Transcripts For ALJAZ Balfour Seeds Of Discord 20240713

Also planning to reopen museums exhibitions and libraries and sport teams can resume training we also hope that june 1st will be the date for the reopening of bars restaurants beauty salons and hairdressers basically all personal character. Spain is also easing some restrictions children there have been allowed to go outside for the 1st time in 6 weeks on tuesday Prime Minister peres or sanchez is expected to present his plan for deescalating the lock down schools and universities in some parts of china that were closed because of the pandemic are beginning to reopen students have been welcomed back to class in the Capital Beijing and those in the city of new hina where the outbreak began or start heading back to school as early as next week aljazeera sar clark is in hong kong she says social distancing measures are still in place us china tries to prevent a 2nd wave of infections. Is a milestone in china on the grounds that the schools have been locked in a nationwide lockdown for about 3 months or so the schools in some provinces and some of the major cities are turning some schools have already opened and that was in march the beginning of april but some of those cities that are reopening on monday shanghai beijing and one joy in the focus is really on the senior and the middle School Students particular the final year classes that are preparing for the end of school exams and this role thats been happening and will happen over the next month will so with the primary schools to return in mind all schools are required to have. As contingency plans in place the teachers have been trained to deal with emergency procedures to try and prevent any outbreak of transmissions the students of course have also been provided with protection a social distancing measures are in place during the lunch breaks and the canteens have also been set up almost like exam rooms to try and separate or divide the students and the reason why these schools are slowly reopening is weve seen a gradual for declining numbers in the number of crowd of us cases in china and thats why the schools are reopening the National Health commission on monday has reported just 3 cases in china and none of which were in the who by province of course this is the epicenter of the province where we saw the initial corona Virus Outbreak and on sunday the National Health commission reported no new coronavirus cases in that particular city and this of course of the city there where 11000000 people a went into lockdown back in january and its gradually reopening but i should state there are questions still about the calculations being news about china by the National Health commission and some countries are also calling for an investigation into the modeling in the calculation of chinas official figures iran plans to reopen some mosques in areas that are deemed free of coronavirus the government will start labeling regions either white yellow or red depending on the number of deaths or infections iranians have already returned to shops and bazaars as the government tries to kickstart its battered economy in other news the Saudi Led Coalition in yemen is calling for an end to violence after separatists in the city of aden declared self draw the salman Transitional Council declared a state of emergency saying it would govern the port city and other southern provinces the Yemeni Government is calling it a cool the s. T. C. Supported by the United Arab Emirates saudi arabias urging all sides to abide by a power sharing agreement signed 5 months ago one of the most anticipated sporting events in the u. S. Has been held over a Video Conference during a record audience see n. F. L. Draft is usually a huge spectacle where teams recruit the. Best young talent on offer for the american football season it was to be held in ny segas this year but was canceled because of the coronavirus pandemic more than 8400000. 00 viewers tuned in 255 days were drafted as expected with joe barrow selected as the number one overall pick by the Cincinnati Bengals those are the headlines on aljazeera coming up next year its a documentary balfours seeds of discord do stay with us. The. Was was. Was it was. Was. Was. Was. Was was the voice of David Bengurion declaring the establishment of the state of israel in maine 1948. 2 the Balfour Declaration was a letter sent by British Foreign secretary Arthur Balfour to a member of the british house of lords child on the 2nd of november 1917. This letter sent to a leading figure in the British Jewish Community 100 years ago had repercussions which even its authors cannot have imagined. Whatever its real intentions it went on to have a profound impact on the middle east and its people. And its effects still resonates across the region today. In 1914 these soldiers were. On the battlefields of europe in the 1st world war the allies britain france and russia fought the central powers of germany austriahungary and the Ottoman Empire for 4 years but the land and sea war was not the only battleground. Muscle was also being flexed behind closed doors as allies conspired how to redraw maps to their own advantage when the conflict eventually ceased. To sir mark sykes for the british and french. For the french plotted how to divide the arab lands of the Ottoman Empire assuming it would finally