The belarusian one. In moscow, and this is the heraldry of russian cities, yaroslavl, st. Petersburg, moscow, nizhny novgorod, in the year thirtyseven, this episode with his speech in defense of this monument, it practically coincided with his problems in the union of architects, on letter in defense of the arc de triomphe, yezhov wrote to khrushchev that shyusev is an old fool, he already has problems, and he also speaks out in defense of some monuments. Thanks to shusev , fragments of the sukharev tower and the cathedral of christ the savior were preserved. He saved tens of thousands of samples, drawing measurements, photographs, and layouts. To take care of what was created by people and for people is an idea that Alexey Viktorovich shusev carried throughout his entire life. Shusev is real everywhere, an architect cannot build well if he does not believe in what he is doing. Chusif, he was sincere when we asked. Was sincere, and when he designed the new moscow, he was sincere, and when he built the kgb building, he was sincere, he was a statesman, he was a russian man, komsomolskaya ring road, almost 190,000 people come here every day, how many of them manage to stop and look around, consider one of the most beautiful metro stations in the world, station komsomolskaya, this is such a swan song, what draws the line , it has everything, all his personal aspirations, a few churches, a little officialdom, well, really, if you cut through any metro station, you will see a bosilical section, well, everything is clear there, a temple, but he did what he knew best to do, build a church, he built it, a church, with mosaics, with gold, shusev would not live to see its opening. The komsomolskaya ring road will be completed and launched in 1952, 3 years after the death of the great architect. He will never be destined to see his last underground church, a place that brings together not only believers. Well, today nicholas ii is a rather controversial figure, even for convinced monarchists, because many criticized nicholas for leaving his post, deserted from the post of gods anointed, and even more so for others, especially after the revolution, which is why the controversial figure in soviet times was called the bloody nicholas, now par excellence. Nicholas the martyr, so there is something to deal with, in general, the person is really interesting, yes, and quite often you can hear the point of view according to which the Russian Revolutions are a consequence of weakness of will, weak character, mistakes made by nicholas ii, now if it werent for nicholas, if only there had been someone else in this place, at least alexander ii, then perhaps the revolution didnt happen, vid, thats what he said in particular, so well figure it out, probably, hello, this is historical. Russia and the west on the swing of history, with you Pyotr Romanov and sergei solov, we will understand the fate of the last russian emperor. Its interesting to remember about upbringing. Nicholas, because in general, a lot is laid, naturally, in youth, some, the main traits, they tried to educate, in general, all the main, so to speak, historical figures, nikolai, lets say, raised alexander ii, physical activity, preparation, education of such a man, you cant complain, and so on, very tough. Education, alexander ii did the same with his son, the same method was used in the education of nicholas ii, he turned out to be a really very strong, formal person, very strong physically, physically strong, he says that he spun the sun on the horizontal bar, he was a good rower, however, in order to govern, especially a country like russia, one has to turn the sun. Not enough, and not even necessary, and not even necessary, irrelevant, here, but a teacher, so to speak, life, especially politics, philosophy and so on, he had a wellknown conservative victorious, who was his fathers teacher, to what extent this upbringing really reflected on, so to speak, the figure with nikolai is difficult to say, because when they asked the same victoriousness, what about his students, so to speak, first alexander ii, then nicholas, he shrugged his shoulders, he didnt know, in general, what had reached, what had not reached, if we talk about education, then still one pobedonostsev has a thing, and not only pobedonostsev, from the entire russian context, nicholas ii precisely learned that it is necessary to protect the beginning of an unshakable autocracy, and his famous reservation in the coronation speech, when he had already become emperor, he called dreams of in parliament senseless, in the 1897 census , he also filled out the corresponding form, in the occupation column he wrote master of the russian land, thats exactly how he felt until the very end of his reign, master of the russian land, thats how adequate it was to the reality of that time, this is big question. Its interesting that the very beginning of his reign, all his predecessors, in general, came with some fairly specific program. Well, not a plan, maybe specific actions, but still