I later came to believe that the resumption of security aid would not occur until there was a Public Statement from ukraine committing to the investigations of the 2016 elections and a recent and he insisted senior figures on the administration knew what was going on including the Vice President and the secretary of state everyone was in the loop the suggestion that we were engaged in some irregular or rogue diplomacy is absolutely false im not sure how someone could characterize something as an irregular channel when youre talking to the president the United States the secretary of state the National Security adviser the chief of staff of the white house the secretary of energy he said trump insisted u. S. Diplomats what with his private attorney Rudy Giuliani on handling ukraine so we followed the president s orders sundin says giulianis direction on ukraine became more insidious with time in early july a coveted white house visit for ukrainian president let him use a lengthy was dangled as an award for ukraines cooperation which but later saw england testified it became upon the 400000000. 00 in security aid was also on the line someone testified that in a phone call with the oval office he asked trump an open ended question what did the president won from ukraine the answer he wanted nothing and republicans and the president claims that proves the impeachment hearing is a waste of time its over and some of the fair friends of which there is a deal mike said this thing is over nancy pelosi isnt complicated shes gotten nothing done in congress and now with their big star witness is going to be their star witness and. So you know i dont know very well from a little witness confirmation the ukrainians asked why it was being held up as i think quite a coming sooner than previously reported my staff showed me 2 unclassified emails that they received from the state Department One was received on july 25th at 2 31 pm that email said that the Ukrainian Embassy and House Foreign Affairs committee are asking about Security Assistance democrats called sunderlands testimony a seminal moment it goes right to the heart of the issue of bribery as well as other potential high crimes or misdemeanors but we also have heard for the 1st time that knowledge of this scheme was pervasive. Republicans continue to insist the president did nothing wrong that the hearings are wasted time and money the latest attempt to remove an elected president but this testimony from a trump loyalists mean democrats moving closer to impeachment and republicans rethinking how to defend the president alan fischer aljazeera washington. About 100. 00 protesters are still inside hong kongs besieged Polytechnic UniversityInternational Condemnation over their treatment is growing the u. S. House has approved a bill supporting human rights in hong kong. At least 11 people have been killed after astronauts have parts of syrias rebel controlled invalid province activists are blaming the Syrian Government and iranian militias. Israels Opposition Leader benny gantz has been unable to form a Coalition Government israels been through 2 inconclusive elections this year and now thanks to those in the headlines the news continues here on aljazeera after a caliph states have done so much and i phone off. Oh of. The caliph of. A form of rule in a slam. That lasted for almost 13 centuries. From the death of the prophet muhammad. To the overthrow of the last ottoman calif and 924. 00. The arabic 10th 8th 25 which actually in essence simply means a successor or a adept. The ruler of the islamic world would call himself clifford resort in law the success of gods message. Through the centuries. The title of caliph is a term that has been used. In the time abuse. In june 2014. A militant Group Calling itself the Islamic State in iraq and the levant or ice or. Declared the establishment of a caliphate. They call rejected by most muslims around the world. Reached into the pause. To appropriate the title of caliph. The group claimed its leader can but that. As a descendant of the prophet muhammads own tribe. Put. It to work and when im not a before the show im a kind of one out of a flush. And out of a flush usually they have been honestly maybe if you havent. This is the story of how the title of caliph began in the prophets tribe. And how 9 centuries later the title was used by people of a different race. How different dynasties rosenfeld. Ending with the decline of the ottoman caliphate. This is the story. Of the caliph. Saudi arabia. The holiest city. Was here in the spring of the year 571 but muhammad the prophet of islam was born into a family belonging to a tribe called. More covered less as i am of the just a lot of me to just get out of. What i. Did not defend the act well be that then ill be what i used gonna die if not im going to gamble up up. 61 years later. Homage to medina the capital of the new Islamic States. In the problem of success in. One thing seemed clear to new kind of how to come from the prophets trying. They had the infant the milky eyed that i love being in a. Lack in how the us and the of the have a shot of your own womb is emmanuel its no me other than if you can watch it one way