Nick miller and Sarah Keith Lucas round up the worlds most extreme and significant weather events of recent months, including record breaking heatwaves. Its hot and it is getting hotter. As scientists predict more frequent extreme heat waves we look at how rising temperatures affect how we live, work and travel. I will be investigating how extreme heat cripples our railways, and why travelling underground sometimes it seems like a test of human endurance. And im looking at how raising temperatures impact our homes, and what is being done to make them more heat resistant. And how the way we build homes can be much kinder to the environment. Also coming up. The worlds biggest storms and the destruction they bring. Landslides and flash floods as extreme rainfall becomes more common. And Freak Weather that brings hail as deep as snowdrifts. Plus, how rising sea temperatures are impacting wildlife around scotlands Shetland Islands. So temperatures are going up a bit, and just a small change in temperatures have a big impact on the food web. Summer in europe, but not as we have ever known it. A heat wave sees france shatter its all time record hitting nearly 46 celsius. And the extreme heat keeps coming in july, another heatwave and this time paris itself sets a new record along with new National High temperatures in germany, belgium, the netherlands. And the uk. The city of cambridge records 38. 7 celsius. Climate scientists warn there could be worse to come as he west become more likely and more extreme because of Climate Change. The baseline temperature has increased by about one degrees globally since preindustrial times, and its that level thatjust means in normal conditions we would see heatwave conditions at temperatures around just above average, but you add that extra layer of heat on and thats when we start to break those records. And now one uk climate scientist has devised a new way of showing how much the world, and the parts of it we live in have warmed. Climate stripes, a coloured stripe representing each years average temperatures since the 1880s. These are the global stripes showing clearly how they progress from blue to red and left to right as temperatures have warmed over time. This is how australia looks. Its the work of professor ed hawkins of Reading University who wanted to find a clearer way of communicating Climate Change. And with heat come wildfires, but scenes like this in the Arctic Circle are described by experts as unprecedented. There have been hundreds of fires from siberia to northern scandinavia, greenland and alaska. Injune alone it is estimated that the fires released 50 megatons of carbon dioxide, the equivalent of swedens annual carbon output. And on the uks how to stay on record fire and chaos on the railways, downed power lines and lines of broken down trains. It became almost impossible to travel long distances. This is what extreme heat can do to rail lines, its a problem not going anywhere as heatwaves become more extreme. To find out what can be done to keep us moving during heat waves ive come to a Heritage Railway here in essex. We have been granted safe access to the tracks while trains are not running here. With me is calvin burrows, a chartered engineer who has done a lot of research into this, hello. Tell us why railways, the metal in hot weather dont make a happy couple at times. Rails will expand in the hot weather and contract in the cold weather, so you have to cope with the expanding, if they expand they will force themselves together and they cant go anywhere, so then they buckle sideways. Its a very dangerous situation. Yes indeed, you can have derailments. I got an example here of a rail, but i can see that there is little joint in here and there is a gap. Now, what is that doing . When the rail expands that takes up the expansion, originally these to have 20 metre rails, and so there were regular gaps in the rails which would cope with expansion very well. But that was a problem mechanically because the rails or the wheels were hitting that gap in the rails, and causing a lot of maintenance problems and noises as well. They introduced continuous welded rail which is three times the length, but obviously that causes more expansion so you have to deal with that in a different way. Youre telling me in the old days we could deal with heat better than now . Yes. How did you get all around that problem with long stretches of rail . When you put on the rail you stretch it so that at 27 degrees it has no stress in the rail, so when it gets hotter youre putting less expansion in throughout because its already stretched and when it gets colder the rail will shrink, but you cannot have it shrink too much otherwise you get the rail cracking. Those sorts of temperatures but now being pushed to the limit by how our heatwaves are getting . Absolutely because it 27 degrees decided our previous weather patterns but now we are getting weather patterns 5 degrees more and so we perhaps need to review that but that causes problems when the rails would contract. What are the things can be done to keep things at chuckle here as cool as possible . What they have been trying is painting the rails with white paint which reduces the temperatures by five to ten degrees, but you also have the ballast which is another problem because that actually gets hot in the sun as well. I think causes the whole environment around the rail to be hot. Ultimately you want to try and keep the suns heat off of this environment and that is the key. Yes, stop it getting hot. Rather than dealing with it when it gets hot. Thank you. We will be back later on but we shift our focus now to the underground Railway Network