paul changed everything that catherine did, alexander i changed a lot of what paul did, nicholas ii, after the decembrist uprising, with surprise, say, considered the police case in general when it was organized in russia and alexander ii created the gendarmerie state, so to speak, great reforms, he practically reintroduced his policy. Alexander ii largely disagreed with the liberal initiatives of his father, also counterreforms, of course, counterreforms, yes, with which nicholas ii came. With nothing, he did not have any plans of his own, in general the force of inertia acted , such that in both domestic and Foreign Policy he tried to continue his fathers work to some extent, well, in the internal one we can remember, lets say that he thank you lord, i continued my fathers economic undertakings, monetary, so to speak, these reforms, yes, and as for Foreign Policy, well, alexander ii is famous, he was called a peacemaker, yes, and he really, in general, was a man of a nonmilitary nature, in any case he did not fight, he had the only serious war, a customs war with germany, economically he defended the russian wallet , so to speak, he was the master, so he was really some kind of master of the russian land, he was interested in, say, pacifist ideas, and Something Like that, disarmament and so on, all this fell on his table, but he uh sympathizing with this, he threw it aside because he believed that it was something utopian, and nicholas ii, well, well , one could say, so, figuratively speaking, he took from the basket what his dad had thrown away, tried, so to speak, this. This heres a peacekeeping idea or something to implement, well, then there were several such famous works that really had an impact on society, it was such an austrian baroness von sutter, she lived in russia for quite a long time, she wrote , so to speak, such a pocifiist book, down with weapons, this the book was very popular back then in response to the opinion of the then still young emperor, nicholas took this into account and a Diplomatic Mission was created. As a matter of fact, here are the first two hague disarmament conferences in this and the great merit of nicholas and russian diplomacy , it must really be noted, perhaps somewhat reducing the pathos, that these conferences were beneficial for russia, why russia was losing the arms race, yes, because then we mainly associate the arms race there with the times of the cold war, and so further, in fact, there was an arms race in the field of the navy, between Great Britain and germany, first of all , germany and france, Great Britain and france, russia was clearly completely lagging behind, so introducing the idea of disarmament was beneficial to russia, despite the fact that at the same time, russia pursued a rather aggressive policy in the far east, which is why there was some kind of living contradiction here, there is a widespread myth that nicholas ii was a characterless person, so its probably worth saying about this right away, that he wasnt spineless, so. He was sure of his chosenness by god, but he had a quality, i think youll agree, uh, he was amazingly incapable of selecting people for himself, he inherited all of his fathers ministers, another minister, in my opinion, it was garimykin then from the post of minister of internal affairs or bad, now im afraid to make a mistake, he was leaving, it was necessary to appoint someone new, and uh, nicholas ii turned for advice to two opposing figures in his circle , victorious and witte, they neither with each other what did not coincide, polar views. They asked, what about pleiwe, the candidate and sipyagin . Witty was such a courtier, an intriguer, and he answered very vaguely, saying that plevya, of course , is a man of great intelligence, but in the modern situation the mind is not flexible enough, and his methods are not honest enough, they can cause criticism, there are social problems there and so on, and sepyagin is a man, of course, a most honest, honest man, but not clever enough in the current situation, he was not a victorious courtier, he answered simply sepyagin is a fool, spit scoundrel. What did nicholas ii do . He first appointed sepyagin, who was killed by the ssr, then plevya, who was also killed by the ssr. This is the brightest illustration. That is, he did not listen to smart advisers, even if they had polar views, even when they coincided ; he appointed people, in general, who, among other things, pushed the country towards revolution, the first Russian Revolution. And finally, one more thing, it is known what influence it had on nicholas ii. Provided by herman. Emperor velhelm, it s a very interesting point, alexander ii was very contemptuous of velhelm, he called him a dancing dervish, because he had such a gait, as alexander ii said, like a pros officer who wobbles when he walks, and he alexander ii was such a straightforward person, big, large, and he suppressed this wilhelm, absolutely, you see there is a scene where wilhelm runs to the pyronic meeting alexander ii