and gun at them but you must go buffy and all of that if you miss them. For 300 years after the prophets death the kind of it remains strong. But by the mid 10th century. The most of the road had from. Divided now between 3 colors all 3 descendants of koresh. And centuries to come one by one. Each of those 3 kind of fits would crumble and full. Force. Who are born. Of the spain. Of the undersea into my youth kind of. Distance running the way you did in a city that ruled from the mask. In the 7th and 8th century. The death of the 2nd count of how come. In the hof a century of chaos among members of his family. And 1031 the 9th and last and made callous the shan. Was forced to stand down. Im going to the most of the. I look on the board because i. Love you with us out you know but you know yes you know. Thats all im going to answer that. You know full well. That out of. The. Yeah. Across the mediterranean the 40 minutes in cairo also fell victim to better inform the in 102106 college attack. Mysteriously disappeared in the book at them hills outside his capital. His death almost certainly at the hands of his own family. Would be the start of the father strong. From the late 11th century onward. Is increasingly losing control of affairs and that the political and military elite are starting to take over the state difficult. In baghdad. The ambassador was suffering a similar thing. By the middle of the 11th century missal jukes a rising turk in a city that seized control of the caliphate. And said. I love the moon walk away and in but out the back in the 11th yeah let me. Why in the am i gonna shout son but. Me. The subject rulers were the 1st to take the title so tong. And arabic words meaning authority. And in the trials to come the defenders of islam. Would be sold tons of non arab birth. Platinum all fronts. The statue of pope urban the 2nd one to east. In november 1095 from the city. He launched a Christian Campaign to recapture jerusalem in the holy land from the muslims. The crusades. Clear more was lent by the pope to assembly where he resorts his authority to declare war. And attend 96. The crusaders set out on arduous overland eastward journey. And. After 3 years of demanding travel and fierce battles. They finally reached their goal. Clinic july 10th 99 kristy ends capture jerusalem. Theres a major massacre muslims died jews dead even some eastern christian. Who the pins in recognizes christians died and the chroniclers from the crusaders perspective present this is vengeance for the blasphemy that these saracens had done to the jesuss holy city of jerusalem. For not hof century sturdier jerusalem had surrendered to the 2nd colors of islam. But in 10 like you knowing. As muslim saul to confront the marauding crusaders. A slam faced a burning question where was the caliph. Be about at that point had no military thoughts which they could have sent the fall to the caliphate they had lost their syrian lands to. Local warlords so when they saw the crusaders coming in they probably were quite happy to see that these was up us were now facing a major problem with these clearly quite Strong Military contingency moving in from europe. Large areas of the levant were occupied. Divided by the christians into 4 distinct fiefdoms. But after half a century of crusaders success muslim slowly began to fight back. But it was not the caliphs were led the fight. Damascus syria. In the middle of the 12th century this city was the capital of the zinc its a turkish dentist founded by a man to. The governor of northern living. In 1144 he had secured the 1st muslim victory against the crusaders. While with him out of the hardest hit him out of the. Eleusinian we have an interest and maybe intent. And to. Be an enemy in kenya. In 1146. Succeeded his father in the struggle against the crusaders and the levant. 2 decades later he would be fighting over another crisis. A saloon the house of the so. Full of as how to miss hall to meet him in. A new 2nd dolphy watch out so let me in such a settle ascended be sure to call what time he can mature of course a lot could be said. After 5 years of. Should call noted deans kurdish general succeeded both in defeating the crusaders and seizing control of the fata caliph. He was succeeded by his nephew saladino. The man known to the west a solid that. Someone had thought of his political career as the was leader of the falcons so he had to acknowledge the supremacy of the father he kept the for 2 years. But 1171. Was a lot switched his allegiance. Bringing an end to a hop centuries of the faults of its caliphate. And the glaring egypts loyalty to the opposite caliph and but that is. Why i deemed that this is but most certainly is that i didnt have one problem that he had no legitimacy. So the main selling point for so he didnt throughout his career was about. The cutting costs of jordan. One of the largest crusader forts in the levant. From this powerful position the crusaders began to harass muslim trade caravan. Threatening even make it sound. So ive been unified to syria and egyptian Political Landscape and the only remaining. You would polities were the crusaders states so it was natural for them to move against them. In july 11th 87 here in northern palestine but the place known as the homes of. Some audience forces crushed the crusaders. 