where if you have travelled on it it can get incredibly hot during heat wave and what can be done about that we will find out. Theres a balance to be struck about Energy Consumption and new homes and how to keep them warm in the chapter drops and cool when it rises. A recent report from the uk committee for Climate Change said that homes are not fit for the future, and the quality and design had to improve to address the climate challenges. It is all food for thought for Construction Companies such as the firm behind this residential tower block currently being built in croydon. Ive come inside one of the completed apartments here within the tower blocks, and have come to meet john fleming, the chairman of the company that builds these modular systems. Talk me through some of the major design features of this building. Its a 546 apartment building, and its 44 storeys high and is built with our modular system. So when you are designing Something Like this, how much at the forefront of your mind is Climate Change and specifically the rising temperature . Climate change is always a major issue. Overheating is the real problem in apartments in london currently. This is a very busy building site and theres lots of traffic too. Its really quiet here in the apartment so well soundproofed. Talk to me about the walls and how they work in terms of the insulation. The external wall is made up of two fireboards in the inside for Fire Protection and that we have 200 mm of rock wool insulation, and then we have a fireboard again, and on the outside and then we have a cavity and the we have the external cladding finish which in this case is a terra cotta finish. They gives us very good energy value in the wall but not alone does it give us a good energy value but a very good sound value. Its contributing a lot to the overall standard of the building. Its noncombustible. We just recently recorded the highest temperature ever in the uk but also as you were saying temperatures can get quite cold in the winter as well so how do you balance keeping things warm enough in the winter and cool enough during the summer . The temperature change is quite small. For instance last week when it was 36 degrees here outside it was probably 20 or 21 degrees inside without any artificial cooling. In the winter we would expect the reverse to happen when its zero temperature outside, we would expect to be 15 degrees minimum inside and the important issue with Energy Values nowadays is the, to cool a building it takes three times the amount of energy than it does to heat a building. And its notjust about the materials youre using here with the glass and insulation but also about the manufacturing process, and a little bit later in the programme we will be taking more of a look at that process of construction of this modular tower block. We are Getting Better at building homes to withstand severe weather. Glass shatters but sometimes weather is just too wild. Cyclone fani batters the east coast of india. In this capital the crane was brought crashing down severe winds, in the strongest cyclone to hit here since 2013. In the usa, the first hurricane of the season is barry, hitting louisiana injuly bringing flash floods to new orleans. In august, a typhoon hits eastern china. Buildings are swept away in a severe flooding that follows and more than 50 people are killed. Still in china, and a terrifying moment a landslide hitting the road in Fujian Province injune. One man was rescued, but later died from his injuries. Greece injuly, and tourist try to shelter in a hotel bar as Violent Storm slams into halkidiki in the north of the country. Seven people, including six tourists were killed as the storm swept through the area. Look at the size of that in the uk it has notjust been record heat, but severe storms and flash flooding. These scenes from the Yorkshire Dales at the end become rivers after a months worth of rain fell in just four hours. And catastrophe avoided in derbyshire as the heavy rain leads to collapse a part of the dam. Urgent repairs make it safe but in any time more than a thousand people in nearby Whaley Bridge had to leave their homes. Earlier, injune, the ligature for the brunt of days of heavy rain as the river steeping burst its banks, millions of litres of water were unleashed flooding the town of wainfleet on a scale not seen in living memory. Time for your weather watch your pictures from the hottest day on record july the 25th, when temperatures soared to 38. 7 celsius in cambridge. Its the waves are predicted become more frequent with higher temperatures plummet scientists warned it may only be a matter of time when the uk hits 40 degrees the first time. Show us the weather where you are by becoming a bbc weather a watcher and sign up up online. Still to come on weather world. All at sea, matt taylor looks for the impact of rising sea temperatures around scotlands shetland isles. And could answers to heatwave hell on londons public underground actually lie overg round . This time on weather world, we are looking at rising temperatures and how they impact how we live, work and travel. I am inside what will be, when completed, the worlds tallest modular tower block. Earlier we look to some of the materials used in this tower block, but nowjohn willjoin us again to explain a little bit about the concept. John, tell me about this off site manufacturing process of this modular build. Off site manufacturing is what we do in our bedford factory, we use conventional Building Materials and assemble them in a factory environment, on a carousel that moves around a factory, so we use Much Less Energy in doing so. Then they are transported to site in a truck and erected on site. So once complete there will be 546 apartments this block, so how many modules is that . Thats 1520 modules, a typical one bed apartment is two modules. The apartment we are currently in has a living room which is one module and second module has a kitchen, a bathroom and a bedroom as part of one module. So on site they are 95 completed when they come to site, and then it takes two men a couple of days to tidy them and put it together. So we are thinking about Climate Change and environment of sustainability what makes this sort of system more environmentally friendly than conventional building . Its much more environmentally friendly because it is factory assembled. It has a 80 saving on waste, we recycle 97 of waste. So all of that efficiency plus the transport to site leads to a 50 reduction in c02. 