Muchneeded by the army, fighting a war required a Reliable Communications network. But more than 2. 5 years had of war had devastated the french telephone system. Called upon the expertise of the women telephone operators. More than 1700 women applied and 200 served in europe with the army. Their services are documented in the personnel files in the National Archives at st. Louis. After the war, these women because they were women, they , were not deemed eligible for military benefits despite their army service. Took until the 1970s for those girls to receive the benefits due to them as the First Female Army veterans. In both the military and civilian centers, we preserve records of millions of men and women who served their country throughout the centennial of observance. The National Archives is showcasing the unparalleled world war i holdings and the stories continued in them. To find out more about hello girls and their place in world war i, we turn to Elizabeth Cobbs. Dr. Cobbs is a historian, novelist, and documentary filmmaker. Shields a chair at texas a and m and c Research Fellow at stanfords hoover institution. In addition to hello girls, she is the author of the hamilton affair, a novel, and american umpire, which made the basis for her first film. Her works have won the alan niven prize, the San Diego Book award. She has written for the new york times, the washington times, National Public radio, and reuters. She has also served on Historical Advisory Committee of the u. S. State department and the jury for the Pulitzer Prize in history. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome Elizabeth Cobbs. [applause] Elizabeth Cobbs thank you so much for joining me. I am utterly delighted to see all of you, and i am incredibly thrilled and honored to be here. I was on the archivist of the United States i am his biggest fan. I spent many years in the National Archives over a desk, hunched, creating books. There are wonderful treasures in the archives. They are treasures that are so important not only because all the things we know that are important, but the collect everything. The things we dont know are important. And we dont know them so much because it takes historians hundred years to say that is what is important. In the long run of time, that was the thing we needed to know about. But unless the archivists are not preserving these, we will not have the opportunity. So the book i will tell you about today, and i think it is a three for one book it is a three for one because it tells you about world war i, why we we we will are in that war, how did we find it in the way we did, what was the significance of it . It also talks about another a plucky group of young women who were americas first women soldiers. World war i is important because it is really the start of the 21st 20th century. Which century are we in . I am confused easily. The start of the 20th century defined world war i. It is also the first time in Human History where we really get that does tractive potential destructive potential of the marvelous new technology we have invented. World war i is that war were where that happens and we realize, things we thought were all good can actually be quite destructive. World war i is a time women get full citizenship. The gender revolution reaches up to us today in many ways begins there. Women become soldiers before they become full people, and that is not a coincidence. I will tell you how historians this story unfolded. I hope it inspires you to read the book. I would like to begin thinking about suffrage. Some suffer just said they felt they were in a rut. They just kept getting deeper. There were a lot of reasons why people talked about it. Ive a whole powerpoint to go with it. This showed it was a worldwide movement. This is Emmeline Pankhurst. A very famous british suffragette. There were women fighting all over the world, but british women fight quite preeminent. They were concerned it would make nations into sissies as well. You did not want swooning damsels out there making these kinds of decisions. So Emmeline Pankhurst is saying i can tame that lion. She very famously began to do the program of civil disobedience. Women were arrested, they broke windows, they were terrorists, not to the point of taking life, but they caused damage, and they went to prison for it. They wanted to go to prison for it. So this really is the first kind of mass demonstration movement of civil disobedience at the start of the 20th century, which we so often associate with civil rights for africanamericans which is also important. This of course spread also to the United States shouldnt say spread, because it actually starts here. We are one of the first, the is interesting this of course spread also to the u. S. , i should say spread because it starts here. We are one of the first, the first, and also one of the last, to give women the vote. Isnt that weird . How do you explain that . There must be an explanation. This is the first womens march on washington. We had won several months ago, but this took place at the inauguration of president Woodrow Wilson, who had opposed womens suffrage. He had a chilled, scandalized feeling when people were seeing women speak in public as i am now. He would think that was inappropriate. He thought the kind of women, the kind