officially closed, the reservation system was officially in full swing. it was a time of great change but the beginning of what we think of as modern america, the end of what we think of as native american life. those things were more complicated than we think. host: why do you view it that way? guest: 1890 was the last armed conflict between native folk and the american government, the massacre of wounded knee in south dakota, 150-300 lakota men, women and children were massacred by the cavalry. that moment came to stand in for so much of american history up to that point. host: december 29, 1890, what happened? guest: it was the tail end of the murder of sitting bull, things were unsettled and people were looking for shelter and there was a band of native people, they left where they were on horseback, and intercepted by the cavalry who rounded them up and tried to starve them. it is unclear what happened next. the cavalry started shooting, opened fire with hotchkis
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