Allocated, but the corruption celebrations. Turned out to be much more expensive than the aid allocated, respectively, to those killed and wounded as a result of the ha, and the mother just demanded the punishment of the grand duke, well, and who was later hated in moscow as prince khadynsky, the grand duke alexandrovich, in the end, russia really didnt lose that much, it lost half of sakhalin port, but the most important thing is that this is the result of this war, which of course should be a topic for a separate conversation, this is a huge topic, but one of the results of this war is that. They stopped being afraid of this russian steamroller, the russian army, the army discredited itself, in accordance with this, germany would then develop its strategy for the first world war, no longer fearing as much as before a war on two fronts, and this , of course, played a role in subsequent events, including for russia itself, well, yes, we can add to this that the first Russian Revolution of 1905 also contributed to this , of course, the russojapanese war. Yes, the russianjapanese war, of course, is a topic for a separate conversation, follow our podcast, we will continue this topic. All episodes of the historical podcast of russia west on the swing of history can be viewed on the website of the First Channel 1tv. Ru. This is a historical podcast russia and the west on the swing of history. Today we are dealing with a controversial figure the last russian Emperor Nicholas ii. Interesting topic, family friendly. Such relationships in the royal family, because under autocracy, any step, at the very top, then resonates below, one way or another, and here, various moments are very curious, and alexeis illness, and the very fact of his late birth, because the very fact of his late birth birth, so its so understandable in a completely human way. Love for a son and so on, which influenced politics in many ways, in this sense, so i would like to remember the confrontation between mother and nikolai Maria Fedorovna and alexandra fedorovna, but these two figures, they were, of course , in a very difficult relationship, and it was not a matter of contradictions between motherinlaw and daughterinlaw, a common thing, so to speak, no, they fought. Both for influence on nicholas, but this was a struggle not for influence on nikas family person, but for political influence , because they were antipodes, if Maria Fedorovna believed that the wellbeing of the dynasty depended on the wellbeing of russia itself, therefore stability in russia is stability for dynasties, and stability for russia was largely connected with the need for certain ones. Reforms, so Maria Feodorovna supported in every possible way, and vitya, first, and then stalypin. She was ready for a Constitutional Monarchy , she was ready for concessions, because, well, in her native denmark there had long been a Constitutional Monarchy, and her sister, so to speak, ruled in england, there was also a Constitutional Monarchy there. As for alexandra feodorovna, she had a completely different position, she was categorically against any slightest concessions from nicholas ii. And in this sense it influenced. Him, because it was believed that everything should be left as it is now to the little one, that is, or a ray of sunshine, as she called, so to speak, her son, so everything should be left to the little one, i understand, everyone should understand, so to speak, the mothers desire, so to speak , to do everything for the good of her son, but she, well, i dont know, maybe the parallel is not very appropriate and even rude to some. Extent, but, well, peter the great sacrificed his son for the sake of russia, and alexander fedina thought that russia was obliged to do everything. Only for the sake of everything remaining as before for the little one, she, having accepted orthodoxy, accepted some kind of mystical, somewhat hysterical version, despite the fact that she listened to lectures at oxford on philosophy, she in every possible way strengthened nicholas ii, who still, he was somewhat more skeptic about some mystical things, he was also infected by them, but to a lesser extent, in that his power was chosen by god. Is that any attempts against his power these are crimes against gods will, she supported him in this, she wrote to him about this, she cultivated to a certain extent some of his personal stubbornness, when she wrote to him shortly before the february revolution that all ministers are fools, the generals are idiots, literally in almost these words, yes, in what is needed, you must be peter peter, you must be ivan the terrible, you must hit the table with your fist, that is, she tried to make ivan the terrible out of him, out of nikolai, yes, that was well absolutely. Russia, but his wifes influence grew sharply, of course, during the first world war, when he went to headquarters and when he trusted in petrograd, petersburg with the beginning of the first world war, as everyone remembers, was renamed from germanspeaking petersburg to russianspeaking petrograd, when he he trusted her most of all, when the influence of rasputin and his wife, state affairs, in