fall. The psychs pekoe agreement plan secretly to divide it into french and british spheres of influence france taking most of the levant southern anatolia and the mosul area while the british extended their control over the southern levant expanding eastwards to baghdad and basra and all the nand between the arabian gulf and the french territory. Historic palestine then still part of the Ottoman Empire was a bone of contention and would be put under International Administration. That palestina force. All day but too long but it. Didnt. That false. In. Their. Eyes bus trip. You get out just as. The men. Or ditch their clay. Down that you and al that down there for the music to sleep develop for you. Must lean a little funny. A kebab was or that one of them while with your how long the half of art can be or where your kin live youre going to cut off youve got archer i think the british felt that there had not been enough government involvement in concluding the states because agreement with the french and in the process they had not really protected their interests well enough for a post world war era in which the British Empire would continue to seek to be a dominant force in European Affairs and so really officials across whitehall including mark sykes himself felt it was a bad deal if you have built youre going to have a few rockets at it in the future not the havoc so you need you on every night or does that mean and you who would have my own. Data for as the one your home your new shoot from the scene walk around people feel well an article in the have been men ask who are levy. And i mean the clock and i movie and look at that before and its a huge significance that when theyre making these discussions jews and so on is not discussed jews were not to feature in the new cuts at the middle east which was to be based on the idea of the arab nation. Zionism was the movement supporting the reestablishment of a jewish homeland in the area defined as the historic land of israel. The movement was active in early 20th century london especially because of the persecution of jews in russia and eastern europe. Theodore hurt so had founded the Zionist Movement in the late 1900 century but jewish people in western europe had not rushed to support it because they were integrating quite successfully into society zionists believed that all jews should someday return to that country one of the problems was that palestine belong to the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Empire was not clear that it wanted massive jewish immigration into palestine and the British Government offered to let jews move unimpeded in great numbers into uganda if they wished. But in any event it really didnt happen and it didnt happen because a majority of scientists felt that hurtful was selling them out and that the only place for jews to move back to work at least conscious zionist jews to move back to was palestine in this i think britain began to look at the Zionist Movement as a possible partner in justifying a really go she a sions of their agreement with the french you see for britain simply to claim territory against what theyve already concluded in the green that with france could create diplomatic problems for the british. If they were to make a claim to palestine not out of selfinterest but in order to advance a great historic ideal of the restoration of the jewish people to the legal homeland that this could justify an adjustment of the terms of the sites because. In a way that the french would accept the british wanted somehow and more and more increasingly they felt that the jews held the key to winning the war. And so they had to figure out how to bribe the jews to support them. Sir mark sykes had succeeded in drawing the line he wanted from acre in the west to clear cook in the east but for some in government this was not enough. The british were using the Jewish National movement to secure palestine for themselves is this is what highlights ben is really going to find to open ears of 10 downing street in the Foreign Office in the Colonial Office and its paving the way towards that critical decision in november of 1917 and so i think you can direct you can draw a direct connection between britains sudden ignored that of zionism and idea at ideal. And what they were dissatisfied with in the term of the psychs because. I am fights was a chemistry lecturer in manchester who had become a prominent member of the british Dynasty Movement he was politically well connected and rubbed shoulders with senior figures in government so high in vitamin was russian by birth he was a chemist. And then he joined the Zionist Movement. He climbed in the Zionist Movement he moved to grow. Britain before the war well before the war maybe 10 years before the war began he was not before the war very well known in the english Zionist Movement he was pretty well known in the World Zionist Federation but he was by no means the most visible zionist when world war one began in great britain. Fights many to roads in his memoirs about having been introduced to a British Government minister Herbert Samuel. Samuel was jewish but vitamine was apparently concerned that he might be anti sinus. However Herbert Samual turned out to be extremely receptive to vitamin and went on to write an official memo in 1950 setting out a number of different