of woman that would support woman suffrage was completely abhorrent, and he would never vote for women. That is why women turned out to demonstrate against his and alert him as he was coming on in his presidency among the expected Something Better and more. So women had, in the United States, put forward the idea in 1848. It was among the most controversial, the vote was the most controversial. Why is that . Part of this is that some of the things that were on that list of demands were things men could give women. They could do for women, they could do a better job than of protecting women. To give a person a vote is like saying, they are a person, and they might decide differently women whoe of those was trying to make a difference. The other reason why people like Woodrow Wilson and many women opposed to vote for women was the idea that the republic belongs to you, you are like a shareholder in the republic. If you are willing to defend the republic with your own life and that is how the vote originally spread in the u. S. , when our country was first founded you had to have property qualifications to vote. Youre to own property. In the revolution and after, men without property set i held this musket for my country, how dear you deny me the right to vote. The vote spread to propertyless white men. After the civil war when africanamerican men had stood up with a musket and gun to defend their country, to claim their country, they also ultimately got the vote fairly quickly. Women couldnt fight, it was kind of a nonstarter. Until the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution changes the terms of fighting for men and women. Likean have pipsqueaks harry in world war i as an artillery officer. Of thed the ability Industrial Revolution created change that helped quite a bit. They created new technologies that had artie brought women out of the home and at which women were especially good. There was only one technology the u. S. Had an edge over its rivals. The u. S. , on like today, it was no arsenal for democracy. Food andhad iron and blood and muscle, bone, men to france, fighting in world war i and other parts of the globe. It did not have the facilities to make guns and planes and tanks and even trucks on the scale being made in france. There was one thing it was good at and that was telecommunications. This particular picture i am showing you is a world war i toter trying to recruit men operate telegraphs, telegrams and radios. The size of the fonts makes you think its important, but in fact, the primary instrument in world war i was the telephone. Itd been invented in the u. S. By Alexander Graham bell, like many great americans was an immigrant. Andame from scotland invented the telephone here. Technology than the telegraph, it is morse code. Someone has to take the message, type it up and somebody then takes it to somebody else. It is slow and centralized. The other technology was radio. Radios at this time were so heavy that it took three mules ug a radio set out to the field. Outone could take the waves of the air and figure out where it was being beamed from go bomb that place. Radios were not so great either. Radios at this time did not carry human voices or music either. They carried morse code as well. The telephone was the one instrument or anybody could immediately talk. By everybody. Invented in the u. S. , but used everywhere in world war i. This picture shows you german soldiers behind the lines, trying to decide do we storm or retreat. The guy on the left is on the telephone. Isnt that a familiar gesture . I could go in this and we all know i am what im doing. The japanese also fought in world war i as well. On the lefthand side you see the men asking if its time to fire yet. The fellow on the right is on the phone. Is it time to fire yet . Means byhone was the which the Major Commands of world war i were given, on a front that span miles. For supplies, telling people to pull back or go forward, ceasefire and etc. , it all worked well. That worked well as long as you could get a connection. As long as your calls did not drop. Ins is where women come before i get to that, the americans came late to the war. One of the things we brought was the most up to date technology. This is actually a picture of american doughboys, and that is the name for infantry soldiers in world war i. They were called doughboys. Doughboys who are pacific bell and at t employees. Before you run a permanent war footing, which are not been since 1937 when we begin the police of the world, before that, the u. S. Did not have a standing army. War is declared, the next that you are at war. The u. S. Had a procedure in an impromptu way, brought upon industry. They contacted at t and sat down and said how are going to do this. Battalions,ed bell taking people wholesale to france to do things like this is the paddle of the somme i am sorry, i am a professor. You are not taking notes. The battle of the somme, a great war for the british in world war i. You can see them running telephone lines there. This next picture shows you men under gas attack repairing the wires. Think of the heroism, think of the courage that took of bombs flying all around, running through the trenches and the craters that littered the territory of northern france and jumping in and out, fixing the