to give him an overcoat, and when our power changed and nicholas ii came, the roles changed diametrically, wilhelm simply psychologically put pressure on nicholas and he succumbed, including, he pushed him to war in the far east, because it was beneficial to germany, and nikolai succumbed. Yes, he called him there, i dont know, the admiral, so to speak, of the Pacific Ocean there in the far east, that is, how did he not seduce him so that he would attack, well, i must say that there was no need to seduce nikolai much, he wanted to go to the far east, and witte himself teased his appetites, because when the agreement on the Chinese Eastern Railway was concluded in moscow in 1896, russia ran a railway. To vladivostok through the northern manzhuria received the opportunity, well, formally, this railway was the property of a jointstock company, in fact it was the russian territory of this railway, russia gained predominant influence there, began to peacefully develop northern mancheria, but nicholas ii was carried away, on the initiative of wilhelm, indeed, the germans captured itself a port in china, and russia seized port, violating its own agreement with china, and on the protection of its territorial territory. Integrity, which would actually allow russia to have preferences in china through peaceful means, then there was the boxer uprising, the hatuan uprising in china, russia suppresses it, among other things, Russian Troops also enter beijing led by general linevich, well, they robbed, not without this, but russia does not withdraw troops from vanjuria, after the uprising was suppressed, the japanese ask, when will you withdraw your troops, what does russia answer, russia is silent, in general, about the great risks of this war, he was warned by the same kuropatkin, who visited japan a year before. Minister of war, i saw with my own eyes, so to speak, the potential of the japanese, so he was aware of all these matters, and then he had to conduct combat operations. Vite also warned, and then he had to overcome the failure and conduct very difficult negotiations with the japanese about peace, in portsmouth, yes, yes in portsmouth, he did everything possible, it seems, nevertheless he ceded half of sakhalin, his, therefore, well, nikolai his awarded, so to speak, the title of count, and the press was sarcastic about this, calling him the count of halfsakhalin. His mother warned him and was categorically against this idea of the russianjapanese war, she was generally the smartest woman and did a lot to somehow correct his behavior, but from the very beginning of her reign, this did not succeed, lets remember the hadynka, this tragedy, there was a stampede, a bloody stampede, during the cornation celebrations, the distribution of gifts, yes, yes, they rushed for some mugs. There is Something Else there, well, in general, in short, a tragedy, in general in such cases it declares, i dont know, national mourning, well, i dont know, but in any case case they dont behave the way nikolai behaved in this situation, he of course wrote in his diary that yes, it all happened somehow unpleasantly, not good, thats it, but at the same time, despite the protests of his mother, he went to the ball to the english embassy, after that on the same day, on the same day, and he waltzed, so to speak, with alexandra feodorovna, this caused a very negative reaction in society, in general, he was condemned by the foreigners themselves who were there, they were shocked by this behavior, it turns out that, in general, nicholas ii, waltzing with his wife, he took the first steps towards the abyss, and marxism had nothing to do with this, it was purely personal. So to speak, the case, at the end of the day, they appointed some colonel there, they accused, yes, and the tsar declared gratitude to grand duke sergei alexandrovich, the tsars uncle, for arranging the celebrations, help for the victims was of course allocated, but the cornation celebrations turned out to be much more expensive than assistance allocated, respectively , to the dead and wounded as a result of the ha, and the mother just demanded the punishment of the great the prince, well, who was later hated in moscow and was called the prince of the hades. Russia really didnt lose that much , half of sakhalin lost the port of arthur. But the most important thing is that the result of this war, which of course should be a topic for a separate conversation, this is a huge topic, but one of the results of this war is that in the west they stopped being afraid of this russian pore roller, the russian army, the army discredited itself, in accordance with with this, germany will then develop its strategy for the First World War, no longer afraid as before of war in two fronts. And this, of course, played a role in subsequent events, including for russia itself. Well, yes, we can add to this that this also contributed to the first Russian Revolution of 1905, of course, the russojapanese war. Yes, the russianjapanese war, of course, is a topic for a separate conversation, follow our podcast, we will continue this topic. All episodes of the historical podcast of russia west on the swing of history can be viewed on the website of the First Channel 1tv. Ru. When i arrived in paris. 