possibilities for palestine and the jewish people. And was. So. Health minister. For homework and man i love. To see us it was who were caught up with the car and for us the in. The last time have been. Who where or when we are who would be. Any markers. Little bit on the cut up with our kyra. Sure but theres still a philosophy in badminton tell how to help them a lot them a lot and what fear only a hoodie year old see the. Shimmering albritton the year for lusty and. Plenty for me had the lawyer who the commonwealth. But he didnt find willing ears in whitehall or the Colonial Office for schemes that involved the establishment of a jewish state in palestine britain was really concerned with 2 things by the time that the 1st world war had broken out they wanted to with the war 1st and foremost this was an imperative for the survival of britain and its empire and secondly they wanted to ensure that coming out of the war victorious that their empire would benefit from the victory so at this stage high invites and Herbert Samuels ideas about the rights of the jews to resettle in palestine. Did not find much sympathy in the corridors of power in london. Disappointed fights men wrote to a friend asking whether there wasnt at least a discussion to be had about what he called the chance for the jewish people. I realize of course he went on we cannot claim anything we are much too atomized for its. What the debate did do however was to throw together fights man the russian jewish immigrant searching for a homeland and refuge from persecution with her brood samuel and lords rothschild for members of the british jewish elite established in society and part of the political and capitalist class. So it isnt for the most part of course all of the community was actually in the minority but certainly most of all within the jewish elite because it threatened the notion of them as 100 percent committed members of British Society and this was complete and that for somebody like Edwin Montague to become secretary of state for india for him zionism is his Worst Nightmare the idea that jews are not satisfied simply with being citizens of britain or other countries around the world theyre always longing to go back to the land of israel for him he wanted to demonstrate that the jews of britain were 1st of foremost british its important to remember that for people like rothschild zionism it actually been a threat you see the elite in british jewelry had fought for generations to gain acceptance in British Society it was only with the arrival of disraeli and that i can century the jews entered parliament and could rise to become Prime Minister and for people of. So high finance or banking interests the really elite of the Jewish Community in britain their struggle to demonstrate their place in British Society the zionists with its claims that jews were a people apart and should be a nationalist movement in their own right or another with their early they embody army. And even a corrupt. How could you hold. All of that i would be when i get a dime meant go through i would probably be the old the feel of but i would be everyman german general up there and i do have the sheer will and no i must remain a bit of time even for them i had a bandit a beer and sammy of bosh who live in a south. The and if mark miss you have to say x. Vitamin vien show him much of the love in your mind of the. Ability to keep the interest ability to your. Vitamin. The fim. Its vitamin that makes the difference and i think he was probably unique in his ability to persuade the leading british figures that the jews were in fact a vast sub to raney and influence which they were not. That all jews were zionists which was far from the truth and that therefore the big key to winning jewish support was to offer them palestine vitamin talked up the degree to which the Jewish Community supported zionism in order to get his message across to the government. But for the british it seemed to be about self interest about winning the war recognizing zionism would be closely linked to gaining global juice the poor it objective and which should start its future resting so the british motives for supporting zionism will be we can boil it down to 2 elements of british self interest at that time not an emotional interest in scientists or a love of jews and the jewish plight in the return of the jews to the holy land no for very specific self interests matters of policy they were 1st of all all of the British Government agreed that they wanted to mobilize behind britain and the allies this idea of jewish power in the world. They were like all of the different policy elites in the war believe this in the notion that jews were tremendous influence in the corridors of power around the globe if the British Government appeared to support zionism they would win over world jewry to their side in order that entailed the british were convinced that zionists and was really at the center of the jewish holocaust. In may 916 sir mark sykes had agreed his tikrit deal with the french psychs pickle would form the basis of the future carve up of the old Ottoman Empire. So he immediately turned his attention to palestine still part of the Ottoman Empire and how to use dynasty ambitions to outmaneuver the french. Formal contact between the British Government and the zionist followed he immediately