The 9th Review Conference of the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention (BWC) concluded in 2022 represents a significant step forward for the convention. According to United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, the outcome of the conference is “a glimmer of hope in an overall bleak international security environment.” A major achievement was the agreement to create a working group to discuss, inter alia, compliance and verification, and the possible resumption of negotiations on a formally binding protocol, ending a 20-year deadlock that had prevented discussion of these issues in previous BWC conferences.