth? over the last few years, we have been seeing record level new power plants being installed year after year. last year, there was again an importantjump of 15% more capacity that's being deployed. this is great. policymakers are introducing new policies or implementing faster their existing policies and the costs are coming down. now, the iea has released a report and it says that the world needs to triple its renewable power capacity by 2030 in order to stay on track to meet our goals in the paris agreement of 1.5 degrees celsius warming. tell me more about that tripling number and what needs to happen to achieve that goal. we see that this tripling is ambitious but achievable. and this ambition will be defined by government policies and how they approach and how they push this tripling capacity in the coming eight years, basically now. it's a very short period of time. in order to solve the challenges that are upcoming, big or small, renewables can offer a solution. and the governments slowly discovered that it used to be climate change mitigation, then energy security came into the picture and show the governments that actually deploying renewables faster is a solution to energy security issues as well. so, in that sense, i think renewables have proven to be resilient and offering solutions to the challenges that the world is facing. let's talk economics, because for a long time, renewables were seen as more expensive than fossil fuels. is that still the case? i can give you the good news on this one, especially for solar pv and wind, which account for the majority of this tripling growth that we need. they are, in the majority of the countries, maybe most countries in the world, they are cheaper than fossil fuelalternatives, both natural gas and coal. so the cost discussion is almost over, in my opinion. greening the world's energy supply is obviously a big challenge. what gives you the biggest reason for optimism that we can do it in time? the big optimism that i have, first of all, is the costs, because if they were not economically available in our hands, the government or society will have a different view on the clean energy transition. this is an important turning point, i think, to achieve this faster expansion of renewables. in that sense, governments are still behind renewables, not providing subsidies, though more and more they are providing the framework, a better framework that they can operate in rather than providing them cash. so that's the thing that needs to continue because renewables require a stable policy environment, which many governments today are able to provide, and it is important that they keep doing it. now to a city that's truly walking the walk when it comes to renewable energy. you might know burlington, vermont, as the home of ben &jerry�*s ice cream, but it's also the first us city to get 100% of its electricity from renewable sources, and one of more than a0 cities globally. the head of the city's electric company gave me the inside scoop. i just want to start with this statistic, which is really striking — 25% of burlington�*s energy came from renewable energy sources. just a decade later, you're now at 100% renewable energy. what changed ? how did you get to 100% renewables? yeah, it's a great story for burlington. in 2004, we were 25% renewable. the electric commission and the electric department set a goal of moving to become 100% renewable. but over the course of that ten—year period, burlington electric was able to contract for different wind projects, to increase its reliance on hydropower, to start to add solar to its mix as well. and in 2014, the last step in that process was purchase of a local hydropower dam called the winooski one that we now own and operate. that was the last piece of the puzzle. this is vermont that we're talking about so, obviously, the sun doesn't always shine, the wind doesn't always blow. are there days when it's difficult to close that gap and power your city without having to resort to dirtier sources of electricity? well, it's exactly right that wind and solar are really important resources, but they are variable resources, so we rely on the ability to run our woodchip plant where we can store fuel on site and dispatch it when it's needed, and we definitely rely on hydropower. increasingly, we're going to see battery storage play an important role there as well. you mentioned this woodchip plant. it's often called biomass. it's essentially burning wood to generate electricity. that does come with its own drawbacks, its own impacts on the environment. how do you balance that? what are the drawbacks when it comes to using biomass, which i believe is about a third of your electricity supply? we're using local wood residue. and essentially when foresters are going out and harvesting for other higher—value operations — to get wood for timber, for furniture, for construction, there's leftover wood product, tops and limbs, diseased and damaged trees. we're able to take that leftover product and use it for electricity. so that has a very different carbon profile than if somebody was going out and just clear—cutting trees specifically for energy. converting an entire city to 100% renewable electricity is not an easy task. how did you go about getting the community on board? what's been the reaction from citizens there in burlington, vermont? so i think that it's partly that we have a committed population that supports these types of initiatives, and it's also that we're trying to do so in a way that's economically beneficial, and hopefully that's replicable for other communities as well. burlington is a smaller city, around 50,000 people. how can what's been done there be scaled up and applied to much larger cities in the us? we talk with other communities, other community leaders from out of state, even sometimes internationally, we have folks who visit burlington, and one of the things that i like to share is it's really important to start with a tangible goal. and i think every community has some renewable resources that they can utilise, some efforts that they can utilise towards energy efficiency. there are now additional communities since we became 100% renewable that have joined us and we hope to have many, many more. the world continues to make progress on switching to renewable energy, but some industries face a tougher task than others. one of them is the aviation