Transcripts For BBCNEWS BBC News 20170915

Mission which circled saturn for 13 years, sending back never before seen images. Good evening and welcome to bbc news. An explosion on a tube train in south west london this morning is being treated as a terrorist attack. Witnesses have spoken of a flash and a bang and then panic as commuters ran out of the carriage. 29 people have been treated in hospital, some suffering from burns. The incident happened in the morning rush hour as a District Line tube train pulled into the overground station at Parsons Green in south west london at 8. 20am. The bbc understands that the bomb, described as a homemade device, had been fitted with a timer, but it failed to fully detonate. Whoever planted it is still on the run. Tom symonds has our first report tonight. At 8. 20am, the friday commute was well under way. A packed commuter train, young, old, children, pensioners, everyone. At Parsons Green station, where the lines run overground, a brief stop. I stepped on and within two seconds, a massive bang. Loud enough to make me wonder what it was, and i looked around and this wall of fire was coming towards us. I turned and i saw the fireball surged towards my side. You heard the loudest, scariest screams coming from what sounded like the carriage next to us. People shouted run, so we ran for our lives. It was pandemonium on the platform, people falling down because everybody was trying to make an exit. It was pandemonium on the platform, people falling down because everybody was trying to make an exit. I fell over somebody who had fallen in front of me but managed to get myself up. A passing passenger pointed a phone back at the train. Inside was this, still flaming, a white bucket with something inside. Police later confirmed a makeshift bomb. Get away and move down the platform. Despite the explosion, the train appeared in tact, although the line was brought to a halt and other trains is that you to as passengers were to safety. Hundreds were able to walk away, uninjured. But not all. On the street, the Emergency Response was under way. I have seen a woman stretchered off, and clearly her legs are wrapped up and she had burns to herface. She is conscious, she was taking some oxygen and pain relief, as well. But clearly, people have sustained very nasty burns. 29 people have been injured, most suffering from what Police Describe as flash burns. Move back, thank you. The area around the station was cleared, sniffer dogs checking nothing was left to cause further harm, and another terrorism operation got under way. The investigation is being led by the metropolitan Police Counterterrorism command and part of the National Terrorism policing network, and there are urgent enquiries, with hundreds of detectives looking at cctv, forensic work and speaking to witnesses. That work starts here. The first urgent task, to identify whoever put the bomb on this train. The advantage for the police is that these trains have cctv cameras, as do the platforms. They also have the device pretty much intact, and its packaging. And they will also look for anything dropped by the suspects, which has happened in the past. Beyond here, the Intelligence Services will want to know who did this, who they are in touch with, and whether anything else is planned. The governments Emergency Committee decided not to raise the National Threat level, suggesting no further imminent attack has been detected, but security is being stepped up, again. People travelling in london will see an increased Armed Police Presence on the transport network, and they will see security increased, and the police will do what is necessary to protect the public. There were injuries, but no one was killed today. This could have been a lot worse. Yet a bomb was placed unnoticed on the tube, demonstrating that warnings to be vigilant should not be ignored. Im just reading the reports coming out of cairo that is saying so called Islamic State has claimed responsibility for that blast and reuters reporting the militant groups newsagency. So, so called Islamic State claiming responsibility for the blast. We will await further verification of that if and when it comes. Lets speak to helena lee, who is near the scene in south west london. Bring us up to date on events there this evening. What has been described to me by someone who works close by to hear is that this is normally have very quiet family area, but tonight to nearly 12 hours since that incident took place there isa since that incident took place there is a huge amounts of Police Activity here this evening. We are at the cord and. Just behind us in the distances Parsons Green tube station and we can see what we believe to be the tube train involved in that incident earlier on during rush hour this morning, at around 8 20am. What is going on here this evening is forensic officers have been going through the carriages of that train where the device was detonated this morning. They have been scouring the area for clues and we understand that the device is still on the train. six teams do not want to do is rush that. They want to make sure that the devices made safe before it is moved, but also, crucially, it