00. 00. 004 months later jerusalem surrendered but. This time not to an arab calif but to a kurdish soul talked. To some thought. And like can you make any feel beautiful if. And if allowed bessie get. Life and. Let it be when they must mean be shaken out like a lot of different. Check in. The defeat at the teen was a turning point for the crusaders. Driven back to a strip of much to rein in coastline. They consolidated their position with massive costs a strategic points like side 11. But just as this threat to the islamic world was subsiding. A danger of even greater proportions was gathering strength. This time. In the east. And ancient school in baghdad. Built by the ambassador. It was part of a desperate effort to recapture the golden age of the early our best caliphate. In 1242 and most awesome succeeded his father as the 37th calif. But he would soon face a new danger. The approaching the moment the center. Of the patients by the mongols overall was seen as the major turning point in the recent history and when the moments came there was a clear sense of. The way of holding things. They will continue to. Generate 1258. The mongols reached. Within 2 weeks the opposite capital has been brought to its knees. The caliph and the stasi. Execute. The great city rebuke sgt to russias. 500 year caliphate. Come to an end. It was a moment that was but is a watershed but also a confirmation of a situation which it actually existed for quite a long time. Some scholars of og that it was of not any great significance because the real power of the apostates had faded away hundreds of years ago when they were just sitting around in that baghdads palace and that their existence had very little meaning for the majority of. Islam was now in peril. The only remaining hope was the new sotos of egypt the man who looks. Brought the slaves from central asia to form an army for the e. U. Bits. They had supplanted some odd demas dentist. In september 1216 here in general in palestine. Remember army but the mongols and thats. Was a decisive victory for the most. The member looks at save the muslim world. And their tenuous legitimacy. Was about to be strengthened. There was a member of the abbas and family who managed to escape from the slaughter in baghdad and make his way to cairo where the man lukes of egypt subsequently recognised his descendants as in cairo and dr bennett just to see from this kind of shadow puppet caliphate. Bolstered by the callous indorsement in 12 months he won. The man looks put an end to 2 centuries of christian crusades. Baker. The last crusade a fortress on the mediterranean was captured. Meanwhile in anatolia a new muslim power was on the rise. Of power which would carry the banner of islam to the gates of constantinople. In 629 joining the life of the prophet muhammad. The 1st ever battle between muslims and by sun times took place here in. Southern jordan. Oh the fight ended with the muslims defeated and their withdrawal to medina. But the setback would be temporary. The great progress. Of constantinople still back and. Stumbled into the pavement i found the mists that one measure of pity how these evil you know that if 100 costantini of an animal a mere middle when any measure. The tent is down you can only see the stumble of 50 that. You read arab geographers of the 10th and 11th century constantinople is described as the apple the ultimate prize that someday muslims will win and often the taking of constant no pulis presented almost apocalyptic terms as something that will bring on the final victory of islam. That final victory would fall to the ultimate its a turkic most im trying to emigrated from central asia to settle in im told. They get these a lot i have to do shut lot of my demon of it the protestant on man met them in it is that in a quarter to that yet its been a holiday yeah then he stumbled a little. In april 14th 53 minutes army siege to the great city. 7 weeks later the all timmons back for their way to constantinople. And as the victorious. Entered the city through this gate. An 800 year old prophecy had come to pos. This involved importance was known to muslims and also for european christians suddenly one of the major capitals of kristen to become a muslim. Just as they tasted the fruits of victory. At the far end of the mediterranean. 