lines. But that is the hardware. That is how the signal gets transmitted. But you also had to have somebody transmitting it. The army did not like the idea of using women. On the lefthand side you see secretary of war newton baker. He so disliked the idea of using , women possibly as telephone operators, even at home on American Military bases, that he did not want to build toilets for them, because they might stay long and have to use them. That is something i learned here at the National Archives. I am over at college park going through about new baker saying no toilets. It is that wonderful detail that you dont get without an organization like the wonderful treasure that the National Archives is. On the right side, that is general blackjack pershing. Blackjack pershing was the american commander, the American Expeditionary forces in world war i. He had a different attitude than baker. Baker is here in washington dc, it is pretty safe. Pershing is out there on the front line. Pershing had had experienced before serving alongside soldiers that were in a way nontraditional soldiers. He got the name blackjack because he led what were known as the buffalo soldiers, africanamerican soldiers, on the american frontier. He had praised their valor and abilities when he got back, and some of the cadets at west point had taken offense at that. They had given him the name, which they thought was not a compliment, blackjack. He continued. That was his name up through the ranks, his nickname. He was the person who appreciated a soldier at his side in a time of need, and for that person to be the best person to do that job. I think that is one reason why he basically said to newton, newton baker, we have got to have women. The army is a little slow on this. They wanted women to do the traditional things, as did Woodrow Wilson, that they had always done. Knitting for the red cross on the far left, canning food on the poster up above, or a mom selling liberty loans, were women being nurses, these are things they are used to. Even so, and this is the curious thing to me, i dont fully understand even after writing a book on it, why the navy and the marines felt differently about this then did the army. This is the classic idea that they would be the occasional woman like joan of arc. She is only employed to sell war bonds in the case of the american army. But the marines and the navy had a different attitude. In march 1917, more than 100 years ago, the secretary of the navy, whose wife was a suffragist fyi, he said, we built this new navy. We are in the midst of a big naval buildup to respond to what is happening when they did not have enough soldiers. He asked his own counsel, can we bring some in . There is nothing in the legislation that said you cannot. They recruited women and used and employed 11,000 women in both the marines and also the United States navy. Even though the press called to them unionettes, that was their rank. He insisted. The british, almost in the same month, began recruiting women. They had been doing that for more than three years at this point. They had been using women in different capacities. They had a group of women called munitionettes. So it did not look out of link with femininity they added a ette. The toxic chemicals they had to deal with were so strong it turned their skin yellow, the canary girls. W. A. C. , womens auxiliary corps, some were under bombardment in france and some died. They were doing telephone operating, running raids, railroads. The army knew that, in a way, they ultimately had to respond. They did not want to bring in women, as did the army navy and marines. This is a civilian exchange. If you have your glasses on or have a great eyesight, which i do not have, after all that time in the archives. You see men supervising women and women you cannot just have women doing that. It was a femaledominated profession. Women were giving out calls for information, giving the time, handling hundreds of calls per hour, literally talking with people. This was a period of time in which the telephone had no dial. It was a candlestick phone. Like a big, black candlestick. They would lift up the receiver and speak into the mouthpiece and the operator would say, hello. That is why they were called hello girls. And, a number, please . It was a tough job and one of the highestpaid jobs they could have. School teacher next, and that was about it. We just got to the top of the ladder. It was pershing himself who sent a telegram november 8, 1917, he said we have to have women. It you need to put them in uniform, get an officer to supervise them, and get them here as soon as possible. There are a couple reasons for that. First of all, a very highspeed occupation, very demanding. There was a lot of pressure on you. People would be yelling and barking at you, it was wartime, so they might be swearing at you. The women had better nerves of than the men. Isnt that ironic . He said women have better nerves for this, having people bark at them and they do not collapse, they just keep plugging. Whereas guys are like, yeah right and backtalk. The other thing, the archivist said many lines in france had been bombed out. That also they were not very clear, they were not the latest technology. The United States had 70 of all the phones in the world and france had 2 of that