will have a huge amount of clues for them in terms of trying to track down who put that device on the train. So, there are a lot of police here. We expect them to remain here overnight while the investigation continues, but as well as that, we have also got the search for the person who put the device on the train, questions that officers will be trying to establish our wedded the person get on . Which station . Specialist cctv officers will be scouring hours and hours of footage to try to trace the person. The device was put into quite a visible supermarket died. It will be fairly easy for detectives to try to trace people get onto that train. A big job ahead for officers and we are expecting to hear from Scotland Yard this evening with an update on how that investigation is going. Thank you for the time being. We are expecting something more from scotla nd expecting something more from Scotland Yard. We will bring that to you. The head of Counter Terrorism says hundreds of detectives are now involved in the investigation. The bomb is being examined by forensic teams and officers are looking through cctv at the station for clues about who planted it. Our security correspondent Gordon Corera takes a closer look now at the investigation and where it might lead. This device is at the heart of the investigation, and it will have provided police with many clues. One clue are the wires coming from it, almost certainly used to try to trigger an explosion. They look similar to these Christmas Tree lights that a birmingham man planned to use in a home made device before he was arrested. Such improvised devices do not always go off properly. That was the case on the 21st ofjuly 2005 when the underground was targeted. Experts believe todays bomb also did not explode as intended. The size of the device employed was quite significant. Had it functioned in its intended and designed mode, we would have seen considerable casualties, many people injured, probably many killed. The explosive may have been a compound called tatp. This footage from Brussels Airport and metro shows the devastation when it detonates properly. More than 30 were killed. It is also thought to have been used in the Manchester Arena attack this year, which involved a suicide bomber. But todays attacker wanted to get away, and used a time. Away, and used a timer. That is similar to damon smith, seen here leaving a timed device at North Greenwich a year ago, which was spotted before it went off. Today, hundreds of Counter Terrorism detectives have been employed in this investigation. They have been forensically analysing this device, looking for fingerprints and dna. They have also been scouring cctv images, looking for an individual carrying this bag onto the tube and then getting off without it. That will have been the starting point for their manhunt. Mi5 are assisting the investigation. So far, officials have expressed caution about identifying a motive but they will want to know if the attack was part of a group, or acted alone. And, as has often been the case recently, if they were previously known to the authorities. Unfortunately, it would not be surprising. The concept of a lone wolf now would more accurately be described as a no wolf. Described as a known wolf. Increasingly, attacks have been committed by individuals who were known in some way to either the Counter Terrorism police or mi5 beforehand. 0fficials here have reacted with irritation to this tweet from donald trump. Another attack in london by a loser terrorist. These are sick and demented people who are in the sight of Scotland Yard. Must be proactive. Theresa may responded that it was never helpful to speculate about an ongoing investigation. For the fifth time this year, the country is dealing with the aftermath of a terrorist attack. This one could have been worse, but the urgent priority now well be finding whoever left the device, and making sure they pose no further danger. Gordon corera, bbc news. We were talking about a packed commuter train. Some eyewitnesses spoke of panic and pandemonium. We are nowjoined by dr chris cocking, senior lecturer in the department of psychology at the university of brighton. He has done quite a bit of work and how people react as a group when things like this happen. When you look at how people have reacted here, hong typical how typical was this . They were reporting that there was panic. What we have found we studied maths emergencies, mass panic is pretty much entirely a myth. Crowds behave in a much more orderly way than is often expected. People clearly want to get out and away from the danger, but they very quickly move on from that, is that what youre saying . Sure. And to flee quite quickly from a life threatening incident is not panic, it is logical. That is why we reject the use of the terms because it implies people act selfishly, they trample on people. Our studies have found that doesnt happen. If people are able to cooperate they will and if they can pick up people who fall over, they do. So they will look to help others very quickly after the initial shock . Yes, almost instantaneously. Research i have done has found that even when crowds