800 years of the muslim civilization. Was about. To come crashing down. In china cancer drugs can be pretty bit of leeks pensive some desperate patients travel to india to buy cheap generic versions but what cost when i when i used to follow those dollars smuggling to survive on how does iraq. I know im Darren Jordan and a quick reminder of the top stories here on aljazeera a u. S. Diplomat has told the impeachment inquiry into President Trump he has no direct evidence the president ordered military aid to ukraine to be withheld in exchange for an investigation into his political rival the u. S. Ambassador to the European Union and other u. S. Officials say they believe the 2 were connected the white house says his testimony completely exonerated the president a lot from says the inquiry is over was there a quid pro quo as i testified previously with regard to the requested white house call and the white house meeting the answer is yes mr giuliani conveyed to secretary perry ambassador volcker and others that President Trump wanted a Public Statement from president selenski committing to investigations of the research and the 2016 election mr giuliani expressed those requests directly to the ukrainians and mr giuliani also expressed those requests directly to us. We all understood that these prerequisites for the white house call and the right white house meeting reflected President Trumps desires and requirements senior American Defense official laura cooper later told the impeachment inquiry that she found out in july that military aid to ukraine had been put on hold and the president had ordered it about 100 protesters are still inside hong kongs besieged Polytechnic University police surrounding the campus of arrested more than a 1000 people since monday International Condemnation of the treatment of the protesters is growing and the u. S. House of the proved a bill supporting human rights in hong kong. At least 11 people have been killed up to as trucks and missiles struck parts of syrias rebel held adlib province activists up blaming the Syrian Government and their regulations for targeting a camp for displaced people near the turkish border. And israels Opposition Leader benny gantz has been unable to form a Coalition Government he had until 2200 g. M. T. On wednesday to do so israels been through 2 inconclusive elections this year and a 3rd now looks likely both dance and Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu that failed to win an overall majority well those were the headlines the news continues here on aljazeera after the color statement on so much of life and. The alhambra. A muslim citadel palace. One of spains most famous spawning winds. For more than 2 and a half centuries this palace in granada was the scene of the most of. The last muslim dentist in the iberian peninsula. Now im back to say i say jack when those kids dont pick on you or a you know not study the road its not a straight up and you forget that he had pulled 80 or the day and to the court of the person about a political she would not get ticked buddha a pickle my fabulous bow but hes not just with other tonight im business there. In the early 8th century. Muslims conquered most of the i derian peninsula the province they called under seal. Her. But the compering on me was on able to drive home their success. The remnants of the former rumors the physical fights took shelter in the mountains in the north. Of them its cool to look at if you want to show that it is when you allow. The d. Day academy to be to the d. C. Allotments the. Mountains of Northern Spain would become the cradle of new christian kingdom. Thanks. Kingdoms that would start a holy war not a complete stop 3 conquered by darian peninsula and and what they saw as muslim capacious. Last. Can. Laugh at its will cause all kind of look at that and did anyone see the illusion in charlotte so you can its a party to feel it is buddy up look at their ticket then and there is an e. M. T. No i mean and also no i mean its how that hokum know i mean is that i did it. And 1031. After the fall of their made conflict of portable. Under the sea a broke up into several minor city states. Easy prey for the christian kingdom. Was needed from across the mediterranean. America she. Founded in the 11th century as capital of the moral. This berber then a stain on the success of. The young walks across the sea to under the sea and to confront the threats from the spanish christian kingdoms. Good and wonderful in it what it enough is that it also if dont know that the hut that we know thats a symbol to muddy will go to what in your feet does the sea when it was the nothing at the will so but oh heck if the let the humbug of us only as a whole jihad if it defend one if you know that those. The whole while the other one. For more than a century that it. Was held at bay. Until the year 1212 when the christian kingdoms of crusties. Are gone and portugal united against the morning its. Here east of quote about a battle. Took place which immortalized the name of this man for. Us thomas to promote. And Market Forces heavily defeated by the United States. And has amounted to what has been seen in the simulation and i can. Go to the head of this with a vote of libya why no matter how the feel about it you know if its not if. Dont and why the uk. The u. Has even and. The in a few mock of the above i dont. Pristine forces continue to press south winds and by the late 13th century the muslim presence in spain was reduced to the tiny mustard kingdom of granada. Tennis. And the media who did what was team ready and medina any. More i didnt lie thats what i mean its fuck yes and its going to faint how do you need the money idea to win with. This animal its a world where they know youre doing it hope 1000000 misdeeds is used as the wow team. In 1491. 