The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is due to expire in 2025, a quarter of a century after it was first enacted. AGOA provides qualifying sub-Saharan African countries with duty-free access to the US market for most agricultural and manufactured products. Its architects and supporters point to AGOA’s noble motives and success stories; indeed, the case for access to large regional and global markets that support critical levels of transformative investment is eternal. But while AGOA remains relevant, it is grappling with overdue reforms and rapidly changing circumstances.