are fleeing a threat they will help other people while they are in flight. Other people while they are in flight. The psychological point here is that here was a tube train full of people who didnt necessarily have any reason to be communicating with one another, invariably people dumped in london on a typical morning, suddenly they have something horrific in common. Exactly. That is what we find very interesting, when the physical crowd becomes a psychological crowd. People who previously would not even speak to each other, the social norm on an normal tube date is you dont speak to each other, but when defining incident happens like this, people cooperate and behave in very selfless and altruistic ways. We would say it is a good example of a psychological crowd in this situation. And will continue to do so situation. And will continue to do so in giving police the information they might need, presumably. Crowds are very resilient, but after the event people provide social support. The recent tragedy at Grenfell Tower has shown that the community has come together and often the narrative is used that london can ta ke narrative is used that london can take these things, we have the blitz and the ira campaign, and people do support each other. You see tremendous act of altruism. People today were offering free cups of tea and things like that. People can be remarkably altruistic. What about the longer term impact . The people affected this morning will need to ta ke affected this morning will need to take underground train journeys in the coming days. What kind of impact can this have as people look forward to that in the coming days and weeks . There can be an effect on the people to be more anxious were vigilant. The people to cope remarkably well. This happened after 77. People using the tube that they went back to using the tube afterwards. Very good to have your thoughts. Thank you very much indeed. Joining me now via webcam is simon adcock, who is the vice chairman at the British Security Industry Association and who works closely with the Governments National surveillance camera strategy. Good evening to you. Clearly, this cctv footage here will be vital. Yes, absolutely. Im sure the priority of the police now will be to prevent further harm and to this end they will be looking to locate not just the bomber end they will be looking to locate notjust the bomber but end they will be looking to locate not just the bomber but any accomplice must. Cctv evidence will play a vital role in that. The first job they have got is to collect all the footage then they have a huge task to analyse at all. It is a huge task to analyse at all. It is a huge task when you think about the hours they will have to go through. Task when you think about the hours they will have to go throughm task when you think about the hours they will have to go through. It is. They already have an image of the bomberfrom the they already have an image of the bomber from the footage on the train so bomber from the footage on the train so they know what time it was left there. There will be looking to see when that person gone off and off the train and there will be tracing their movements through the station. Clearly, the people who perpetrated this may have done it in disguise, but there are experts who can perhaps get through that . Thats right. In the 2011 local riots there was a group of people known as super recognisers. These are human individuals in the top 1 or 2 from facial recognition tests. They can recognise people from very small signs. It is things that asked normal human beings wouldnt be able to do anything with. What about the level of cctv coverage now in london and another major cities around the uk, how do we compare . The uk is acknowledged as being one of the leaders in camera deployment and also regulation. We do have one of the highest numbers of cameras per head of population in the world. In 2013 nastily find that there were 5. 9 million cameras in the uk. It sounds a lot. Some people say it is too many. Yes, of course. The vast majority of those cameras come over 90 , are on private property is in store by private businesses to protect their assets. Do we have too many cameras . If we have no security threats, then absolutely. When there isa threats, then absolutely. When there is a serious crime committed they are an invaluable tool. In 2009, many of the Scotland Yard murder cases used cctv evidence. There is a balance to be struck between security and privacy. That is the aim of the National Surveillance camera strategy to make sure we dont lose that support from the public who feel they are being spied upon. Thank you very much indeed for coming on. 29 people are injured after an explosive device is detonated on a packed tube train in london. The Islamic State group say they carried out the attack. Eyewitnesses said the blast set off a fireball in the train the improvised explosive device was hidden in a supermarket carrier bag. The un is meeting to discuss north koreas latest Missile Launch, after the United States calls on beijing to take direct action. Sport now and for a full round up from the bbc sport centre, heres hugh. Former england manager roy hodgson says he believes he can keep Crystal Palace in the premier league. He takes charge of his first match tomorrow, having replaced frank de boer, who was sacked earlier this week after opening the season with four Straight League defeats. I have said to the players already. 