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Such family relationships in the royal family, because under autocracy, any step, at the very top, then resonates below, one way or another, and here, too, the different ones are very curious moments, and alexeis illness, and the very fact of his late birth, because his daughters were born late, so shes like that, well, its understandable. Completely human love for a son and so on, which influenced politics in many ways, in this sense, so i would like to remember the confrontation between the mother nikolai Maria Fedorovna and alexandra fedorovna, but these two figures, they were, of course, in very difficult relationship, and it was not a matter of contradiction between motherinlaw and daughterinlaw, it was a common matter, so to speak, no. They both fought for influence on nicholas, but it was not a struggle for influence on a person , nikas family, but for political influence , because they were antipodes, if Maria Feodorovna believed that the wellbeing of the dynasty depended on the wellbeing of russia itself, therefore stability in russia this is stability for the dynasty, and stability for russia was largely connected with the need for certain reforms, so Maria Feodorovna supported everyone and vita first, and then stolypin. She was ready for a Constitutional Monarchy, she was ready to make concessions because. Well, in her native denmark there had long been a Constitutional Monarchy, and her sister, so to speak, ruled in england, there was also a Constitutional Monarchy there, as for alexandra feodorovna, she had a completely different position, she was categorically against any slightest concessions nicholas ii, in this sense, influenced him , because he believed that everything should be left as it is now to the little one, that is, or a ray of sunshine, as she called her son, so to speak, so. Everything should be left to the little ones, i i understand, everyone should understand, so to speak, the mothers desire, so to speak, to do everything for the good of her son, but she, well , i dont know, maybe the parallel is not very appropriate, and even rude to some extent, but , well, peter the great sacrificed his son for the sake of russia, and alexandra fednovna thought that russia was obliged to do everything. Only for the sake of everything remaining as before for the little one, but she, having converted to orthodoxy, accepted some kind of mystical, somewhat hysterical version, despite the fact that that she listened to lectures at oxford on philosophy, she in every possible way strengthened nicholas ii, who was still somewhat more skeptical about some mystical things, he was also infected with them, but to a lesser extent, in that his power. Chosen in that any attempts at his power are crimes against gods will, she supported him in this , she wrote to him about this, she cultivated to a certain extent some of these personal stubbornness when she wrote to him shortly before the february revolution, that all ministers, fools, generals, idiots, literally in almost these words, yes, in what is needed, you must be peter peter ii, you must be ivan the terrible, you must hit the table with your fist, that is, she tried to make ivan the terrible out of him, out of nicholas. Which was completely utopian and completely out of character, impossible in the situation in which russia was then, but the influence of his wife grew sharply, of course, during the First World War, when he went to headquarters when he trusted in petrograd, st. Petersburg with the beginning of the First World War, as everybody remember, it was renamed from germanspeaking st. Petersburg to russianspeaking petrograd, yes, when he trusted her most of all, and when, under the influence of rasputin and his wife, affairs ended up in the hands of, well, what is called a clique, a court clique, this discredited the monarchy itself , because there were rumors about this, the rumors greatly exaggerated the influence of his wife and rasputin, and nikolai himself began to be perceived as some kind of completely henpecked person, which he actually was not, to the extent that it was presented, this is all together, of course, it hit the authority of the monarchy, just as the figure of rasputin hit, a clever man, such a peasant, played on these mystical moods of the royal couple, who supposedly treated alexei, of course, he did not treat him, of course, he could not treat him, especially that at that time they didnt know how to treat hemophilia at all, since putin managed to creep into trust, thats why nikolai valued him, because for nikolai it was a connection with the people, here is razutin, who blows his nose in the curtain, who gets drunk, debauched and about this he himself writes notes to the emperor, nikolai did not understand this