general, were in the hands of, well, what is called a clique, a court clique, this discredited the monarchy itself, because they disagreed about it rumors, rumors repeatedly exaggerated the influence of iratins wife, and nicholas himself began to be perceived as some kind of completely henpecked person, which in fact he was not, to the extent that it was presented, all this together, of course, hit the authority of the monarchy, as the figure of rasputin, a clever man , a peasant who played on these. Mystical moods of the royal couple, who supposedly treated alexei, of course, of course, he did not treat him, of course, he could not treat him, was also striking, especially since then hemophilia cannot be treated at all they knew how, since putin managed to creep into trust, and thats why nikolai valued him, because for nikolai it was a connection with the people, here is razutin, who blows his nose in the curtain, who gets drunk, debauched and writes about it himself, notes to the emperor , nikolai did not understand this at all, how much this would discredit the emperor, he really looked much more soberly at all this mysticism and other matters than alexander feodorovna, this is pointless. I think what prevailed here was that since putin was not expelled, he did not want to upset alexandra fedorovna. And this is also very important, of course, very important, because stalepin, who also tried, so to speak , to talk to the sovereign about rasputin, heard from him the following yes, but. I cant, i cant , i cant, from the emperor, this, of course, is dictated by purely family , personal relationships, yes, he saw a lot, but he couldnt, because then he would have upset alexandra fedor, but at the same time, advice from our friend, like this in correspondence, friend with a capital letter yes, he accepts, accepts, he accepts, including in personnel policy, too, but also, but also not most often far from. Again through alexandra fedorovna, here is her role, a huge role, russia is sliding towards war, russia concludes after the russianjapanese war, an agreement on the division of spheres of influence with england, cedes, accordingly, what is called the big game ends, well, this stage of the big game ends, meaning the confrontation between russia and england in the east, russia cedes the sphere of influence in tibet, russia undertakes to comply with the demarcation lines with afghanistan, russia is leaving central and southern iran, irans spheres of influence have been divided, by the way, a small detail , because of this, for a long time the railways went only from west to east, and did not go from north to south, so as not to intersect the spheres of influence of england and russia, god forbid, that they dont compete, well, yes, but russia is gradually sliding towards the first world war, russia tried, nicholas ii tried to prevent something there, like by corresponding with wilhelm, but in the end, it started anyway, but the emperor was warned that i didnt see fighting, i predicted that after the russianjapanese war decades of calm were needed, stolypin would say almost the same thing verbatim, yes, give me 20 years of peace, but where did i get 20 years of peace then, nicholas ii, all this advice from different people, and bad, witt and stalypin, each mutually did not tolerate each other, yes, but they were sober people, but they were absolutely in this, of course. What is nikolai doing . Russia finds itself in the first world war, which as a result cost russia, first, then the october revolution. The only thing in one thing can be said about nicholas iis justification. Only uh, that if he got into the russianjapanese to a large extent on his own initiative, then here the water drain simply sucked in a weak swimmer, so to speak, uh, the situation was just that, nikolai also didnt want to fight, and yet, hes in this water came in and he sucked it in. Here it must be said, of course, that it is a wellknown fact that all the warring countries were not ready for war, no one expected it to last so long. Russia turned out to be more unprepared than everyone else. Well, teliran at one time during the french revolution, he said that everyone is to blame for the revolution, in general, it seems to me that yes, nicholas ii. Of course, a significant share of the blame lies on his shoulders. But many are to blame, the revolutionaries are to blame, the tsar is to blame, the liberals, who, so to speak, played at war, played at war in many ways, if we talk about the personality of nicholas ii, and look at him in another critical situation in the first Russian Revolution, lets go back a little now, then, too, this idea about spinelessness, his behavior does not demonstrates, it must be said, that during the first. Revolution, which begins , well, with a terrible story, with bloody sunday , which the tsar knew about, that is, not a bloody resurrection, but the fact that troops are preparing to disperse the rebels with armed force, this is also a separate big topic of the first Russian Revolution, but nevertheless he treats this completely calmly , he mobilizes troops, gives dictatorial powers to grand Duke Vladimir alexandrovich, whom