1. I made to them when i met them is that our focus really is on may, not on the end of september. Things arent one at the end of september, 01 arent one at the end of september, or relegated at the end of september. There is one match in the premier league this evening. Its a south coast derby which sees bournemouth aim for their first points of the season at home to newly promoted brighton. Its currently goalless a quarter of an hour into the first half full commentary of the on bbc radio 5live. Rangers can go level on points with celtic against Partick Thistle tonight. Rangers are leading 1 0 in that one. Just a warning of some flashing images coming up now. German side cologne have criticised what they call Inadequate Security at arsenal, after both clubs werecharged by uefa, following fan problems during last nights Europa League match. Cologne face four charges, including crowd disturbances and setting off fireworks while arsenal face a charge over blocked stairways. Kick off was delayed by more than an hour as thousands of away fans arrived at emirates stadium without tickets. The former professional Footballers Association chairman Clarke Carlisle found safe and well in liverpool according to lancashire police. The 37 year old former burnley and leeds united defender had been reported missing. Its the Singapore Grand Prix this weekend and as well as two practice sessions, theres already been plenty of activity off the track as well. Mclaren and engine supplier honda will part company at the end of the season after three tumultuous years together, underlined by reliability and power issues. Mclaren will switch to renault engines next season. Renault driverjolyon palmers f1 future appears in doubt hes lost his to Toro Rossos Carlos Sainz for next season. As for the action on the track, red bull were the team to beat today as Daniel Ricciardo topped the timesheets in both practice sessions, ending over half a second clear of the championship leader, lewis hamilton, in the second session. Essex have won the county championship for the First Time Since 1992 after closest challengers lancashire lost to somerset by seven wickets at taunton. Its a fantastic result for a side that was tipped as potential relegation candidates at the start of the season, having been promoted from division two last year. 0bviously, obviously, are very proud moment. We we re obviously, are very proud moment. We were privileged to share it with not only a great bunch of guys and the coaching staff, but everyone in the club. It really is a great club. All the people have come here and it is a really special day. Russias 0lympic boss and ioc member Alexander Zhukov has told the bbc he expects russia will be allowed to take part at next years winter games in pyeongchang. His words come after 17 National Anti doping agencies called for the country to be banned from competing. Britains Lizzie Yarnold is hoping to defend her skeleton title in pyeonchang. I have always said that anyone found doping, past or in the future should have the harshest sanctions put against them and i really look forward to competing at may two winter Olympic Games and i want to do so with the mindset that i know i am competing against a level playing field. It is still goalless between bournemouth and brighton in the premier league. And rangers are beating Partick Thistle. With regards to the continuing coverage of events in london, there is expected to be an update from new scotla nd expected to be an update from new Scotland Yard. We think in the next 30 minutes or so. As and when that begins will obviously take you there. That line coming from reuters that they were reporting in the last while out of cairo. It has been ratified as well in beirut. So called Islamic State claiming responsibility for the attack at Parsons Green station this morning. So, back claim coming from the Propaganda Agency that so called Islamic State users. As word a word as well about what new scotland ya rd have word as well about what new Scotland Yard have already said. The assistant commissioner, mark rowley. I think we can hearfrom the Prime Minister. I said earlier today that the National Threat level is being kept under review. Thejoint terrorism analysis centre, that is the independent organisation which is responsible for setting the threat level on the basis of available intelligence, has now decided to raise the National Threat level from severe too critical. This means that assessment is that further attack may be imminent. Following that decision, the police have asked for authorisation from the secretary of state for defence to enact part of the first phase of 0peration temperer, this is a well established plan to provide military support to the police and for this period military personnel will replace Police Officers on guard duties at the certain protected sites which are not accessible to