00 united on these of the 2 christian monex is a man lost custom and can fernando provide a gong theyd siege to bring out the. Muhammad the 12th the nasir its a long sent a desperate or must for help. But this time there was no answer. Was. He. Wont come. With no sign of help appearing. In the city surrendered to the spaniards. Her mother. Her. Son her. Coming. In january 14th 92. Responded and 3 grown up. On a computer stuff. Was complete. Then we sure. Got off the. A minister who couldnt x. Could do well and fast behind a father for that he was. 1492. Marked the end of muslim rule in spain. Could. Not same year Christopher Columbus arrived back in grenada. He broke news of his discoveries to sponsor. Isabel. Was about to open the crystal. Ball the muslims were about to start fighting each other over an old title. The count of. 1453. Istanbul. No longer called constantinople was made capital of the old time and. An empire that the already made inroads into christine europe. But the soul tom was remains lay here in this mosque of the difference from. Selim the 1st came to power in 1512. 5 years later he had toppled the man looked in history in egypt and triple the size of the ultimate empire. When the altmans conquer egypt taken from the man. They can claim to be protective of the holy muslim sites mecca and medina and they feel like in harry the mantle of being kay less from shadowline of apostate cain ifs in cairo. So ponce you are one of those who did what if you knew the truth to have been covered the stone. Was a right that a good. Book hardly fit there it quite a good to be a can get away if you stumble but you dont think. You could turn it the way we can do it and hung its kind of a lot of that. But it is the. The topkapi palace. Legendary residence of the martin. Says. That 1517. The sultans awarded themselves another honor talking to. Some of. The most annoying centuries after the foundation of the kind of 6 theres. The title that slipped from the hands of arabs on the floor of. The prophet strike. The ottomans dont seem to have made a huge amount of being k. F. C. And whilst they did claim the title it was more of an honorific or something that indicated that they were 1st among muslim on it. So the ottomans were not initially in the 16th 17th 18th century really claiming to be universal muslim religious. Yet after a slow decline of. 3 centuries. The successors of these great ottomans all tones. Were turned once again to the colorful. And a desperate attempt to rescue their falling empire. The. Palace istanbul. The residence of so far not the honey the 2nd who came to the throne in 1876. He was a skilled carpenter. Crofton most of his furniture. But as he chiseled in plain the carpenter salt on was contemplating the gradual loss of territories. By the late 19th century. Much of the mighty Ottoman Empire was disappearing from the mouth. Of the yet if you know well a couple he laughed at that but if but if it got to Jemaah Islamiya thats something thats my new method of how long. And you had that wife out of chicken at. Home. And the mother that the bonus money a tiny bit of a. Bomb to meet. Those funny people more than you. But she. Had to be. A lot of you them as a mocking of the. Man but the sultans attempts to exploit the spiritual power of the title kind of could not save. A 1909 after jaime was deposed. Mythical shaw was installed as the 35th socalled of the ottoman states. And go his coronation was mocked by lavish traditional festivals in truth he was powerless. Little his book is that he divided or smaller then let the they stay down it was small the day that it up the party shouted out at me i may fade out it here because that that i can get a nice bit of the truth of that it would be a good goodbye committal got it they are. Playing. In nov 19th 14. The ultimates entered world war one on the side of the central powers. The cold evil in the name of the comics a war that is bizarre for the coming. On the other side of the treacherous western powers song im not sure. But if i can fish in the caribbean monopoly and i can back it up and have some in monopoly strategy and human up blood shelmon and when you read accounts from want to know how to suck and fuck. Her friend and said that the body of a man down with a hobby and a home without all the men would survive much. And to encourage the arabs to rise up and revolt. The british to return to the ancient power of the caliphate. And the person of. The custodian of my. Mad as shit if the same kind of disappointed i shall feel i know i would miss something when i. Get to the house and identify a. Day he had. The 1st. In june 1916. What was called the Great Arab Revolt erupted in. A desert region in the west of what is now saudi arabia. Under the. Sun. And with the help of a british officer. Lawrence. Forces of france northwards supported by the british one tacked on to from. Within 2 years in 1918 the joint forces had taken the whole of the levant and iraq. In october of that here and promised it was concluded. The ultimate suffered a humiliating defeat. In july 980. 