he will then again thank for what happened, and uh his reaction is as follows his documents have been preserved, right . Vitto reports, vitto then held the post, after the manifesto of october 17, after the first attempt to establish a Constitutional Monarchy took place in russia, takes the post of prime minister, reports on the commander of the punitive expedition in the baltic provinces, who in general shows excessive enthusiasm, massive floggings , executions without trial and so on, that means the highest resolution on the report, wow, well done, yes, that means they are being shot several dozen are dying man, nikolai, the resolution, its a pity that its not enough, the same thing, the law on courtsmartial is introduced on the initiative of stalypin, but nikolai forbids him to submit a petition for pardon, and there, despite the fact that there was a certain city that rebelled there, peacefully after the negotiations were brought to obedience, nikolai imposed a resolution, all this was preserved, it was necessary to destroy the entire city , that is, once. This is all like an attempt on his unlimited godgiven autocratic power, this is this cruelty, tenderness in the family, and a good simian, this cruelty after all, she was also present in character, this is a historical podcast of russia and the west on the swing of history, we are discussing nicholas today, the question is nicholas ii, is this really the main culprit of the revolution, or what, these are the problems that have been revealed. The first world war, or is it after all, of course, therefore, of course, answering the Traditional Russian question, who is to blame, of course, it is indisputably to blame, but once again i repeat talerans phrase that everyone is to blame for the revolution, including the west, since since we are talking about the topic of russia, the west, it is undeniable the west is also to blame, the west supported, not only. The liberals, the cadets, lets say, yes, but it supported in every possible way, and after the revolution, by the way, many believed that the revolutionary center, well, after the february revolution, the revolutionary center was in the english embassy, and the british ambassador, george bugnan, is almost the organizer, so to speak, of everything, this is a very strong exaggeration, there were reasons. Supported in the most active way, well, first of all, they themselves admitted, the same bukin about this wrote that in order for russia not to leave the war, that is, they wanted the russian soldier to fight to the end, to the last russian in general, including in the interests of britain. Here, but at the same time, in general , they looked through their fingers even at the radical, the radicals themselves. The west is also very guilty in the Russian Revolution, they were mistaken once again, they miscalculated, of course, they counted on the victory of the moderates, in the end, the maximalists came to power, and in many ways, yes, thanks to the west, after all, i would say that the Russian Revolution is still first and foremost internal problem, of course, no, first of all, yes, again, if we return to the first Russian Revolution, then here is a very characteristic episode with how the famous manifesto of october 17, 1905 was signed, which almost made russia a Constitutional Monarchy, why almost not, because it was then actually cancelled, largely canceled, during the socalled. Coup in 907, in general, the behavior of the kings personality again at this moment, we mentioned bloody sunday, after bloody sunday the tsar, this also needs to be guessed from a propaganda point of view, forgave the workers for the disorder that occurred , wonderful, yes, and this was published, i quote you allowed yourself to be drawn into delusion by the traitors of the enemies of our homeland, strikes and rebellious gatherings only excite the crowd to such the unrest that has always forced and will force the authorities to resort to and this inevitably causes innocent victims, i know that the life of a worker is not easy, many things need to be improved, streamlined, but the rebellious crowd it is criminal to declare not ones demands, it was capons idea, which was actually a manifestation of the idea, which also received the support of the authorities at the time, police socialism, cooperation of the police with moderate workers organizations, as in the spirit of faith in a good king, to a good king, it means to present a petition, the petition was radical, to be honest, but what could be done, many. Contemporaries wrote about it, accept a deputation of workers, graciously talk to them, stall for time, reach some compromises, this is not even is being considered, yes, it is not even discussed, resulting in punitive measures and a sharp decline in authority, because the nickname bloody appears after the bloody resurrection of 905, and the number of victims of which is still disputed from several hundred to more than a thousand, and its definitely quite difficult to deal with this issue, in general, of course, theres a lot of confusion there, bloody. No, well, all this is added to the piggy bank, so to speak, the nickname of