phoned Herbert Samuel and told him about the plan and Herbert Samuel then phoned him vitamin and vitamin brought with him in a home sokolow this meeting took place on the 11th of april 1900 scene it took place at moses castors house in maida vale. And gaster wrote in his diary afterwards how proud he was that this meeting which he thought was the most important meeting that had ever taken place in the history of zionism had taken place at his house. Mark sykes the any other of. Our once she doesnt know my gust of law nowhere can and will must send the jelly hadia bus back then. Rise one who only in the north who are in the fight and. The most disgusting very quickly understands that sykes is looking to gain support from suppose it jewish power in the world and gets to works with this idea and manipulates this to consolidate sykess interest in science and we see actually the British Government becomes very close already nazi 16 of issuing a public declaration of support for zionism there in the end this doesnt happen that year the plan sykes got Herbert Samuels to pass on to the zionist leaders involved joint british French Administration of palestine and a charter guaranteeing british support for the line is the. But his idea was rejected. They didnt want an anglofrench condominium in palestine they wanted the british to protect them not the french and thats because they thought that the french always sort of converted their colonized people into becoming frenchmen and what they wanted was to remain as self conscious jews and they thought that the british would leave them alone and let them do that and mushy help to live been begun by big circle of we were hurrying to share a blue team. The world him wanted the berryman not to meet consider where you did the has gotten to it at them it would get them back to hollywood the who you deem know you to name in. Matter. Robert obama merit you know them. Is. Bolstered by their newfound credibility the british dynas thought about making specific demands after the sykes meeting but events soon overtook them. On the 6th of december 1960 british Prime Minister asquith resigned. In the change of government Arthur Balfour became foreign secretary under Prime Minister david lloyd george. Lloyd george. Has been the half awake i walked away from us back recently was iraq. The somber. And ill. Be here with that you know see a year. To year one or. The. Future completely if you. Will be your own to the people saying oh for all woes busy of rather philosophical bent. And i think he wanted to think in theological terms he wanted to think in historical terms. And it was with that frame of mind i think that he approached the whole question seriously at the fall of. Saruman. How are the. Moderates. Very serious it was i thought george. But the attire. While before those of us towards them. Yeah i mean it was among men and the. David lloyd george. Balfour and all of those who supported the battle declaration within the British Government we can absolutely categorize as being riven with anti semitic thinking and not only that but the thinking behind the Balfour Declaration that drove them to the Balfour Declaration was from this antisemitic thought the idea of jewish power of jewish he said this and of a unified jewish attachment to zionism above all else. Whatever its basis the relationship between the british dynasty and the government would continue to grow throughout the 1917. Leading to the declaration that would change the face of the middle east and ultimately determine the destinies of 2 different peoples. They say to really know someone you must walk a mile in their shoes follow in their footsteps thus they forge their way in the was. Aljazeera shares these personal journeys. Inspiring stories of people perseverance on the chosen path to. Witness documentaries on aljazeera. The latest news as it breaks with no treatment or vaccine for her and a virus volunteers if it will continue to provide the services they can to fight the disdain with detail coverage along without any planning for the indians and millions of flies and political. And fearless generalism from around the world for many coming to this place if the only chance they have to leave at least once a day. When covert 19 1st struck china and begun to spread the cost asia. Some in the west criticized come to measures us to halt or to weak. Because of the different experiences before asian nations in fact not shown the world to root out for this group under. Coronavirus lessons from asia on the jersey of. A lot nick clarke and other top stories here on aljazeera 1st the daily death toll from coronavirus in the hardest hit European Countries has fallen to its lowest level in more than a month italy which has seen the 2nd highest number of deaths in the world after the United States will loosen its lot from early may people will be allowed to visit relatives and some businesses will reopen. My job at the. From me for the wholesale sector will restart but it is obvious that well need a market and therefore for me 18 if we expect to reopen the Retail Sector from then were also planning to reopen museums exhibitions and libraries and sport teams can resume training we also hope that june 1st will be the date for the reopening of bars restaurants beauty salons and hairdressers basically our personal care activities