the public. The public will see more armed police on the transport network and on our streets providing extra protection. This as a proportion of sensible step which will provide extra reassurance and protection while the investigation progresses. The public should go about their business in the normal way and as you shall be vigilant dan cole operate with the police. I said earlier that terrorism is a great challenge of times, but by standing together we will defeat it. Do you think the public will see anything different in their daily lives now . What the public will see is a greater presence of armed police on the transport network and on our streets. This will provide a greater degree of protection but also reassurance to the public, but the public should go about their business in the normal way, but be vigilant and cooperate with the police. Thank you. So, that was the Prime Minister speaking in the last few moments, with the Key Development that the threat level has been raised from severe too critical, indicating a further attack may be imminent. She spoke them about the effects of that will have on what we see on our streets. Let me bring in our home affairs correspondence, daniel sandford, yea rs correspondence, daniel sandford, years in Scotland Yard for us. The reading on what that means. We have been privy to all of the intelligence behind that decision to raise the threat level to critical. It is fairly obvious one of the reasons why, and that is that the bomb was set off on the tube at Parsons Green today. It didnt work properly but it means that a bomb maker is still at large and the decision has been taken that they are not in the position to capture that person quickly, so the risk posed by the fact there is someone at large it has the capability of creating some kind of improvised explosive device, and any other plans that they have, means that this belief that an attack may be imminent has been reached, that level has been reached, so i think it was inevitable that ever going to have to raise the threat level to critical if they did not catch this bomber quickly. That is what they have had to do. Going back to what you said about what the public are likely to see. The first thing, apart from much more security this weekend, it is that there will be some military personnel, some armed soldiers doing somejobs some military personnel, some armed soldiers doing some jobs which are normally done by armed Police Officers. That is an unusual last saw this in the aftermath of the Manchester Arena attack. We had it for a few days them. Them. The Prime Minister talked about 0peration temperer. The Prime Minister talked about operation temperer. Yes, that is the first stage by which soldiers are used to do some of thejohn stones normally by the police. We didnt see a lot of that after the manchester attack, but people should not be surprised to suddenly see soldiers in places where arms Police Officers might otherwise have been. We are going into another busy weekend. It is still the busy end of the autumn when lots of events are still going on around the country. At all those events, people can expect to see much higher security. We already know there will be higher security ahead of the chelsea and arsenal game on sunday. The chelsea stadium will be open tomorrow, no stadium tours at the chelsea stadium in the build up to that game. Another example of the kind of thing that people will see over this weekend. The event began at 20 past eight this morning. You are still there 12 hours later. How much progress is likely to have been made . The scene has been secured and whatever evidence was there has been secured without any further injury. You have got a dangerous substance sitting in that bracket on the tube train and be had to secure that and get the evidence they need from that. And we know from what the assista nt that. And we know from what the assistant commissioner, Counter Terrorism lead for the uk, was saying, that hundreds of detectives are working on this, looking through cctv footage which can be acquired from London Underground trains and stations. But whatever progress they have made has not been enough to reassure themselves that they are going to get to the bomber or bombers on time and this is the first sign that this investigation is not progressing as quickly as people might have hoped it would. We will come back to you if and when there is more from the police, the metropolitan police, who may or may not be about to get some update in front of the press. In the meantime, our reporter arrived on the scene very soon after the device went off, and she spoke to some witnesses. Peter crowley has had a very lucky escape. He was standing right by the device when it went off on the packed tube train. He was hit by the fireball, leaving his head badly singed. Wow. Yeah. He was in shock. Rather than go to hospital, he turned up to work, 177 777 7777 77777 77. 