the leadup to the filing of the action including prior litigation in the 2011 reauthorization of the voting rights act. he will also discuss recent change in several states texas, north carolina, ohio, wisconsin and how and whether preclearance would have affected implementation of these laws. after he speaks, dan will provide more about the process. the context with the case including voting rights act preclearance was and wasn t doing, he will also discuss what has happened since 2013 including new tate laws and practices and litigation challenges that under the constitution in section 2 of the voting rights act. with that i ll hand it over to brendan. thanks, chad for, for inviting me to participate in the panel. i want to start by saying i m here to give my perspective as someone who participated in the actual litigation of the case and to provide that unique perspective for you all to hear. basically the backdrop of all of this is here in the united states we have dual
disinvited from graduation ceremony office student protest. this is an hour. good afternoon, and welcome to the city club of cleveland. my name is paul harrison. i m pleased to introduce today s speaker, president and co-founder of the american council of trustees and alumni. as stated on its website, acta is on academic freedom, the website states that the ideas of academic freedom and free speech are at the core of academic speech. and freedom in research is essential to the advancement of truth. today s forum offers a wonderful opportunity to juxtapose freedom of speech and academic freedom and just a moment to reflect on our 102-year history at the city club of cleveland. we proudly refer to the city club as in 1923, the city club invited famous labor leader, socialist and perennial presidential candidate eugene deps to speak and he accepted. asking mr. depps to speak, caused ultimately mr. depps determined to decline the invitation and he wrote that
warnings on class syllabi. professors who offered content who may trigger on set of symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder would be required not only to provide advanced alerts but also permit students to skip class. if you don t like what someone says you can avoid the subject rather than facing it. in this world, sensitivity and civility are deemed equal to or in fact superior to academic freedom. a point recently made by the chancellor of uc berkeley to allow disapproval. but in the words of scholar steve woodward, if we make the fostering of friendship, solidarity, harmony, civility or mutual respect, primary and dominant value, then we risk sacrificing the university s central purpose, teaching and scholarship. central purpose. when i was first approached to give this talk, we explored a number of titles, including political correctness and it s impact on american competitiveness. in an important way, i think this title understands that what happens on college campus