spain is also easing some restrictions children have been allowed to go outside for the 1st time in 6 weeks on tuesday the Prime Minister Petra Sanchez is expected to present his plan for deescalating the lockdowns schools and universities in some parts of china that were closed because of the pandemic are beginning to reopen students have been welcomed back to class in the Capital Beijing but social distancing measures will continue during lessons those in this issue where the outbreak began will start heading back to school as early as next week iran plans to reopen some mosques in areas that are deemed free of coronavirus the government will start labeling regions either white yellow or red depending on the number of deaths or infections iranians have already returned to shops and bazaars as a government tries to stimulate its battered economy. Meanwhile in australia more than a 1000000 people have chosen to download a mobile phone tracing the software uses Bluetooth Technology to connect with other phones so users can be contacted if theyre exposed to covert 19. The Saudi Led Coalition in yemen is calling for an end to violence after separatists in the city of aden declared self rule the southern Transitional Council declared a state of emergency saying it would govern the port city and other southern provinces the Yemeni Government is calling it a coup the s. T. C. Is supported by the United Arab Emirates and saudi arabia is urging all sides to abide by a power sharing agreement that was signed 5 months ago. Got more news here right after powerful seeds of discord by for. The 1st world war pitted britain france and russia against germany austriahungary and the Ottoman Empire the british in the shape of the diplomat sir mark sykes were determined to divide autumn in territory in a way that best suited that once the war was over for their own strategic interests. By 917 the war was shifting in the allies favor and in the middle east the british were moving through sinai towards the borders of historic palestine. Further north the Russian Revolution in february 1917 cast doubt on russias continued involvement in the war. As britain and france tried to outmaneuver one another the british Zionist Movement took on increasing political importance. Sikes wants to get back in touch with scientists and think about how to incorporate zionism in british planning for palestine. And at this moment we see a hugely important meeting taking place in the home of moses gaston made a vow in february of 1917 and this is the point in which sykes meets for the 1st time haim fight sman and the home circle of. Another time in this in which its discussed what the zionists are looking for and the british interest in zionism so he had to bring the zionists along without divulging what were the secret agreements that britain and france had come to with regard to palestine which was that they would jointly administer parts of palestine at this meeting for the British Government was sykes and Herbert Samuel he was there on the other side there were. Vitamin and sokolow and there was moses gaster and he brought a couple of his allies because he realised that vitamin was beginning to push him out of the way the other very important figure was James Rothschild who attended this meeting. At the meeting it became clear to sykes that vitamin not gaster was the most important zionist. This is also the moment where most of the cast is dislodged. Sykess part on the french side because i havent liked best guest it been insistent that this should be a jewish state and nothing less coming into being after the war and peace. Clearly wanted scientists who were much more willing to compromise with the interests of the great powers and the vice was certainly happy to fit that bill. The meetings between the zionists and the government seemed to give momentum to the idea of british support for a jewish homeland in palestine and their potential role in its administration. But the secret agreements between britain and france which formed the basis of the future division of the Ottoman Empire planned to put palestine under International Administration any change would have to be negotiated with france. Niamh socalled of emerged as the man to talk to the french in a horse. Be thought a. Bit with should he give. Circolo became the acknowledged lead diplomat for zionism and all the accounts say that he had an extremely sort of elegant bearing and wore very fine clothing and that his manners were polished and polite and smooth silky smooth so that he could talk. On an equal basis with the representatives of the german kaiser or the British Government or whatever so the day after the meeting. Between sykes and the zionist leaders sykes brought. But socolow to meet the french diplomat pico what psychs wanted was for sokolow to a persuade pekoe that zionism must be taken seriously that zionism really was the key to winning the war. And that the zionists would only help the allies win the war if britain was the main power in palestine not france for trade off because they didnt pretty not kill or may. Socalled offered up almost all khwaja walk was. Put out for the core ive. Received. And also mossad. Theres not a good office a course a record of that they are home but not on their degree of me tell you we the 3 of them and psychs nuff saw in a circle of you