bloody nicholas, when the tsar signs the manifesto, he didnt want the manifesto written by witt, witt understood, what to save the monarchy in in the conditions of a general strike , which could escalate into an armed uprising, the army is already thinking in that direction, it is taking action, the manifesto was such a kind of tranquilizer pill, the tsar did not want to convince Maria Feodorovna until the last moment. Which you were talking about, he convinces him to sign the manifesto, he is convinced by grand duke nikolai nikolaevich, the tsars uncle, who threatens to shoot himself in front of his eyes if the tsar does not sign, the tsar signed was very offended, he believed that the manifesto was snatched from him, he did not understand what is what saved the monarchy, the most lenient ones towards nicholas were the marxists, in the sense that they believed that no matter what nicholas did, no matter how he behaved, no matter what the reasons were, the revolution was still inevitable. Nikolais collapse was predetermined, in brezhnevs time, in my opinion, a joke appeared that Nikolai Aleksandrovich romanov should be posthumously awarded the order of the october revolution for his Great Services in creating a revolutionary situation in russia, in general, there is some truth in the joke, yes, yes, yes, when events begin in petrograd, too a separate big topic, the february revolution, the events began with lines for bread, of course, yes, there are many conspiracy theories. But it all started with lines for bread, no bread was brought to the capital, but this is already a suicidal story , nikolai, being at headquarters, does not understand what is happening in petrograd, and he believed that all this could be calmed down again with punitive measures, and then he agreed to the ministry of peoples confidence, but then, when the question was already raised, he was again late again, so good phrase, he was late, in fact, the entire reign of nicholas, this is permanent. According to the assignment for the train, i would say this, when we talked about peter the great, i once said that russia, at that historical moment pulled the joker out of the deck, because it was very successful, very timely, and as for nicholas ii, well, if i used the same terminology, i would say that, unfortunately, russia pulled out a six, even a six surrounded by other cards, gur in this case, it can change the situation, but this is the inability to choose people, its a misfortune that he is surrounded by mediocre people who push him, in general , he doesnt mind the stupidity that he says, yes, he didnt know how to choose people, of course, nicholas ii alone could not be the culprit of the revolution, all the crises, unsuccessful wars , theres an interesting thing here, when russias head of russia turned out to be such a notquitefit monarch, then the russian ruling class, the nobility, had a wellknown method, which the highest Russian Society was able to do, seeing that the king. They killed putin once, and even then not the first time, at most did, yes, there were rumors about a palace coup, they talked about a palace coup , they talked, talked, talked, talked, but the february revolution turned out to be unexpected, this is a very interesting historical turn, today we talked about the figure of nicholas ii, a very controversial figure, to the best of our ability tried to figure it out, goodbye, it was a historical podcast, russia and the west on the swing of history. Hello, my name is alexey varlamov, i am a writer and rector of the gorky literary institute, this is a life podcast wonderful. And today we will talk with an excellent writer, prose writer, associate professor of the department of literary excellence at the literary institute, Andrei Valerievich gelasimov. Andrey valerievich is a famous writer, author of many novels, short stories, novellas, thirst, steppe gods, the year of deception. And the topic of our conversation today with Andrei Valerievich is literature about the great patriotic war, the echo of the great war, the generation of people who fought. Almost all the books that they could write have already passed away, and the theme of the great war Andrei Valerievich did not leave our lives, why do you think . Well, you know, Alexey Nikolaevich, this topic will be around for a very long time, firstly, because not much time has passed, and secondly, literature requires really large time periods to understand such largescale events, well, lets just remember that Lev Nikolaevich tolstoy wrote about the great war of 1812, more than half a century later, and he had no relation to it and did not participate in it, he could not due to his age, but nevertheless, it was very important for him, uh, to try to analyze what was happening to the people, primarily to his country, at the time of the great threat, and these dramatic times, of course, will always be of interest to writers, another thing is that the view of a contemporary and accomplice. Of events is very different from an attempt at analysis after, say, half a century or even 70 years , but why do you think this happened . The question is often asked why war and peace have