777 fireballs come over my head, and panic set in. Everyones rushed from the tube, its been complete pandemonium. Sojust explain. So you were on the tube. Yes. You were standing, sitting . Standing, leaning against the door, the open door, on my phone. All of a sudden i heard a massive explosion which was like a pressurised sort of sound, like a deodorant can or a kettle exploding, and this fireball. Ive turned, the fireballs come up over the top of the carriage. And it was really that high . Yes. I mean, from the pictures, i guess it come up from behind where the people were standing in front of those doors, and come up to the top. And youve got bad. Is this from this morning . Yes, i mean, literally, hair has come out today. Thats your hair . Thats whats happened . Yes. Did it take you by surprise . As well as the burns to his skin, he realised his clothes have been left peppered with a white residue. It was just sheer panic, everyone rushing off the tube. The worst gentleman i saw, he was being helped off the carriage by another couple of people. He had a pufferjacket, it had all melted on his back. He had burns across the front of his face. From what i see now, i believe that the flash came up from behind him, over his head towards myself at the doorway. And now, after all this, how are you feeling . Shaken up, now ive heard that it was actually a planned explosion. Lucky. Ill go home, give my wife and kids a big cuddle tonight, and happy to be here. Earlier we spoke to the bishop of kensington and he praised the police and the emergency services. Kensington and he praised the police and the emergency serviceslj kensington and he praised the police and the emergency services. I have beenin and the emergency services. I have been in close contact with the vicar in the church and the headteacher of the school. That was an area of concern because the girls at the school were arriving at the time that the device went off. There was anxiety. The girls were upset by what had happened and what they had seen. The school have managed it illegally. They have sent the girls home early. There is can know. It was a packed train. We talk about the rush hour, and there was a lot of adults on board, but there were also children on that train, and we know from eyewitnesses that some of them were crushed in the panic to get away. Yes, and i know that tube station very very well. I have been through it hundreds of times and the steps a re through it hundreds of times and the steps are very steep. I can imagine a huge crowd of people panicking, trying to get out of the station, quite understandably, just desperate to get out. Anyone who was vulnerable, elderly people, children, being quite in danger in that place. We pray for them. That is where our thoughts and players are, especially with those people who were affected, both affected by the device going off, but also those injured in the stampede afterwards. Back to the impact on the community. There was a wedding that had to be postponed or moved. There was a wedding set to take place this afternoon. We had to move quickly to try to rearrange the wedding. It was moved to all saints, the next door parish. It is a sign of how life can go on, and how londoners can adapt to situations like this, and how in some ways, Something Like this is dreadful and it has an impact on those who are immediately impacted by it, but london is a very resilient place, and it is quite important that the desire of people who plan to these sort of bombs to cause fear and distress, that that does not happen. You mentioned the church down the road. Was it used to help people who had come out of the station . What sort of stories have you heard coming out of there . The local vicar, he heard about the incident early on, realised something was happening, opens the doors of the church immediately. A number of people came in. There was a sense that in the immediate panic of the device going off, people need somewhere to go and sit, go and be quiet, get refreshment. The church was open for a while. After a while the church was behind the code in and had to be closed as a result of that which is why the wedding had to be moved. That was the bishop of kensington. China has condemned the latest missile test of north korea. Rex tillerson has demanded that china and russia take direct action against north korea. Last month a missile was fired overjapan where he read warnings sounded. The Un Security Council is set to meet this evening to discuss the international response. In northern japan friday began with this unpleasant wake up call. Speakers blared this unpleasant wake up call. Speakers bla red out this unpleasant wake up call. Speakers blared out warnings. Computers were cleared from really stations. Trains were halted. Foreign tourists were left bemused by what was going on. Far above a north Korean Missile was flying past. This behind me is the sea of japan. We have come here from tokyo because this is the place that is most affected. This is the place where this morning they were woken up where this morning they were woken up by where this morning they were woken up by those sirens and that message that eight north Korean Missile was flying overhead. The people who live here in towns and cities along this course, it is the second time that has happened in less than three weeks. This afternoon we found this man playing with his daughters and fretting about how to