know what a w and a no our friends are or your mother had this you can a full semi more or less and british cabinet or that often or at the station of friends so we were at bill for. Bill cabin at the includes e. A. A. Or look in already different so we into a lot of cities its hard to know how much influence psychs ultimately had over british policy making he was given more prominence in british policy making around the middle east during the war years than he ever deserved he was a relatively ill educated inexperienced man whose only connection to the autumn and world had been as a tourist. So for this man to be playing such a role in the holes of power over deciding british policy towards the near east seems to us today to be normal is indeed ridiculous. Regardless of psychs role things continue to progress for the zionists and in june 1917 British Foreign secretary Arthur Balfour asked high in vitamin to present his demands as a declaration and promise to try and persuade his government to adopt. The leading zionist form the Political Committee and drafted their demands and then submitted them to the British Government. This original document was one of the 1st drafts written at the Imperial Hotel in london on the 17th of july 1917. Its also introduced a new term and concept the National Home of the jewish people. So in the initial side this drafting of the declaration. There were protests most saw its leaders to knock them socalled of that theres no mention of the terminology of a jewish state that has said that talking about a National Home as this is a trial of what the side of trying to achieve and so close response was that we mustnt go too far we have to take small steps we have to go with what is acceptable to the British Government at this time and then slowly slowly we can evolve course once we have this in hand. If you look at iraq. I mean it dont really. Have been could be a. Certain element had that under saddam. Sort of thing. On the 18th of september 1917 there was a meeting of the british war cabinet the foreign secretary Arthur Balfour was absent. The secretary of state for india Edwin Montague who was jewish strongly disagreed with the declaration he was opposed to zionism and said i deny that palestine is today associated with the jews or properly be regarded as a fit place for them to live montague thought a french to clear ration for courting zionism in june 1917 was anti semitic and negotiated changes to the british version as it went through several drafts. See a lot about the outcome less them. Clear out that really well that. Were out of the last live here with all Alice Charlotte adam assessment of corker c s c. Yes good thing feel. Got to be. There on the whole. She would look forward to her both to see if your move should go most who your. Daughter is but your. What people gonna. Do you then build. The well resentment of. A few days later secretary of state for war by counts milner and the jewish politician Philip Magnus sent a modified version to the cabinet it incorporated some of montagues changes. Including the caviar that quote nothing shall be done that might prejudice the rights and political status enjoyed by such jews who are fully contented with their existing nationality and citizenship. Drafting especially by a board millner that appeared by september was closer to the language that would eventually be adopted in november of 1917 namely speaking not about power stein as a whole. But. A sort of presence in palestine on behalf of the jews which is quite different than that could kill me we were at before and how money for. Nothing. Only their national. A literary if. Their and look at all in National Home. But not the National Home and i would not the national yanni work on only i would be fearful of the in. The committed zionists wanted to ensure the declaration was clear that the whole of historic palestine would be a National Homeland exclusively for the jewish people. The latest draft was sent to high invites men who in turn center to the Zionist Movement in the United States for their feedback. There was some consultation you know during the summer of 1917 with the United States and in the early drafts there. The imprint of the zionist elements in britain would have referred to palestine in its entirety as being for some sort of jewish had to be and those elements eventual were modified before the drafting was finalized another key part of the terminology that emerged out of the drafting was in some british redrafting where sort of for the jewish people it was written the jewish race eventually this was taken out but i think its very revealing that british officials wanted to use this kind of terminology because after all this was how they understood the jews of the world as being a racial group when that world it tremendous power and also could be inspired all together as one unit behind the cause of scientism supported by britain and the allies its striking that they exist in the arab people in the region were not named at all theyre simply called the quote existing non jewish communities in palestine the 3 point but. So you know we got rid of it but at this point you know maam tell us critics are upset. The north river. Bar owners are told in order if you know good it was the rejoinder. You know part of the upward tick or opportunity. By october of 1917 