not been written about the great patriotic war, and why so many books have not appeared about the war of the twelfth year written by participants in this war, how much has been written about the great patriotic war, why is the situation exactly the opposite here . More has been written, but thats just all. That the culture has changed, the cultural code has changed, and there are simply more people writing, literature in the 19th century, you know this very well, was still the lot of aristocratic circles, in the 20th century everything happened, in a completely different regime, firstly, the Education System has changed, more literate people have appeared, endowed with culture and writing, so i think the participants of the great patriotic war wrote more than the participants. What are your favorite books . Vasil bykov was very important to me and remains boris vasiliev. Azor comes from the elements and not even thanks to the wonderful film, in fact, the most powerful prose of this story, wonderful. I once read an article by a karelian writer , petrozavodsky, i think his name was dmitry gusarov, also a writer who fought in the great patriotic war, and it was such a very harsh critical article against the story boris vasiliev. The meaning of which was that he invented everything, this did not exist, there were no such girls, zenichits, there were no such things in karelia, the situation that i wrote is impossible, i must say that i willingly believe that it may not be there was, but this absolutely does not detract from the dignity of this story, it is still beautiful, well, yes, here a very interesting topic arises, that there is such a literal, documentary truth about the war, and there is still the artists right to fiction, nikolaevich himself tolstov too. They reproached him and said that it was not like that, and napoleon was not like that, and kutuzov was not like that, and the battle of borodino was not like that, but through literature we perceive it this way, and boris vasiliev, i m not even with this very important topic, it contains there is Alexey Nikolaevich, in this story, the most important thing that was obviously not taken into account is this critic you are talking about, in it there is a story about the actions of people, actions that, in fact, are a feat when they sacrifice their lives. As it was reported there, local battles are underway, yes, vasiliev plays, it seems to me, on a very important counterpoint, that the battles are of local importance, but there is only one life, these girls and foreman vaskov do incredible things, well, yes, probably the girls could not resist, the zenichitsy girls, not would be able to resist carefully trained, saboteurs from the sss troops, probably no, yes, paratroopers, but this one, yes, it looks implausible, but this counterpoint, that such things are done in incredible circumstances, and he works in this in this stories when vaskov caught these at the end surviving nazis, he says there, he names the number, i dont remember exactly, there , lets say, i had seven girls, seven, but you didnt make it, this is a monumental remark, you must agree, for this reason, in fact, i m sure that for the sake of this remark the whole thing was written, it. it doesnt matter , because yes, its important, a message about a feat, about a personal feat, small, insignificant, there from the point of view of a big war of a person, just an ordinary person, but here in this in the case of women, which seems to me, gives even colossal meanings, then there is a woman in the war this is a completely separate story, and, by the way, it is very interesting that in the soviet, in the Russian Military prozedtsa. Centuries there is almost no pacifism, despite the fact that it is rather the western european literary tradition, when they write about war, the theme of pacifism is very important, but we really have a theme of heroism , and not because the communist party ordered it, and not because the censorship there didnt let something through, there were some pacifist notes, pacifist themes, there at akudzhavas ostaya has wonderful books, wonderful authors, but still, the main pressing motive was precisely the feat of vasil, of gondrev, whom i love very much and who was not very recognized and kindly treated by the soviet authorities, but still this the theme of the feat really turned out to be central in that literature, you know, this is connected with the awareness of the events taking place, with the awareness on a personal level of both the authors and heroes of these books, because if we , for example, look at the book of a remark on the western front without changes, then yes we we see one very important detail, where one of the heroes says to the other but im a meaningless soldier, im nothing at all, im just a pair of boots and a rifle, and if you remember, during the first world war, this is the western front, it was a confrontation germany and france, for 3 years they really stood in one place, the front did not move in one direction or the other, from here the thoughts naturally arose that all this was absurd, that it was just a meat grinder that grinds people in one