industry. and although air travel makes up around 2% of the world's energy—related co2 emissions, companies like delta airlines say they're working hard to find ways to decarbonise. i caught up with delta's chief sustainability officer, amelia deluca. you know, aviation is really one of the hardest industries to try to decarbonise. i mean, why is that? and just talk us through some of the challenges that you're facing at delta and in the industry as a whole. so let's talk about the airline industry real quick. i think it's important to just note that we are 2%—3% of global greenhouse gas emissions today. but as a hard to decarbonise sector, that's expected to grow as other industries start to move towards net zero before 2050. so what makes us hard to decarbonise? it's the singular fact that 90% of our impact on the planet comes from jet fuel and putting a battery pack on an airplane, just physics means that isn't really doable, and so our solutions aren't as straightforward as, say, the automotive industry. so what is that replacement? is there a clear path right now to coming up with a fuel that will be a lot more sustainable than what airplanes currently use? so when we think about the future, there are lots of things we can do as a company to be more fuel efficient and our airplanes are obviously more fuel efficient, but that doesn't get you to zero, and so the answer is essentially sustainable aviation fuel, or saf. and sustainable aviation fuel is a liquid drop—in fuel. it's just like the jet fuels of today, except for instead of coming from finite resources like fossil fuels, it's coming from renewable sources. it could be bio— or ag—based, which is what you're seeing today in terms of used cooking oil, or potentially a corn residue product. but in the future, just like other industries, it'll come from synthetic sources but that are renewable and are infinite. so things like hydrogen and carbon in the future is what will be our fuel source. what's the timeline we're looking at here? because there has been some criticism of the airline industry as a whole of saying, "look, can you speed things up?" it's been taking some time, right? it's fascinating because i've seen the industry really come together with a very clear call to action, and so i think that's the positive is that we're very united as an airline industry, that we have these net zero ambitions and we have a road map to get there. we know what we need to do. but the single biggest lever that we're going to have to pull is the creation of an entirely new industry for the sustainable aviation fuel. and when we just root ourselves in the numbers, even as delta, the task is... it's daunting. but we are making progress. for example, i would just call—out that year over year for the last number of years we've increased the use of sustainable aviation fuel. so that's positive, right? it's moving up every single year. but the fact of the matter is this year we'll probably use about five million gallons of sustainable aviation fuel, and that's all that we can get. that's all we can get our hands on. and we need to get to 400 million gallons by the back half of this decade, and that's still only 10% of a replacement for jet fuel. i think the big thing is we want to be able to decarbonise and move to net zero, not just for the sake of our own industry, but really for kind of the sake of the world. the fact of the matter is, we still all want to travel to see ourfriends, see ourfamilies. often you have to get on an airplane to do that. what message would you give to people who feel this little bit of guilt or shame because they know that they're flying, they know that that emits c02. what message of hope can you give for the future for people that want to continue to be able to fly on airplanes? i think it's important to say we know what we need to do to get to a net zero future. that's the first thing. and i think the second thing is we're doing everything that we can do today to bring down our impact on the planet. and so while it may take us a little while to get to net zero, have the confidence when you go through the travel experience that you are already seeing ways that we are starting to bring down our greenhouse gas emissions, to bring down ourfootprint from single—use plastics. a couple other things that customers aren't always going to see but they should be aware of is how we're operating our planes today is already significantly more efficient than it was even a couple of years ago. we're changing how we land, how we navigate through air space. we're changing the weight that we put on board through our galley carts or our servicing provisions to try to reduce the weight that's on that airplane or try to operate more efficiently. and so these are things customers may not see when you're flying, butjust know every single day we are operating more efficiently than we did the day before, and that's already starting to move us towards a better future. as wejust heard, there has been some progress on making air travel more sustainable, like this royal air force flight in 2022. now, it was the first in the uk to be powered by cooking oil. the 90—minute flight was also the first time that a military aircraft of that size flew on sustainable fuel. the raf says waste—based fuels could lower carbon emissions by up to 80%. ok, now to something that may seem like science fiction — conjuring energy out of thin air. well, two scientists have developed a device that uses a natural protein and moisture in the air to generate a small continuous electric current. and they think it could be a game—changer. i spoke to one of the scientists behind the project, electrical engineerjun yao. pulling electricity out of the sky — i mean, this is an idea that goes all the way back to nikola tesla in the 20th century, right? but you think that you might have figured this out. today in the lab, there's a possibility for that, although i think we have a way to go to scale this up from the lab prototype device to a much larger device that can be deployed in the, for example, ambient environment. what will it take to scale that up? i understand that the current device can generate enough power to turn on one pixel of a tv screen. that's not a whole lot of electricity. correct. so if... i mean, you can imagine the thin air probably cannot bolster in terms of energy density, but i think it can bolster in terms of