50 reduction in co2, that is a huge saving. Where those savings come from . Its a build up of much more efficient method of construction in a factory environment. Much less use of energy and the less waste we spoke about, and of course the vehicle moments to site which is 80 of normal vehicle movements. Thank you for showing us around your latest project. Thank you sarah. It is notjust warming up on land, but at sea as well. Research shows the temperature across the north sea has risen up to 1. 5 degrees in the last 40 yea rs and thats affecting fishing around scotlands Shetland Islands as matt taylor has been finding out. Fish that have been traditionally caught in these waters for generations are moving towards colder seas further north. Meanwhile, fish preferring warmer waters are starting to thrive around shetland. Alan has been fishing these waters for 38 years, and in that time hes noticed a lot of changes. A lot more cod and ten or 15 years ago you would not of seen it. We are trying to get crab, a lot less of them around and more lobsters. So probably when one moves in another moves out. The climate is massive. A lot of people blame overfishing but one of the biggest things is natural causes. Changes in the seas around shetland make tougher for the islands most popular sea birds. They say its a sharp decline here due to the number of warming waters, and since 1981 is in a 90 decrease in the number of kittiwakes alone. What he think the main factor is behind those numbers . Availability. The sea temperature just goes up a bit and does a small change in temperature it has a big impact on the food web. Guillemots and razorbills as far away as montrose, and thats hundreds and hundreds of miles and it would be like me going to glasgow to get my tea. And now back in time to what seems like another world. A London Underground poster from the 1920s suggesting that to escape a heat wave above ground you would find it much cooler below ground. Fast forward almost a century and anyone who travels londons tube network now knows the trains deep underground can become unbearably hot in a heat wave. It is so unbelievably hot down here, and the bakerloo is by far the worst of all the tube lines. Actually it makes you feel ill. More fans and cooling systems using ground water are being put in place to try to make a difference. To find a way to get so hot on the underground work to be done about it i have taken a step back in time here at the epping 0ngar railway to a classic underground carriage built in the late 19505 and withdrawn from service around 2000, this train has carried a lot of passengers in its time and with me again is calvin, a chartered engineer looking into all of this week with your own ideas about how to solve this problem, why do you think it gets so hot in the underground network . Most people think of the underground section that is hot, but actually the train gains more heat on the surface, for example when i was travelling on the central line between epping and leyton on the surface at 430 or five oclock in the evening, the temperatures rise significantly. Youre talking with the lines that start overground and then go underground. Its like a car. When the sun shines on your car, the bodywork gets hot and thats not a problem because you air condition it but as soon as you carry that heat into the tunnel its like a massive storage radiator. What can be done about that . For the bodywork you paint it with solar reflective paint. The Australian Navy have done this with their warships in the same battleship grey and they have actually reduced the surface temperatures by 15 to 20 degrees. You are still going to get the sunshine into the windows. Absolutely, but if you still put solar reflective glass you can reduce it by 84 down to 4 percent. Thats why the London Underground was marketing itself as a place to go to keep cool during a heat wave. If you take the Glasgow Subway you can go down there and keep cool because its all underground. What happened in the early years of the London Underground was an underground section only they decided to extend it to the suburbs on the overground and thats when they started to develop a problem. And the greenhouse effect then. Absolutely. Good to talk to you and hear your ideas about getting to grips on heat on underground trains. If it is not heat causing problems its flooding. In india, injuly, mumbai sees its heaviest monsoon rains in a decade. And later in the month, more than 1000 people had to be rescued from this train as it became stranded in a flood. This years monsoon came late but still produced significant and deadly flooding. The tornado sirens are blaring here. You need to move. You need to move right now, that is coming straight out you. There were more than 300 tornadoes in the usa, a record breaking numberfor more consecutive days with