time. The density of the phone network and clarity was very different here. They not only had to be able to use the system well, they had to with french operators. The United States ultimately in the course of less than a year built an entirely new Telephone Network for france. It would serve military purposes. Until that happened, you had to have what were called mobile operators talking with what were known as toll operators. I am sure there are some people in this room who may be operated this technology. People say, i was a telephone operator. It is like me calling you. A toll call is through you, calling someone else again. The operators managed the hub. In france, before they got the american lineup, it meant the local operator had to speak to a french operator. They had to parle vous. And most doughboys could not. They had to get bilingual women. They did not recruit women because they were as good as men, otherwise you would just use men but because at least at this job, they were better than men. And it was the only way the army would consider inducting women. This was one of the first posters that shows you the ywca. Did took care of the womens billeting, places for them to stay in france. This is that publicprivate connection you see throughout world war i. Are you aware the u. S. Government took over the telephone wires and railroads in the u. S. For the duration of the war . A lot of private enterprise was put to the service of government because the government was relatively small and had no experience in the ongoing military effort of this sort oversees. The ywca was in charge of that. Women were recruited from everywhere and came from everywhere. 7600 women applied for the first 100 jobs. The greatest number came from my homestay, california. Californians are very savvy. [laughter] ms. Cobbs the telephone was important in parts of the country where there is not a lot of population density. You need a phone to communicate with people if you are very far away from people. A lot of the operators came from the west. In some ways it seems surprising, and in others it makes sense. As you see, joan of arc is riding alongside them, the last time they saw a woman in uniform. They say, we are on our way to france to serve our country. A may have said it differently, to serve our country. This is what the women wanted to show, that they were willing to put their life on the line for their country. It is one of the first groups. The woman second from the right hand side is grace banker, a 25yearold College Graduate from Bernard College in new york city. One week she did not know if they would return the letter, and five days later, was the chief operator for the entire u. S. Army effort. You did not have women soldiers. It meant you also did not have female officers. Who in this group can become an officer . Grace banker and others, a few were collegeeducated and became the first officers. They trained on the rooftop of at t in new york city. This was january, february, march. It was pretty cold on top of one of the tallest buildings in new york city. They thought, this will prepare you for france. Grace banker sits in the very front. You would have to have a magnifying glass to see this, but it about half of the women are looking up, not looking at the camera. Their eyes are turned toward the sky. They had been bombed the night before. I am thinking that is the reason theyre still looking at the sky. The german Army Advanced so close to paris. This is in 1918, and it looks like germany will win the war. Britain says our backs are against the wall, the french army has mutiny, and the american women arrive in that context. France was under bombardment from the giant german cannons which of advanced so close to paris, they can reach paris itself. And the women were thrilled to be there. That is exactly where they wanted to be. After this, they were sent to various parts of france. Many were behind the line, 1. 5 million were on the front lines. Another 2. 5 million were in the u. S. Or serving in supply in france. But there were some the general pershing felt he had to have with him. Anywhere pershing himself would go, as close as he got to the action, those women were there. There was a group of six women in particular that were his staff. I read the diary of one of them, the great adventure of doing research is finding cool stuff nobody has seen. One operator is on them the phone and pershing yelps in her ear. He said a shell took out my ear. She was sitting 50 yards from him, he was using a railroad car as it private office. This is a teacher of a barrick in new chateau france. Some of these girls were such scamps. This is louise and ramone. Ramone was a 16 and louise was 18. The army thought they were 23 and 21. They even said they were awfully mature for 21 and 23yearolds. They were francoamerican immigrants and they wanted to be a part of this. They did not want to see the homeland of their parents go under. In the upper right is the same poster i showed you previously, the poster of joan of arc. We know they were inspired by these posters. On your far right this is a grace banker sitting next to tootsie. And on the far left, bertha hunt. I was able to find the diaries of two of the three women. There were major offenses that the u. S. Led. There was one near