place, its unclear for the sake of some. Goals, thats what was important , the remark sounded, in our war in the great patriotic war, there a completely different theme arises, arises, firstly, the theme of overcoming the enemy who came to your land and behaving inhumanely, there from humanistic points of view, and positions, firstly, in the first world war, the same remark did not have a war with civilians, he has scenes where german soldiers run away just to have fun with french girls, right . We cant have Something Like this, so that means there are german soldiers there had fun, went with the girls, had fun with the russians, that is, well, a lot of questions arise, yes, russian girls somehow i dont think that they were very welcoming to the german soldiers, there may have been isolated cases, but so to say this as typical , no, there was a clear understanding of the enemy, so after this, since they are enemies, it means overcoming the enemy , the enemy must. Be expelled, he is terrible, terrible, dangerous, i think this awareness distinguished russian soldiers from the soldiers of the first world war, therefore, notes of pacifism, existing we simply could not have a remark, okay, but this is still the literature of the 2nd century, and lets focus on what is happening in the twentieth century, here from my point of view, well, i would name several large, interesting, bright works, i would still start with a book by a writer who was in the war. And who managed to write this book is such a Legendary Russian soviet writer, the patriarch, as they would say, of soviet literature, daniil granin, yes, daniil granin, whom we love. Or evenings with peter great, zubor, and timofey, im going into a thunderstorm, of course, somehow i didnt even keep it in my head that granin actually fought, suddenly at the very end of his life this man writes a novel, not even a novel, a short story about the war, a story , which is called my lieutenant, ill honestly tell you, when i read this story, i caught myself thinking, why didnt you write about this before, daniil alexandrovich, but this is much more interesting than evenings with peter the great, this book struck me with its freshness, he wrote to him for more than 90 years i will, yes, with my own personal view , personal attitude to the war, then this very important topic, about which a lot has also been written, the blockade of leningrad, the battle for leningrad, this is how it began, how this blockade was established, all this like this. Sincerely written in the first person, in my opinion, absolutely wonderful , young, full of energy of storytelling, i really think that this is such, well , its really a very bright phenomenon in russian literature, by the way, its no coincidence that granin received a big prize book, if we talk about the freshness, by the way, of this text is very curious, here is the initiation of the text, how it starts, in general, at times in a conversation about the war, when we watch a film about the great patriotic war or read a book, uh, one of the most important points is the description of how the hero receives information about the beginning of the war, that is, the initiation and events, and here i was surprised by the scene of how the hero actually receives this knowledge, and it is told in an erotic context, if you remember, he meets a beautiful young girl, on sunday, that means a wonderful sunny day, they go somewhere into the forest, which means, and he says that my intentions were far from restrained, thats why they go further into the forest and he says, and i understood why we were going there and she understood, what i understand, it means that all this happens in such a game structure, in nature, suddenly, it means, some voices are heard, steps, someone is walking, these jump up, frightened, the lieutenants approach, he doesnt look at them pays attention very much, which means he simply tells them you cant go here, leave here, quickly and it means that some soldiers are running with him, they are already drawing some lines of communication. This very strong junction gives rise to such a contrast before the transition, when the hero had not yet understood, we said we were riding back on the train , laughing, people were already talking about war and i still didnt understand anything, this wonderful transition was made for me in a very new way, i read a lot of books about the war, here granin surprised me, really with the freshness of his view, how strange and absurd great things are happening to us that can no longer be changed, thats what he succeeded here. As a writer, and this is of course for the patriarch of literature, for a ninetyyearold author, of course, this is a great achievement, yes, this is a very young book, really its very, very cool, very human, its very personally written, despite the fact that it on an epic scale, unfortunately, its not very big, so im saying why im sorry that he took it up late, its really there, well, maybe not war and peace, but some kind of book in which this is the penetration of war and peace , these two different states then. Soviet society, he could show, but for what he did, we must say a huge