at all, how much this discredits the emperor, he really looked at all this mysticism and other matters much more soberly than alexander feodorovna, this is pointless. I think i changed my mind about this, in the fact that since putin was not expelled, he did not want to upset alexandra feodorovna. And this is also very important, because stalepin, who also tried, so to speak, to talk to the sovereign about rasputin, heard the following from him, yes, but but i cant, i cant, i cant, from the emperor, this, of course, is dictated by purely family , personal relationships, yes, he saw a lot, but he couldnt, because then he would have upset alexandra fedor, but at the same time, advice from our friend, like this in correspondence, friend with a capital letter yes, he accepts, accepts, he accepts, including in personnel policy , too, but also, but also not more often. Of all , far from directly, he, again, through alexandra fedorovna, this is her role, a huge role, russia is sliding towards war, russia concludes after the russojapanese war, an agreement on the division of reconciliation with england is ceded , accordingly, what is called the big game ends, well, this stage of the big game ends, meaning the confrontation between russia and england in the east, russia cedes the sphere of influence in tibet, russia undertakes to respect the demarcation lines with afghanistan, russia is withdrawing from central and southern iran, irans spheres of influence have been divided, by the way, a small detail, because of this, for a long time the railways went only from west to east, and from they did not go from north to south so that the spheres would not intersect. England and russia, god forbid, if they dont compete, well, yes, but russia is gradually sliding towards the First World War, russia tried, there nicholas ii tried to prevent something there, like by corresponding with wilhelm, but in the end the war started anyway , but the emperor was warned that he would have to fight, that after the russojapanese war decades of calm were needed, almost the same thing. Stolypin will say literally, give me 20 years of peace, but where did 20 years of peace come from then . Take, nicholas ii, all this advice from different people, and bad, vitta and stalypin each mutually did not tolerate each other, yes, but they were sober people, but they absolutely united in this, what does nicholas do, russia ends up in the First World War the war that cost russia as a result, from the beginning of the february, then the october revolution, yes, the only justification. We can only say that if he got into the russianjapanese to a large extent on his own initiative, then here the water just sucked in a weak swimmer, so to speak, its just a situation was that nikolai also did not want to fight, and yet he fell into this waterfall and it dragged him in. Here it must be said, of course, that for war, this is a wellknown fact, all the warring countries were not ready, no one. No one expected, but russia turned out to be more unprepared than everyone else, well, teleran at one time during the french revolution , he said that everyone is to blame for the revolution, in general, it seems to me that yes, nikolai, of course, a significant share of the blame. On his shoulders, but many are to blame, the revolutionaries are to blame, the tsar is to blame, liberals, who, so to speak, played at war, in many ways played at war, if we talk about the personality of nicholas ii, and look at him in another critical situation during the first Russian Revolution, lets step back a little now, then this idea about the spinelessness of his behavior is also not demonstrates, to say, that during the first Russian Revolution, which begins, well, with the terrible story of bloody sunday, which the tsar knew about, that is, not about the blood of bloody sunday, but that the troops are preparing to disperse with armed force rebels, this is also a separate big topic of the first Russian Revolution, but nevertheless he treats this completely calmly , he mobilizes troops, gives dictatorial powers to grand Duke Vladimir alexandrovich, whom he will then again thank for what happened, and his reaction is as follows. His documents yes vitto reports vitta then held the post after the october 17 manifesto, after the first attempt to establish a Constitutional Monarchy in russia took place, he holds the post of prime minister, reports on the commander of a punitive expedition in the baltic provinces, which in general show excessive enthusiasm, mass floggings, executions without trial and so on , which means the highest resolution on the report, well done, yes, that means oh they are shooting at a working demonstration, several dozen people are dying, nikolais resolution, its a pity that its not enough, the same thing, the law on courtsmartial is introduced on the initiative of stolypin, but nikolai forbids submitting a petition for pardon to him, and there too, despite the fact that there a certain city that rebelled there was peaceful after