4 months before the end of world war one. A new simple program. He was to rule over what was left of your thumb and on. Virtually nothing anatolia and his stuff. But even this would soon be lost. Just 2 days after the end of the war french or british troops marched into lucky boy in the autumn and companies of. Anatolia was divided between the western powers. To make it what do ya is it in they cant take this stand they have it. With them its with the ship in the things he on the the other one changing the bombs is strong that it has to yoke. Turkish nationalist resistance broke out. After 3 years of bloody fighting. The turks succeeded to bring on a tory. Only a stumble was left occupied. And in it was a small town now if you would by nationalist turks as a traitor. Be taken to court to select a new cousin or was laid out there like that to follow it up ill be fair cautious a little not a blush to the same instead of. The it up the shot shit is the shot i know is a monday. But i dont want the mustard instead we had sunk in india how to get a country given to us that he let. In on cairo on the 1st of november 1920. The Turkish National assembly abolished the sultanate. 2 weeks later. Midway did deep soul tone and calif. Left the dome a budget palace. The residence of ultimate rulers. Through this gate bound for exile. Up in madrid the 2nd was chosen to hold the now largely symbolic tie to come. To the kitchen with the mom says they got it down the aisle but they have it that. The next sabbath day that they make you order your push to come on the lead up to the honey thing called the lets see the. Diaz that without all the bushwalk and all molly the how to for them to leave it there altogether to be made. On the 3rd of march 19th 24th. The last vestiges of the caliphate were dismantled by the new turkish republic. The title of the universal movie slam. Title 13 centuries old. And been terminated by muslims themselves. To much the last ultimate caliph was sent into permanent exile in. Washington doing this not me im adorable i want to punish. Him a. One. Of the can be. One of the top of my. Jump. That high you feel india. The name nor love. All that to call the call that all of the. For the. Good of that heidi think that sure that. Theres a. There. That caylee is meant to be a universal figure who draws support from the misnamed community as a whole that is obviously not the case with a bucket and the fact that a long historical record also shows that when people can gain broad base consensus that caliphate automatically becomes invalidate. The caliphate is such an extraordinary entity. As an outsider i wish that the islamic world like you had something to represent them all that extra. Traditions of Political Violence or civil war what about the other side of islam which im afraid the west doesnt really. Eat. Eat eat eat eat meat. The weather still looks pretty disturbed across the good parts of the middle east at the moment heaviest rain turning to snow there pushing over towards afghanistan weve got this line of cloud which just runs across iran pushing down towards southern parts of the arabian placers all making its way further eastward so well see fabulous snow maybe 25 centimeters is a possibility into parts of afghanistan heavy downpours there into pakistan could cause some flooding little bit of a wintry mix up towards the caspian sea and just notice a little more cloud just sliding towards the levant as we go on through friday syria lebanon jordan clouding over a few spots of rain always a possibility and still a few spots of framed by friday there in sioux where pakistan still looking at some snow flurries there over towards the himalayan plats i mean while its fresh and up nicely across a good part of the Arabian Peninsula that same area cloud and rain stretches its way down across oman the u. A. E. Drying up now brightening up as we go on into friday clear skies come back in 25 celsius for doha so bad here some pleasant sunshine coming through pleasant sunshine to enjoy a good part of Southern Africa we have got some rain in the full cost of almost big and also for good parts of zimbabwe. What do you call testing about how does things in competition where there are online well i face many people saying im directly across like its playful or if you joined us on sat this is an attack on Academic Freedom and on our ability to do research and teach freely this is a dialogue myanmar is not making it very welcoming for people to come back everyone has a voice Climate Change is real d the discussion is for real and im here to talk about the solutions on aljazeera latest news as it breaks democrats did what was asked they said we will have a vote and lay out the procedures for Going Forward for the public testimony weve detailed coverage here in town plans meaning Financial Center a place that is usually teeming of shoppers during the weekends and tourists from around the world tend to have a 1000 years for this to disintegrate and thats whats choking this city. We followed the president s orders significant testimony from a top u. S. Diplomat goldman song looked says donald trump pushed officials to pressure ukraine to investigate political rivals in return for a. Jump from project statement bucks democratic president ial hopefuls keep up the pressure. Here is likely the most corrupt or president in the modern history of america. Hello and welcome im peter w. Watching aljazeera life from