thank you to him, to our viewers, yes, this book, if anyone has not read it, is a must read , my grandfather also fought, but he never said anything about the war, he died quite early, if he had lived a little longer, of course i would have tried to get him to talk anyway, but at that moment i was a child, but if a person doesnt want to talk, that means he doesnt want to. To tell, but we had such a very an interesting story at the school where i studied, ah, an ordinary Moscow Special school, but there was a museum in it, a museum of military glory, it was some kind of informal, not like some kind of formal bureaucratic thing, no, it was really a very serious story , we had such a wonderful geography teacher, olga alekseevna goricheva, her name was, so she came up with the idea of making a museum of military unit 9903. I must say that this military unit was very unusual, this is the same unit in which she fought. Kosmodemskaya, that is, in fact, it was the part that i was preparing these reconnaissance and sabotage groups, which were abandoned, it was done in the fall of fortyone, they were thrown behind the front line, so that they would carry out their own sabotage in the occupied territory, mostly there were young girls, young boys, those who had no military training, komsomol members who came as volunteers to enroll in the war there and were asked if you would like to take part in this history, those of them who survived, they came to our school, met with us, and i remember one veteran, so cheerful with gray hair, and he said well, how can i tell you how. How it should be or how it was . She says how it was, thats what exactly he said, i dont remember now, its a pity that i dont remember, but i remember Something Else these veterans came, it was always december 6, the day when our counteroffensive began near moscow, when the germans were repulsed , some of them came with many, many, which means orders, while others had almost none, well, a childs consciousness, which means this one fought well, and this one maybe i fought somehow worse, i remember someone had this thought, well somehow. Or asked some question, why did my uncle have so many medals, and this guy has so many, i remember the harsh answer that its nothing does not mean that very often worthy people did not receive medals, for example, i never knew, my grandfather, like yours, also did not talk very much about the war, well, he told some things, but for example, he never said for that i received an award, and then some years passed, even after the publication of the novel, and. One of my good friends helped me with in the archives to find documents, award sheets, in the archives of the ministry of defense, award sheets for my grandfather, so i received the details with trepidation and began to read and read that on september 15, 1945, in such and such a district, such and such a battle took place collision, the commander of the gun of the second battery of the 817th regiment, anton afanasyevich gelasimov, skillfully fired from his gun, aiming it at direct fire, personally repelled the japanese counterattack, destroying eight eight japanese soldiers, and then i read a little lower, well, there is the year of birth, what medal is awarded, and below it is written, since 1943 he has not participated in combat operations in the red army , so i am starting to think, that is, this is the first battle, that is, a person arrived and found himself in a military situation, the person there at that moment is 26 years old, and this is howitzer artillery, i always knew this from my grandfather, the howitzer battery is located, Alexey Nikolaevich, always slightly behind the infantry, they hit over the heads of our soldiers at the enemy, further there, they are slightly in the rear, which means in the Infantry Battle formations, it means the infantry rolled back here, further, he personally repelled the enemys counterattack, but its clear that there was a breakthrough from the japanese, the infantry moved back, reached the howitzer battery, and those smoking artillery sitting here suddenly saw that all this was rushing, instead of, which means to say, they grabbed their heads helmets to run away, they begin to lower their howitzers, and their barrel should be slightly at an angle like this, because it hits with a canopy far away, about 20 kilometers away, and it says, i say again, direct fire, and i understand that they manage to seeing these fractions of seconds, minutes, it means that the enemy is rolling towards them, and the retreating soldiers, start lowering the barrel, this takes time, it means giving some commands, yes, lower the barrel, time is passing, these are getting closer, closer, closer, at this moment a huge projectile you need to fill the breech, a shot, another shot, another shot, and the enemys counterattack is repelled , i keep thinking, 26 years old, first battle, you find yourself in such a situation, im even scared to imagine myself in the place of my grandfather, and he Alexey Nikolaevich never didnt tell me about this, i read it from handwritten. Notes from his commander, that is, well, maybe there was no need to tell them about