at least eight tornadoes. And if one tornado is bad enough, this twin twister was caught on camera during the same outbreak. The same storms bring flash flooding to oklahoma leaving these homes teetering on the edge of the flooded river. A tornado over water looks like this, and it is called a waterspout amazing video of one off the coast of the mediterranean island of corsica injuly. Waterspouts tend to be weaker than land based tornadoes. Germany, injune, and take cover if you can as this boat is caught in a powerful hailstorm in a bavarian lake. You would think he would be safer in a car, but not when the hail is this big. Cracks appear in the windscreen of this car in a storm in france. And now, to snow. But hold on, theres someone there in a sleeveless top so it cannot be cold, because this is summer in the mexican city of guadalajara. This is actually the aftermath of a massive of hailstorm, more than a metre deep in places, when it comes to hail does not get much more freak than this. This, though is snow, and yes these are kangaroos. The two are not options seen together but these scenes come from australia and New South Wales in august, one of the most severe winter storms here in years. Three, two, one. We have lift off. And finally, in the year of the 50th anniversary of the moon landings, could mars be the next giant leap for humankind . If so, its good to know what whether we can expect. Elizabeth rizzini introduces us to an average day on the red planet. Mars has weather, but not as we know it. The atmosphere is around 100 times thinner than that of earth so when winds with up on the martian surface reaching 100 mph it feels like a gentle breeze. You dont need an umbrella on mars either, and hasnt rained up in the atmosphere, is not completely out of the question. Now, another summers day awaits us in the southern hemisphere, set to warm up significantly after an overnight low of 80 celsius, temperatures will climb rapidly to a balmy 20 celsius. Around midday and thats a dazzling range of 100 degrees. By contrast, in the Northern Hemisphere winter is biting hard and close to the north pole the daytime high will be only minus 125 celsius, meanwhile on the equator it is warmer with temperatures of 21 celsius and good visibility in sunshine and warnings of moderate radiation around the gaia crater. And back on here on earth, its the end of another weather world, but you can find more in line for including highlights our previous episodes at bbc dot code at uk slash weather world. Look out for another weather world later in the year. Until then, whatever the weather, keep checking the forecast. Hello, they are. The weather we had on saturday sets the tone for the rest of the weekend. Good news if you like sunshine and you like heat. It was a Beautiful Day for the beach in cornwall on saturday. I think there will be more beach weather in places. Temperatures on saturday afternoon got close to 31 just west of london, 29 in aberystwyth, making it the warmest Bank Holiday Weekend on record in wales but in northern scotla nd on record in wales but in northern scotland it was cooler because of some extra cloud. You can see that on the satellite picture. Some rain for the far north west. That will clear northwards. Some of this cloud then filtering in over recent hours into wales in the south west. These Western Areas will generally see some patches of cloud as we go through the day on sunday. Further east, one or two mismatches early on. They should tend to clear. More sunshine than we had during saturday across the north of scotland. Shetland could see some extra clouds rolling in through the afternoon. Temperatures, 28 in glasgow, 32, possibly 33 across parts of the south east, and it will feel increasingly humid as well. As we go through sunday night into the early hours of monday that humidity could cause some areas of low cloud, mist and felt to form in Western Areas. Some quite low visibility in parts of the west as we go into the first pa rt of the west as we go into the first part of monday. To the east, some clear spells with just the odd mist patch and temperatures of around 15 degrees as we start the day. On monday, plenty of dry weather were some spells of sunshine. That early mist in the west, some of which could take some time to clear, and we can see this frontal system getting close to Northern Ireland and western scotland, with some rain for the western isles, and turning cooler in the west by this stage but still in the high 20s up to the low 30s across parts of eastern england. Things are changing as we head into the coming week. Through monday night into tuesday. We could see some showers pushing eastwards. Then a more meaningful front some showers pushing eastwards. Then a more meaningfulfront makes progress into the west. That will thicken the cloud and parts of Northern Ireland and western scotla nd Northern Ireland and western scotland to see some rain. The chance of a shower elsewhere on tuesday, which could be heavy and thundery. Still the potential for some really warm weather across eastern areas. Wherever you are across the uk, things will cool off as we head deeper into the week. Some outbreaks of rain around at times, particularly across the north and west. This is bbc news. Im reged ahmad. Our top stories. The french president calls for a de escalation of trade tensions at an informal dinner ahead of sundays g7 talks. Hundreds of new fires rage in the amazon as International Pressure mounts on brazils president over his environmental policies. Prince andrew defends his former friendship with the disgraced sex offenderjeffrey epstein. 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