United States Armed Forces remain committed to protecting the safety and security of the American People and supporting our like minded allies and partners worldwide. Military leaders, u. S. Allies and even senior figures in trumps. Republican policy have warned of the dangers of pulling too many troops out before conditions are right. Minutes after the announcement was made, several rockets hit baghdads green zone. Some landed near the u. S. Embassy. Others were intercepted by air defense systems. The child was killed and at least 5 people injured. President donald trump says hes fied chris krebs, the director of the cyber security, an infrastructure security agency. Trump has accused krebs of making highly inaccurate statements about the u. S. Election. The tweet announcing this has been flagged by twitter. Ethiopias government says its troops have achieved significant victories in the conflict with forces in the northern tier, a region and strikes have been launched at the regional capital. Its the main base for the Peoples Liberation front, told pti p. L. F. Which governs that the Palestinian Authority says it will restore coordination with israel. Its suspended all contacts 6 months ago in response to israeli plans to annex parts of the pined west bank and the United States. Has agreed to drop drug charges against mexicos former defense minister. Solve a day was arrested in los angeles last month on suspicion of links to drug trafficking. A joint statement said would be investigated in mexico. Those are your headlines inside stories next. Another promising saw in the fines against a covert, 93. 00 u. S. Drug maker mcdonough says its vaccine is nearly 95 percent effective. Is there an end in sight to the Global Pandemic . This is inside story. Hello, welcome to the program on burnitz. A 2nd potential covert 19 vaccine is raising hopes around the world. U. S. Drug maker, madonna says trials have shown its vaccine is nearly 95 percent effective against the virus. Last week announced similar results, but many challenges remain. Regulators in the United States and elsewhere still have to approve the new vaccines. Then theres the question of supply and demand, as well as how to distribute billions of doses globally. And some countries may not even be able to afford them. But then as president spoke about the work that lies ahead its a really important milestone in the fight against the pendant. Because it demonstrates that our most senior morning 73. 00 is able to prevent covert 1000. 00 disease including severe disease in people whove received it. Its really just a milestone. We have a lot of work ahead of us knowing the vaccine is going to be effective is great news, but we still need to complete the regulatory process, which involves completing the study, generally more to follow up safety. And then of course, we need to get busy manufacture, with all the same courage and news about vaccines as a risk. Some may let their guard down when it comes to covert 19 measures. World Health Organization is encouraging people to keep Wearing Masks and socially distance. This is not the time for complacency. While we continue to receive encouraging news about corvee of 19 vaccines and remain cautiously optimistic about the potential for a new tools to start to arrive in the coming months. Right now, we are extremely concerned by the surging cases we are seeing in some countries, particularly in europe and the americas. Now lets hear from the volunteers who took part in the dearness vaccine trial and how they feel about their experience. As a phase one trial participants, the purpose of that trial of the initial trial is to test safety in humans and i happened to be the 1st human to be injected with this trial that same and it was. d went great and then i feel good and i was just kind of threw my name in america to see if this was something i can do to help america. And its been kind of ruined to see how badly this is for a lot of control in countries. That are working down and taking the progression seriously. So its definitely something that could come from the way to want to remove this vaccine or else in fines or says it will start a pilot delivery scheme for its experimental vaccine. It will test distribution, methods across 4 states in the u. S. , rhode island, texas, new mexico and tennessee. But the company says, this doesnt mean those states will have preferential access to the vaccine. If approved, preliminary results show pfizers inoculation to be more than 90 percent effective. But it must be shipped and stored at minus 70 degrees celsius. Lets bring in our guests in grendel wald in switzerland is dr. Anneliese wilder smith, professor of emerging Infectious Diseases at the London School of hygiene and tropical medicine. And shes also a consultant to the initiative of Vaccine Research at the world Health Organization in can, each or in morocco is as a teen ebrahimi. Hes director of the Biotechnology Lab at robot medical and pharmacy Pharmacy School and mom of the 5th university. And joining us from london is oksana. Shes a lead at University College london, Global Citizenship program on outbreaks of infectious disease. Welcome to you all and always a 1st of all. If i can start with you, modernity figures are based on the 1st 95 participants who fell sick. 90 of them had received the placebo. So is that enough for people to confidently say the vaccine is 94. 