volume because the entire earth is covered with a very thick layer of atmospheric humidity. if this does become successful, professor, do you imagine this being used in our homes? is this something that might power our refrigerator or our tv? why not? i think probably it could be more attractive than solar panel, because why? the solar panel still competes with space or, actually, it can be ugly, right, deploying on the roof? but imagine this — this does not compete with any kind of existing space because humidity is 24/7 continues. it's day and night. it's everywhere. and once we create energy, it's also crucial that we find ways to store it. for that, we go from air to sand and the world's first large—scale sand battery. i'm here in the municipal swimming pool in kankaanpaa in western finland. it's a beautiful pool, very balmy all year round. but the heat that's in here comes from a rather surprising source — from sand. the sand in question sits inside this silo in a power plant on the edge of this small finnish town. it's the first commercial installation of a potentially important technology that works in a surprisingly simple way. electricity from wind or solar power is converted into heat, which warms the sand up to around 500 degrees celsius. crucially, the sand can keep this heat without loss, potentially for months. and finally, if you've ever travelled on the london underground, then you knowjust how hot it can get down there. but what if all that hot air could be put to good use? well, at one abandoned tube station, it's being harnessed to heat buildings up above. jamie moreland discovered how it works. everyone knows how hot the underground can get. people crowded onto trains. friction between the rails and wheels. here, they're taking that heat and using it to warm up homes and businesses. down there is the northern line, and this used to be a passenger walkway. now when air is pushed through from the trains, it goes up this ventilation shaft here, which used to be where the lifts were. the warm air is sucked up the ventilation shaft by a fan. and this is the top of the ventilator shaft. the air is pumped from here into these pipes above the ground. the warm air heats the water in this tank. and that hot water is pumped to more than 1,000 nearby council buildings such as homes, leisure centres and moreland primary school. who knew an abandoned tube station could reduce carbon emissions and make london more self—sufficient? and before we go, a quick reminder — if you want to get more from future earth delivered each week directly to your inbox, sign up for the future earth newsletter. in it you'll find behind the scenes reporting from me, the week's top climate stories, and insights from our entire bbc climate change team. i'm carl nasman. thanks for watching future earth. hello there. we have seen two different sides toward him over the last couple of days. friday, i'm sure you'll remember, we had lots of sunshine across the country and temperatures around average. contrast that with the weather we had on saturday, where there was a lot of cloud around but it was a lot milder. temperatures in yeovilton up to 17 celsius. also quite windy for some, for example here in west scotland. saturday's weather with all due to this area of low pressure. sunday's weather will be due to this area of low pressure, too. it's not really going anywhere very fast at all. the south—westerly winds we have at the moment will continue to feed in thick layers of cloud, thick enough to bring outbreaks of mostly light rain and drizzle although there could be some heavy bursts mixed in for west scotland and northern ireland. a mild start to the day on sunday. nearthe ireland. a mild start to the day on sunday. near the centre of this low pressure in scotland, not too windy but in contrast to that, the wind is picking up across the south coast of england and into southern wales as well. i think towards the south—west coast, we could see gusts up to 40 mph. it will be noticeably gusty day. further damp weather working west to east that the chance of some glimmers of sunshine pushing through the cloud at times. here is the low pressure still with us by monday, slowly slipping away into the north sea and weakening. still bringing cloud and patches of rain but again they should be a few more brighter spells intermingled, particularly across more inland areas. although still mild, those temperatures are just starting to edge down a little bit as we head through the course of monday. heading into tuesday, we start to see a ridge of high pressure moving in off the atlantic and that should give us that breaks in the cloud, particular across scotland and northern ireland, although there could be a few mist and fog patches to start the day here. maybe one or two showers around coastal regions of england and wales but otherwise probably largely dry. temperatures coming down, closer to average about the time of year, about 9—12 c for most. the mild weather lasting for much of the week. it will often be quite windy. towards the end of the week and next weekend, there is a question as to how far south we start to see some cool air moving its way in. what i think we will see is a drop in temperatures and across some of the mountains of northern scotland, it could get cold enough to see some of the showers start to turn a bit wintry. live from london, this is bbc news. blasts are reported in the jabalia refugee camp. the hamas—run health authority says two schools were hit, killing at least 80 people. israeli forces say they're investigating. i can't confirm this incident is idf but we are seeing the images, like you've seen the images, on social media and we are looking into it. people continue leaving al—shifa hospital on foot as tanks mobilise around them. israel denies ordering the evacuation of the hospital. a huge march demanding the release of hostages taken by hamas, arrives outside the home of israeli prime minister, benjamin netanyahu. relatives of those who are being held hostage in gaza have met cabinet ministers benjamin gantz and gadi eizenkot, but hope to meet the prime minister too. hello, i'm lukwesa burak. the hamas—run health authorities say at least 80 people were killed in two israeli strikes on schools, in the jabalia refugee camp, in northern gaza. they say one of the schools, the un—run al—fakhoura,

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