protect them. Translation we do not have a basement, we have nowhere to hide. What can we do in ten minutes . This person told me she is frustrated by japans refusal to talk to north korea. Translation this item is scared people. There is nothing we can do. What is the point . The government needs to have a real policy. It is to talk to north korea. This is the type of missile thatis korea. This is the type of missile that is thought to have been fired. It flew further than any north korean rocket has ever gone before. In tokyo the Prime Minister marched out to face the cameras again. If it continues down this road, he said, north korea will have a dark future. But his words have an increasingly hollow ring. Beneath this house, one person has taken matters into his own hands. Behind a heavy steel door, this man ta kes behind a heavy steel door, this man takes the into his own nuclear bunker. Translation since these missile watchers began i have had so many calls about the earful tracing system, i have had at least 800 inquiries this year. He is safe in his bunker but the rest of japan is wondering what it can do and when the next Missile Launch will come. Nasa have announced that cassini has come to an end. The craft survived for about one minute. The class had run out of fuel and nasa determined it should not fly and controlled. Thousands of pieces of data was sent back to earth during its mission. Good evening. What do you feel was its greatest achievement . It is difficult to choose that. It has been a mission that is given us lots of science data. Two things stand out which have come to be really important. This is finding out about two of the moons. One of them orbits relatively close to saturn,it them orbits relatively close to saturn, it has plumes of material coming out, waterfrom a subsurface ocean, a salty ocean, there is activity at the bottom of the ocean. It looks like this may be habitable. That is an exciting discovery. Another is tightened, that is a remarkable moon. The European Space agency landed a probe on titan as pa rt agency landed a probe on titan as part of the mission. There were 120 flybys, which found that this is an alien world. It has got a thick atmosphere, almost like a mini earth on the outer solar system. The atmosphere, which is very thick, made of nitrogen we think, is likely early earth atmosphere. There seems to be prebiotic chemistry going on in that atmosphere. Again, it looks like cassini is changing our ideas about where there could be life elsewhere in the solar system. We already know that mars is an interesting place. We have the rover going to mars in 2020 to drill down underneath the surface and look for signs of life there. But also, the outer planets moons, the European Space Agency Mission is going to europa, it is going to go into orbit. These are thrilling missions for the future. Nasa also has the europa mission. Based on the results from zlatan, there may be a follow up to the saturn system as well. Its a big city very exciting time for space exploration. You talk about the follow to what we have discovered. That follow up is many yea rs discovered. That follow up is many years away. Is that frustrating given what we now know . There is a competition going on at the moment for nasa for their next mission. It is the new frontiers proposal round. There is a theme called ocean world switch was designed to be at the end of the cassini mission. Having finished that mission we find out what we can about saturn, it has done some fantastic work, that leads us now to ask the right questions of these future missions that that will bea these future missions that that will be a long time before we can get back to that system. Meanwhile we can go to other targets, mars, europa, to see what they are like as well. These are very Exciting Missions for the future as well. Given what was discovered, does it make you think that there is an ever greater chance that at some point we will find some kind of life form somewhere . Yes. This has been brought towards the top of the list of places in the solar system where you could potentially have had, or have now, or have in future, life. Those two moons in the saturn system and the most exciting from that point of view. Also europa in the jupiter system, that is even more interesting in terms of potential life there because all of these objects have oceans of water underneath their icy trusts. You have the conditions that you need for a life. Similarly with marius, 3. 8 billion years ago, that had the conditions then. You need liquid water, the right chemistry, a source of heat, and you need time for life to develop. That is the recipe for life. I am confident that in the next few missions, we will actually find the possibility of life elsewhere in our own solar system. That takes us on also two planets around other stars. We are looking in ourown around other stars. We are looking in our own solar system. We only know at the port of life on earth, our own planet. But we think that could be life elsewhere, and the habitability is there. We are getting at this question, looking at habitability, then take that on two extrasolar planets as well, it is an