5 percent effective . So these are the results of the interim analysis, baseball a smaller event sized, the soul of the company has announced it will continue its trial. And so they have reached the prespecified number of events when they then will do the final analysis. Once you have a final analysis, you can really look at the entire, you know, number of participants and look at have a better at, at advocacy and safety. Also in and some populations like the old arrow or those with cuomo, bit hes. But indeed, the interim analysis do look promising. As a dean, you think it looks promising . Why i think so, i think basically because theyre, the vaccines, a lot of them actually went through the phase one. That was the toxicity to face true and it shows some difficulty. That was a really good and now we have to 1st result to churn. A good result actually, i think between pfizer and between more, there are the results are very good. 90 percent of the population is actually having the antibodies against the cough too. And they think whats going to happen to agree by with my colleague actually we want to sue see the numbers. They create the numbers to have a clearing of the air. And i think the sum population is something very good. They just want to remind everybody and provide the public. Thats when the best thing, the best poxy that we are looking for. Action is the back seat. We have no adverse drug reaction or an adverse immunization reaction, and the 2nd think will be that something that would be personalized since without sap. Thats yet, it will be some adverse reaction. And we can talk about that. But i think finally that the result that are here are very encouraging, and i think more company, more companies are coming with the results. And as we now also want to ask you 5, use this r. N. A. Method. What just for the layman, what is this and why is it so significant . Why i think its a great, great news. I think im more excited about the fact that this 2 Companies Use this technology. That is another company in germany was in the sense college. Because its open ups, this era of genetic therapy, genic, gentlemen, therapy or things like that and reminded me undermined everybody thats this year. The lower price was with the bots, crisper cost mine. That is a Technology Actually thats aims to correct some of the genetic defect. So what happens instead of having and then titian introduce to it the body like have an inactivated virus or through at the not virus which we do actually is bring into our, in a misanthrope thats used the genetic called kind awful for that kind of proteins. And bring gets into the setlist and be able actually to create into the center of the human sense to have dentures in and have the 2 bodies actually produced. And thats people can see in a few years, maybe just acknowledge it can be used to produce protein as drugs and maybe correct some genetic defects. Oxana, were talking about billions of doses of vaccine that will be needed ultimately, what are the main components needed to make the vaccine practically, is going to be short supplies of things like a lot re, agents and vials and syringes. One of those challenges, what youve highlighted perfectly, some of the logistical challenges that some countries will face for a manufacturing perspective, even the basics that i forget what goes into the vaccine itself, including the regions, the active pharmaceutical in greedy and the persons, etc. What we will be looking at is just deepen the supply of syringes and many countries in the world already. Since the beginning of the pandemic have faced shortages of essential supplies,, there we go back to mark. We remember how hard it was to trace p. P. E. , that diagnostic tests, etc. Not also opened a big gap in the market for not only substandard but falsified products. To enter, and this will of course be an issue once a vaccine does become available to the wider population. Due to the sheer demand, there has never been a Mass Vaccination Campaign at base scale and within this time frame before. So we cannot underestimate how difficult that is going to be, but the w. Cho, through the kovacs facility, is working with 186 countries and economies to be able to really be focused on manufacturing as well as purchasing doses. In order for this distribution to be a bit more equitable, because as you know, this is a biloba pandemic. We cant just focus on a vaccine reaching one part of the world, but not the other, because that will continue to cross borders and reinspect, and ultimately it will long the pandemic. So the larger challenge after it clears the final safety hurdles, will also be around ensuring that these its fragile. Pharmaceutical supply chains in some parts of the world are strengthened, which will mean will also have to increase regulatory cassidy ok. And all these, what percentage of the population are we going to have to vaccinate for this to work and class . Does it if the vaccine is more effective, can you get away with vaccinating less people to say . What about or not, please correct me if im wrong. So india does a lot of thinking going around how best to use this vaccine at a time when we know that initially we have limited vaccine supply and, and b. Know that most of the deaths or, and a severe disease and customizations, i. C. U. Care is needed for the older age group, so the initial priority then would be 1st to you know, to ednas it in that scene, to those at highest risk of severe disease outcomes. But also acknowledging that Health Care Workers at putting that life at stake for the sake of society that we want also to honor their service. We would also add to the Health Workers very early on, even when we have limited vaccine supply. And that is a protection ok as a team, how quickly has the development of these but vaccines been compared to the time it takes normally for, for other vaccines. Why i think theres a good question, but they were looking like its just a come back to the whole reviews question just to say that we can have an impact on the clinical parts. If we can actually get to 20 percent of the population that needs actually to get protected, since we dont have the virus actually for 80 percent of the population, we actually dont have any great sometimes or severe symptoms. Only 20 in the summer had to be socks or ticks. So young. So if we can target actually this 20 percent for the 1st phases of where we dont have a lot of not seen, it would be great because we could not reach the 7565 percent for that it did in your logical approach. But we could get a clinical impact. And for the quickness i think if it was very quick and she would get through that. And that was one of the things that lots of the un team boxes actually got to. Its and talked about it, but i have to remind everybody thats really why we got there. So because we have great experience in the chinese and efficient population, thats a Good Research and actually gets a great experience with the source code. Wonder 1st one. And evidently they started before since 2003, beginning with new approaches for to have the vaccine. So yes, soon as we get