Review Shelten State University Trivandrum India In thiruvananthapuram, kerala, india

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Shelten State University Trivandrum India

Thiruvananthapuram,Thiruvananthapuram

Kerala,India - 695522

9495795271

Noreply@comparemela.com

Detailed description is A university (Latin: universitas, "a whole", "a corporation"[1]) is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic deg A university (Latin: universitas, "a whole", "a corporation"[1]) is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects.
Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education..
The word "university" is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars."[2] Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages.
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The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc."[4] At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialized "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term.
Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.[5].
In modern usage the word has come to mean "An institution of higher education offering tuition in mainly non-vocational subjects and typically having the power to confer degrees,"[6] with the earlier emphasis on its corporate organization considered as applying historically to Medieval universities.[7].
The original Latin word referred to degree-granting institutions of learning in Western and Central Europe, where this form of legal organisation was prevalent, and from where the institution spread around the world..
An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom.
The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university.
The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita,[8] in 1158 or 1155,[9] which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education.
Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom".[10] This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum,[11] marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation.
The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world..
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century.[12] The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools.
It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception.[13] Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt).
In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education.
Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.[14].
The first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c.1150, later associated with the Sorbonne), and the University of Oxford (1167)..
The University of Bologna began as a law school teaching the ius gentium or Roman law of peoples which was in demand across Europe for those defending the right of incipient nations against empire and church.
Bologna's special claim to Alma Mater Studiorum[clarification needed] is based on its autonomy, its awarding of degrees, and other structural arrangements, making it the oldest continuously operating institution[9] independent of kings, emperors or any kind of direct religious authority.[15][16].
The conventional date of 1088, or 1087 according to some,[17] records when Irnerius commences teaching Emperor Justinian's 6th century codification of Roman law, the Corpus Iuris Civilis, recently discovered at Pisa.
Lay students arrived in the city from many lands entering into a contract to gain this knowledge, organising themselves into 'Nationes', divided between that of the Cismontanes and that of the Ultramontanes.
The students "had all the power … and dominated the masters".[18][19].
In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the trivium–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric and dialectic or logic–and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy..
All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions.
Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends.
The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.[20].
The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century.
Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history.[21] Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought."[22] After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church.
The efforts of this "scholasticism" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason.
This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students..
The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common.
Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations.
Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine.
Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter.
Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology.
There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means.
There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities.
English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common.
Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates.
The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions.[23] The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris.
Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna.[24] Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."[25].
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree.[26] Scholars like Arnold H.
Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities.[27][28] George Makdisi and others,[29] however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world.[30] Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.[31][32].
Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades).[34][35][36] Other scholars see this argument as overstated.[37] Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures 9495795271, 8289995271..
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