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by Markus Virgil Hoehne, 18 May 2021 30 years ago, on 18 May 1991, the Republic of Somaliland declared independence. The separation from collapsing Somalia, which had not been legally prepared and was not politically supported by any other state, was certainly a bold move. For over a decade it was impossible to predict what would really come out of the secession. But today it is clear: Somaliland is one of the most stable de facto states in the world: it has a clearly demarcated territory (at least on paper), a permanent population, and a legitimate government. Nonetheless, Somaliland is still not internationally recognised. The breakaway followed a decade of state repression and civil war in the region. However, the roots of secession go back well into colonial times. Between the 1880s and 1960, northwest Somalia, now Somaliland, was a British protectorate; the area from the northeast to the south was under Italian administration. The British installed an indirect rule

Somalia generalUnited statesUnited kingdomSouth sudanJubbada hooseGolaha guurtidaAddis ababaMohamed siyad barreGolaha wakiiladaSomali national movementAfrican unionUnited nationsGeneral mohamed siyad barreEthiopian ogadenGeneral barreCold war