it, that is, i didnt want glory, maybe i didnt need it, but it just really turns out that this is our idea of the war , its really not complete, here its interesting to see how different generations react to the same event, that is, if in the prose of the lieutenants we hear the voice of a participant in the events, and there the objectivity of what is happening is directly felt, you are specifically in this situation, when you read, bonddarevs phrase literally at the very beginning of the novel, and the sand in the hot snow stuck to his teeth, yes, that is, the sand creaks on his teeth, and when you read, you understand that a man is walking and running, he was inhaled, this sand is creaking, this sand is creaking on seryozha samsonov cannot have teeth, because he perceives the war on a different level, he was not there, he did not get dust in his mouth at the time of the attack, yes, he did not sit in that one. He really perceives it from the point of view of mythology, like homers, yes, he looks for generalizations in it, this already another generation of some generalizing principles, elements, and so on. Boeshov relies on the tradition of herman melville, and the white, white tiger, the white tiger is very reminiscent of the white whale, moby dick from this novel, and his hero himself, this Ivan Ivanovich naydenov, in my opinion, he calls him this, this is clearly the captain ahab, captain ahab , who with a harpoon rushes across the seas and oceans , just to kill this personified evil, this strange white whale, yes, and here is a white tiger, and a white tank, so as you can see. Ill repeat it again, if specific prose the lieutenants impresses us with the effect of presence, its as if we were once in a trench, right there next to you, as if someone is about to tap you on the shoulder and say, brother, leave the smoke, that is, here we already have such people, i dont i know, if you want, mythological, the distance necessary for this mythology to be created in war has already appeared, but this is a good mythology, it will be so correct of course bring your own view and so on, the topic is inexhaustible, so i hope that people will continue to write, because you know, not so long ago, i think we were a year or a year and a half ago, we were filming a documentary film ticket to war for one channel, we filmed it with students from the literary institute, they were in the frame, we showed them, that means weve arrived near st. Petersburg, it means that this is where the oreshek fortress stands, there is a Railway Station nearby, and there is a small one that seems to be practically. Private, but it is clear that it is not private, but such a small museum, of this Railway Station, where they were formed these trains that came from the mainland, delivered, as soon as the opportunity arose to stretch the railway line and break the blockade, then these trains were coming, it was all shaking, these rails stood on logs, there were practically no sleepers, yes, one one of my students, it means that this museum worker is standing and asking if they were shot at at that time when they were building this, yes, all the time, that is , bombers fly all the time, howitzer artillery hits, its located 15 km away, yes there, behind the bastard, it directly hits where the crossing is being built, where the railway is being built, and this road was extremely important, because the first Food Supplies to besieged leningrad went along it, my student asks how the bombs got into the road, she says, yes, so it says it was destroyed, so they built it, it was destroyed, she says yes, he says and how . He says, well, they built it, i remember the surprise of my students, and these photographs of the people there, the machinists, who were just like some kind of hollywood superheroes, Alexey Nikolaevich, she told me about one, he says, he was just an ace, you know what he did, uh , as soon as the train left, german intelligence received information there from their reconnaissance planes, attack aircraft immediately flew out to bomb this train, which means they were flying out, so what, he says, he learned how to do it, he maneuvered, can you imagine maneuvering on rails, neither left nor right, you cannot turn, therefore you can only maneuver with speed, he hears, attack aircraft are following him, they are carrying bombs, yes machine guns and so on, he slams on the brakes, she says, backs up, and releases clouds of steam in which the locomotive is hiding, imitates being hit, the mesters say, they will circle, circle, leave, he is quiet. Quietly, without turning on the lights, he crawls on, i saw his photographs, an amazingly beautiful man, these people are invincible, yes, yes, yes, yes, well, thank you very much, Andrey Valerievich for this conversation, this was a podcast, the life of the wonderful, with you alexey varlamov, writer, rector of the literary institute, we talked about the heroes of the great patriotic war about modern writers who write about war. Hello, the program is on air in andreevs studio. Main events of the day. New attacks on the gas strip, an air raid alert in israel and the latest data on hamas hostages. What the two