the final draft of the Balfour Declaration was ready and waiting only British Government final approval. There was a rumor that germany was about to issue a similar declaration supporting the rights of the jews in palestine. When belfer heard he rushed to get his final draft discussed at the cabin its meeting on the 31st of october 1919. So when we think about the centenary of the Balfour Declaration everyone considers 2nd of november 19th 17 as the moment of the day creation itself but it was actually agreed to by the british cabinet on the 31st of october and this was a hugely significant meeting and in the minutes of that meeting balfour reiterate the principle reasons for supporting zionism and highlights its expected propaganda effects amongst jews around the world particularly in the United States and in russia the argument was was put forward most strongly by lord balfour at the meeting of october 31st and what he argued was that issuing this declaration would be extremely helpful for the british in solidifying the support of the United States and also in countering propaganda from germany the critical thing to remember about british diplomatic pronouncements is that what one individual says does not represent the views of the government as a whole and you will find many different points of view among british officials in the years 1701800 and right into the early years of the mandate but the british were very clear that they had not promised statehood to the Zionist Movement they had no interest in doing so the british did not support Jewish Nationalism they did not support arab nationalism they supported british imperialism but this is also the meeting where lord curzon. It was a member of the walk. Disquiet about the possible effects of supporting zionism on the palestinian arab population and the palestinian opposition is completely disregarded lord curzon wrote a paper to the cabinet asking what was quote to become of the people of this country. There were over half a 1000000 syrian arabs a mixed community with arab hebrew canaanite greek egyptian and possibly crusaders blood they in their forefathers of occupied the country for the best part of 1500 years they own the soil they profess the mohammedan faith they will not be content either to be exposed prieta jewish immigrants or to act merely is he was of wood and drawers of water to the latter. But his prescient remarks fell on deaf ears its like who tells hyde bites at the end of the war Cabinet Meeting dr its a boy as though theyve witnessed the birth of the agreement to create Jewish National home as a baby in the middle east. The final draft of the Balfour Declaration was 67 words long. His majestys government view with favor the establishment in palestine of a National Home for the jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object it being clearly understood nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non jewish communities in palestine all the rights and political status enjoyed by jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation yours sincerely for james balfour. In terms of International Law it really has very little standing in International Law you know treaties between nations have significance. But governments after an issue policy statements statements of intention about what they plan to do and those really dont have any standing as as a matter of of law for britain this was. I suppose you would say a statement of its intention as to what it would do if it were to take over palestine which of course it had not yet done as of november of 1917 a critical road to whether you like are tougher. Stuff. To come and should have been done you are if. You could be so thorough because or were your mind from a luxury hotel if i thought youd show you off your lawyer. 2 years after the declaration a Church Leader in jerusalem wrote to british Prime Minister lloyd george about jews in palestine trying to control holy sites. Lloyd georges office had said that high invites men didnt want to do anything affecting the rights of arabs it said he simply wanted to be involved in a council to help provide refuge to jews fleeing russia and eastern europe. This exchange suggested that britain felt it had not promised a jewish state but simply a place for them to live alongside arabs. When the league of nations set out the british mandate in palestine in 1923 it made britain responsible for implementing the Balfour Declaration. As a result jewish immigration to palestine increased as did the arab opposition to it expressed in a series of palestinian protests against britain in the 1920 s. They understood the people of palestine to be muslims and christians but did not observe that they would constitute a National Community that would seek National Independence and after the war very quickly when it becomes clear that palestinian arab nationalists and mobilizing against zionism. The British Government a quick to see a major problem the Balfour Declaration had put in train a series of events that began to signal its deep flaws arab descent built to the 3 year revolts between 193619398 was a nationalist uprising against the British Administration demanding arab independence and the end of jewish immigration it was on the pill commission of 1937 that the british 1st recognized that instead of balancing communities they had certain motion rivalry between incompatible National Jewish of palestinian arab. And it was at that point that they tried to solve the problem by dividing palestine into 2 states arab and jewish through a partition plan and i think there you have the 1st recognition or admission from british officials of the failure of the Balfour Declaration. In maine 1939 the British Government published a policy document on palestine called a white paper it abandoned the partitioning of palestine into 2 states and called instead for an independent palestine in which arabs and jews would share government. It limited jewish immigration to 75000. 