threats to democracy. the final chapter of their book is titled, saving democracy. it feels more relevant now than ever. joining us now is daniel zip, lot harvard perez s or, political scientist. and one of the aforementioned of the authors of the book. thank you so much for being here. greatly appreciate your time. your book ends with several steps to avert the collapse of democracy. i have to know, as i did, it was written in 2018. given what we have seen in the intervening years, since that book came out, is it too late to take the steps that you outlined? thank you for having me. it s not too late, but i do have to say, when we wrote the book, we were very nervous. we were worried that donald trump showed all one of the things is really change over the last couple years, that we ve gone to realize, the problem is not about a single leader.