negotiations, brought to obedience, nikolai imposes a resolution, all this was preserved, it was necessary to destroy the entire city. That is, nicholas ii regarded all this as an attempt on his unlimited, godgiven autocratic power , this cruelty, tenderness in the family, yes, a good family man, this cruelty was still present in his character, this is a historical podcast russia and the west on a swing history, we are discussing nicholas ii today, question nicholas ii, is he really the main culprit of the revolution, or what, these problems. Which revealed the First World War, or is it still of course, of course, therefore, of course, answering the Traditional Russian question, who is to blame, of course, nigola is indisputably to blame, but once again i repeat talerans phrase that everyone is to blame for the revolution, that including the west, since we are talking about the russiawest topic, then the west is undoubtedly to blame. The west supported not only the liberals, the cadets, lets say, yes, it supported them in every possible way. And after the revolution, by the way, many believed that the price. The embassy and the british ambassador, george bugnan the revolutionary center was located in england, it is almost the organizer, so to speak, of everything, all this is very strong, of course , a very strong exaggeration, he did not sit with melyukov and draw plans to seize the telegraph, the telephone there, and so on, and the station, but they really supported it in the most active way. Well, first of all, they themselves admitted, the same bukin wrote about this, that in order for russia not to leave the war, that is, they wanted the russian soldier to fight to the end, to the last russian in general, including in the interests of britain and france, but at the same time, in general, they turned a blind eye even to the radicals, the radicals, themselves. In the same france, they felt completely, before the start of the war, in a whole series european countries, they felt great, the revolutionaries, before that the populists, then, so to speak, the marxists, and so on and so forth, so yes, the west is also very guilty of the Russian Revolution, they were once again mistaken, they miscalculated, of course, they were counting on victory for the moderates. At the end in the end, the maximalists came to power, and largely, yes, thanks to the west. Still, i would say that the Russian Revolution is still primarily an internal problem. Of course, no, first of all, yes, again , if we go back to the first Russian Revolution, then here is a very characteristic episode with how the famous manifesto was signed on october 17 , 1905, which almost made russia a Constitutional Monarchy, why almost no, because it was then actually cancelled, pretty much cancelled, uh during the socalled june 3 coup in 907, in general, the behavior of the kings personality again at this moment we mentioned bloody sunday after bloody sunday, the king also needs to guess this from a propaganda point of view , forgave the workers for the unrest that occurred , its remarkable, and it was published about this, i quote you have allowed yourself to be led astray by the deception of traitors by the enemies of our homeland, strikes and rebellious gatherings only excite the crowd to the kind of unrest that has always forced and will. Force power and resort to military force, and this inevitably causes innocent victims, knowing that the workers life is not easy, much needs to be improved and streamlined, but for a rebellious crowd to declare something other than their demands is criminal, this was the idea, the copon, which was actually a manifestation, but the idea also, who at one time received the support of the authorities, police socialism, cooperation of the police with moderate workers organizations, as in the spirit of faith in a good king, to a good king, means to present a petition, the petition was radical, whats wrong . But what is possible was to do, many contemporaries wrote about this, accept the deputation of the workers, graciously talk to them, play for time , reach some compromises, this is not even considered, yes, this is not even discussed, as a result punitive measures and a sharp drop in authority , because the nickname bloody, when it appears, after the bloody resurrection of 905, and the number of victims of which is still disputed from several hundred to more than a thousand, its quite difficult to sort out this issue, in general, of course, it has accumulated. Bloody resurrection, the russianjapanese war, the lena execution, this is already the twelfth year, yes the twelfth year, no, well, all this is added to the piggy bank, so to speak, the nickname of the bloody nicholas, yes, when the tsar signed the manifesto, he didnt want to, the manifesto was written by witty, you understood that to save the monarchy in the conditions of a general strike, which could develop into an armed uprising, the army is already thinking in that direction, the manifesto was such a kind of tranquilizer pill