00 for 5 years and said that the arab majority should determine future immigration levels. Its also said that balfour had not meant to create a jewish state at the expense of the arabs any more than the mcmahon his Team Correspondent 24 years before had promised an arab state to Shareef Hossain of mecca but the white paper met opposition and was dropped. The British Government a quick to see a major problem but theres no way that they can back away from support for zionism because this becomes the basis for their justification for being in the holy land their commitment to supporting the movement in the Balfour Declaration which becomes in shrines in International Law in the terms of the mandate for palestine so the british stuck with zionism they didnt believe that scientists wanted independent jewish state hood and after the war became very clear that actually the vast majority of scientists didnt only want statehood they expected. I think if were trying to assess whether or not britains policy towards zionism in the 1st world war served british interests or not the 1st thing we have to appreciate is the key reason they supported it was based on an incorrect idea they believed that they could mobilize something that they saw as jewish power around the world behind their light course so 1st of all that was entirely wrong and didnt happen because the. Power is fake is false. In september 1939 german expansionism led to the 2nd world war over 60000000 people died including between 5 and 6000000 jews the majority in nazi concentration camps. The british mandate ended at midnight on the 14th of may 1948 and immediately the formation of the state of israel was announced justified by the terms of the Balfour Declaration issued 31 years before. While israelis celebrated the birth of their nation 700000 palestinians were forced into camps and exile the family done a lot of damage you not destroyed and because with you wanted to go and were going to be done you know you know their car. For palestinians the Balfour Declaration represents the moment an imperial power promised their land the way to another people. This is that this weather out there which was. Thats what they hold bell for responsible for their expulsion displacement and occupation. Hello there the temperatures have been on the rise that you cross much of the Arabian Peninsula and the next few days that sets it really to change for a little bit we should see a bit of a change in the direction of the way it is now theres plenty of cow to the north thats really taking a few showers not very many but really a monday they will work their way eastwards the caspian sea pushing to Northern Areas of iran elsewhere mostly dry just maybe a rash of showers across areas of turkey but as i say touches have some in very high sunday but by monday down to 34 celsius in doha but so warm across into dubai 40 celsius the winds getting a little bit prisca as we had to choose they say that might just make things fit a little bit better but again the time is not really fluctuation very much 34 again is the high on a very well 39 across into riyadh temperatures have been warm across central areas of africa but also weve had some very heavy thunderstorms over the last few days very typical for this time of year of course the seasonal rains but as you can see through monday central Northern Areas a day oconnor the rains very heavy that again and very widespread across areas a tons and a pushing up into the kenya and beyond into somalia and ethiopia but also on monday the rain back in the 4 calls through the central and eastern as the south africa very heavy at times and really cooling things down in johannesburg just 14 celsius. May on aljazeera will president rodriguez its hard to say succeed in shutting down t. V. Giant a. B. S. E piano by may the full will have special coverage aljazeera world selection of the best Network Documentaries includes the story of on sunday gyptian composer and musician alley smile despite the coronavirus pandemic conant classes ahead of the president ial elections by postal ballots the Emmy Award Winning full license is back investigating the United States and its role in the world and in the u. S. Election primaries Presumptive Democratic nominee joe biden strives to reach the official delicate threshold made on al jazeera. To find lockdown orders a mass return to work by bangladeshi workers desperate for an income. I dont acknowledge this is out there a live from doha with much more of the pandemic including tourist hot spot sort of being and lifeless for weeks now italy is days away from restriction. Germany gets tougher on the wearing of masks make it compulsory while shopping using public transport. Well to cope