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Byron Williams
Winston-Salem Journal
I recently had the pleasure of listening to famed civil rights attorney Fred Gray explain how the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott was formed.
Gray recalled a meeting at the home of Jo Ann Robinson, an educator and activist in Montgomery, Ala., on the evening of Dec. 8, 1955.
One week earlier, Rosa Parks had been arrested for having violated the cityâs segregation bus laws. In addition to Gray, who represented Parks, local NAACP leader Edgar Daniel (E.D.) Nixon was among the attendees.
The initial plan was for a one-day boycott of the Montgomery buses that was held on Dec. 5. But the success of the one-day boycott prompted the group to think beyond their initial 24-hour prohibition. They formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).
Teaching the Civil Rights Movement
5 minutes ago |
By Professor Afua Cooper, Canada
Teaching the Civil Rights Movement. On the issue of the Montgomery bus boycott and Rosa Parks. Several Black women refused to give up their seats to Whites way before the NAACP chose Parks to engage in that piece of activism.
Take Claudette Colvin for example. She was a teenager when she would not yield her seat. She was taken off the bus, arrested and jailed, 9 months before Parks. But the mainstream CRM refused to use her as a symbol because she was not respectable enough.
Same thing with Mary-Louise Smith. Parks was chosen because she embodied respectable politics, plus she was light-skinned and her features were closer to whiteness. I am taking nothing from Parks, but we have to realized how movements are shaped often by anti-Black/Black racism. The picture of Parks on the bus is staged. The White man there is a journalist, not a White supremacist.
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