this infection in you hand, whats happened in 6 days, we were able actually to have the genomes of this virus says. And in 60 days in china, actually were able actually to get to Clinical Trials and out there think that was a really interesting, thats the political conditions actually to bring together in lots of cases face to in phase 3. And the other thing, why are we going to get the virus quick, sort of the vaccine quickly. It was like and, and then implementation or accommodation for all companies thats got to the 3rd phase to start production. And lots of countries put the money into it. So its why we hopefully we get almost in the year we get for a vaccine. I think its a big victory, not just for this companys best for humanity to get to this kind of results in one year. Oksana versus 4 phases of testing. I understand if you can very quickly take me through them, but answer the question, but china and russia have approved the vaccine some vaccine without waiting for the face 3 results. Is that a risk worth taking . Well, so the phase 3 result is the largest part of the trial. It has the, the most amount of people in it. So phase one in 2 is mostly focused on smaller groups to see about whether its safe to continue and whether, what the dosing should look like. And then phase 3, we take it into the, to the largest Population Group comfortable with diversity and included in knots. And with the material back to the pfizer back we did have over 40 percent of different type population. Cuckoos, which is really in or part to understand how the vaccine can work in different groups. And so even if phase 3 trial, even when we get towards the end of it, it still may not mimic what happens in the real world. Are still things that dont translate in terms of efficiency levels, etc. And not simply a statistic i wish to you, but it does give us an understanding about the overall safety and the speed of which this have gone through is one that is world. Its a world record, but i would also like to add that, you know, these are circumstances in which the will have not increased in modern recent times have had to face. We look at the current the evidence that has come up that our other panelist, it talks about how quickly we went from mapping the genome into, into those phase one trials. But there will be, this will be the most scrutinized data that will be published in history as well. So theres no room to hide everything. All eyes of the world are going to be on these 210. 00 that seem candidates, 47. 00 of which are in suman spaces of the trial. That space 1. 00 to 3. 00. And then we have 10 that are really at the front runners. There towards the end of the face 3 trials, and we see really positive, early interim results as well. So from my argument about the safety aspect is not that anything has changed from a standards perspective. Those standards remain high, and theyre specially high for vaccines because were in unison people who are not sick. So the, the, the rigorous standards are even more so than for any other type of medical product. About what is different is that the world has screeched to a halt. All of the harms the tickle industry. Researcher scientists have been focused on a singular problem. Other r. And d. Development has been put on cars in order to get a vaccine. And thats whats possible, this is the speed that is possible when we really shift our focus. So in terms of whether the safety has been compromised, certainly not. Well, despite the unprecedented scrutiny that the research has been under the roxanas referring to, that will be people who are nervous. This is all happening too fast. I dont mean on t. V. Axis. I mean people who are just worried, how do you persuade them . Anneliese to, to, to have the job. I think the most Important Message has been no, we did not cut corners. We went as fast as we needed to, but also i slowly, as we needed to be. So the difference to the past is that of course, theres more money involved, more resources dedicated, and added compressing timelines by not going sequentially, you know, in space one that they saw in this way, but that we are compressing a timeline spec rowing a lot in parallel. So for example, the policy deliberations and im tired of already started before we had faced the trial so that we are ready for the time if a stream results are out. So i think we have taken all the Big Questions that we need. Its all as preagreed and were all sticking to it and, and we have been doing it, you know, at unsafe safety monitoring and by are not cutting corners as a teen was. So they, in france, yesterday, the half the french people would not want to be vaccinated against covert 1000 of the moment. How do you persuade them . Well, its wasnt really a surprise and actually because there is a nature medicine paper that came out like cherington looked over. And the paper actually was saying that almost 71 percent of the the work population it was done on ob, sort of the like cent countries. But the most populated countries and this countries the got their average of 71 percent who accepts actually to take the vaccine. But it was surprising that in france is a really this kind of numbers. But i think its the people who are for the 1st sign take in their lives seriously and look in not to the experts or give them the answer, but the other way in the risk benefits themself. And i think its just the test will take time actually indicating people i was a reader surprised looking at this paper because in the u. S. It was 71 percent were women actually to take the the vaccine. And in france, actually we were around 50 percent, and i think thats news us actually to engage the community is something very important if we can not build distrust between us scientists and between the population explaining to them that absolutely. If we dont explain all of this adverse to immunization effect, that really gets because we go to the billions of people. If we not communicates correctly with them, i think were not to get easily to the must next nation. I think thats a very interesting thanks. Even if we get the logistics, if it would get to that mr. Ration if we would get to the vaccination, if we dont get people to mistrust the, the population trusts it will be very difficult to the point. Persuading people to be vaccinated, if theyre on the foreseen problems or in the vaccine, one of those problems, usually a pair, is it in these clinical testing stages or is in weeks, months, years further down the line . Well, its very common for firms, especially new medicines to be monitored over their, at a time. So likely, in this instance, anyone whos receiving a vaccine there will be monitoring for 2 year period in your doctors, pharmacists there usually have a Monitoring System here in the u. K. We have the yellow card through the m h r a, which is our regulatory body to really assess what type of problems may arise in the future. Its not possible for everything to be caught in a clinical trial. However, what we do have in terms of the history of vaccines, is that the benefits far outweigh any risks. And so far in a clinical trial, we had the worst parts of the really limited wards on site injections and irritation of the skin. Really mild issues. However, once we do broaden to a wider population, there could be further information that is gathered. And again, at this, this is something that will be closely monitored in every country. But if we look through the history of vaccines, really significant problems from vaccination. How that has not been the main story here. Mostly what weve seen is that we have been able to almost eradicate polio which the memory of the history of that, especially for many young people cant really think about what an irony long even looks like. So again, throughout things like also color, which is and has been such a killer. All of these means that our Life Expectancy has grown and improved around the world with almost a very little were negligent amount of adverse effects. But this will be closely monitored as a teen, what are some of the challenges going to be for delivering the vaccine from factory to all, particularly some of the light where you are yourself morocco in the developing world, which doesnt have available resources that european or the north american countries, my, i think its a great question actually just bringing on the plane a vaccine would be a very big challenge. Actually. Its why i think its well, since the beginning they think that w. H. O. Recommendations were a very great and this is because its really helped each country actually to have its own strategy. Its capacity to do it so that logistic is very important things there and theyre not thinking about also or just morocco, but africa in general. I think if you have a vaccine like them or their no one where you were like the pfizer, one, what are you wearing will need actually 8 months, 18 refrigerators freezers. Its going to be tough to have this kind of vaccine in africa. So i think its more classical approaches for what seems like the one that developed by astra zeneca or sing a farm would be something more appropriate for countries in, in morocco. So i think its a, something thats we can you have each country has to have its own strategy to do its protect. Think that africas will be looking to the w. H. O. To give them the best recommendation for that. And also very quickly from you on elise as well. The challenges of delivering this vaccine to places with really heavy out concentrated outbreaks like india, pakistan other developing world countries. What are those challenges . Oh so so, so many challenges because this is now unlike the Child Vaccination Program where we have the expertise, we have the track record, we have to make an excellent place here be a 1st time getting, you know, hold hold of people. So for countries that have experience in delivering influenza vaccine, they actually can, you know, to all the people they can, that they can use that experience now to roll out to commit 1000 maxin as well. And just let you know as a dummy to a developed am like a country Readiness Assessment tool as a government need to look at this. Do we have our event and do we know how to deliver or do we know how to, you know, stuart this with, with the culture cold chain requirement that, well actually both, both the 1st front has run a vaccines have do we have enough there. d how, how do i really get to them very old . And how do i deliver to Health Care Workers in a big Hospital Systems . And theres a lot of work going on. Thats training modules now, just now i in fact i attended a simulation exercise. So we know its all countries need to go to stimulus relation exercises now and preparedness of the, these 1st 2 or 3 or 4 vaccines to be approved, you know, within probably by december or early january. Ok, well unfortunately, we are out of fun. The so much more to discuss, but well be back on this subject many times, im sure, but for the moment, thanks to all our guests on alis wilda smith as Edina Brahimi and oksana, pizz ache, and thank you too for watching. You can see the program again any time by visiting our website, aljazeera dot com and for further debate, go to our facebook page. Facebook dot com, forward slash a. J. Inside story. You can also join the conversation on twitter. We are at a. J. Insights from a bird. Its made an entire team here by as countries begin easing coronavirus restrictions, scientists warn of a 2nd wave of infections in the last few days of the neighborhood. And many fear the economy is being prioritized about for human life until fall of people, your claim to focus on the out here, the one spike in public like faces. We bring you the latest developments from across the globe, coronavirus condiment, special coverage on aljazeera, 20 years of chinas transformation, told through one young girls journey from birth to adult in 2 decades following the development of her life. And nation. , rewind returns to the story of k. K. The girl from going, joe, do you love me . On the aljazeera . How does one forgave, after losing 32. 00, family members in a heinous massacre . A survivor of one of colombias 50. I money inside in doha, with the top stories on aljazeera. The pentagon has confirmed stop production in the number of u. S. Troops in afghanistan and iraq by mid january, just before president leaves. Office 2000 will withdrawal from afghanistan and 500 from iraq leaving 2 and a half 1000 in each country. 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