meuseargonne at the end of the war. The women were also front close to the front. It would shake the switchboards. The windows would be rattling. In paris at one point, the windows went out from the concussion of the bomb. Soldiers came in to take the women out and said you have to evacuate now. They said, we will leave when the last one of you does. Similarly, these women were at saintmihiel. It was a short battle. At the end, they saw general pershing. He treated every soldier like a soldier. They saluted him and he saluted them back. The british women were not allowed to be saluted, that is interesting, isnt it . The british idea was that the women were not quite yet army. The women saluted him back and he said, ladies, how is it going . Is there anything else you need . Everything is going wonderfully, general pershing. We would like to stay as close to the front as possible. He said, take them where they want to go. After this they were at the battle of meuseargonne for quite a long time. Meanwhile, back at the ranch, Woodrow Wilson is having a problem because he does oppose womens suffrage and the movement is picking up steam. There were women picketing outside the white house, as you probably know, for more than a year. Woodrow wilson appears to be the profit of prophet of democracy, so they point out his hypocrisy. We love to point out hypocrisy. But, you were a bit mistaken when we think it is a bad thing. It is actually a creative catalyst. It has been since the beginning of our country. When Thomas Jefferson said, all men are created equal, he was a slave owner. But he said god is just and justice will not sleep forever. Those hypocrisies are part of what change us. We see them, reflect on them, and it helps us change, grow, improve as a country. Woodrow wilson did get the message, by the way. It was not just them changing his mind. It was partly an electoral issue. It was a Midterm Election and he realized women would vote for his opponent if he did not give them the vote. He also realized women were full or people than he had realized. He spoke to the u. S. Senate by the way, a dozen or more other countries had passed the vote for women, including germany, austria, bolshevik russia, great britain. The u. S. Was starting to look bad. He said, are we alone to refuse to learn the lesson . We cannot isolate our thought from the rest of the world. We must either conform or resign the leadership of noble minds to others. So we came out on behalf of womens suffrage. The women immediately took this up. Wilson said it is time to grant suffrage but it did not happen before that fateful moment, the Midterm Elections. When Woodrow Wilson went to france, he knew the people coming into office would be people who did not support his international programs, people like henry cabot lodge, for example. Back in france, the battle is still underway, the battle. It was interesting to learn how men supported women, too. It is a story about men and women working together for justice, learning how to work together, live alongside each other, count on each other in the most dire of circumstances, to be there, forthright, honest, fulfilled their duties. They also learned how to have a good time. This is a group of young women at a table celebrating a birthday with a general, brigadier general, colonels, majors. The camaraderie that comes from people who risk their lives together for an important cause. Once the war was over let me get this to advance. I could just describe these pictures. We will go backward and see if that works. Oh dear. I am sure our technical crew will figure this out. While they work on that, let me tell you. The warhorse is about to wind down. No one knows that, they think the war will continue for another year. They think it will go into 1919. But it ended on the armistice of 1918 in november. The women are recognized. Grace banker i hope to be of the show you this beautiful picture i got from her granddaughter. It is a picture of when she had the distinguished Service Medal. It was the armys highest honor at that time. There is another for being in battle, but the dsm was for those that served an officer capacity. There were 16,000 officers in the signal corps. 18 were given out, out of 16,000. In the hall of National Archives reading out that name, ends up with miss grace banker. She won that wonderful award. Woodrow wilson got back only to find out his plans for world peace would not be signed by the u. S. Government good, we are getting advancement here. I wanted to show you this one picture. At one point, this is toward the end of the war. What happens is, the barracks, the offices in which the women are working, are set afire by a german prisoner of war who knocks over an oil heater of some sort. The barracks go up in flames. Women had just moved their switchboards nextdoor, a short distance away. But all of their belongings are burned to the ground. And the building in which they are sending out commands to the army, which is a raid on this fast front, the biggest killing battle, the battle of meuseargonne, more men died there than any battle in American History. They said if the army loses communications for an hour, the whole war machine will collapse. These women are in the barracks filling up with smoke and army says, you have to get out. They pulled the boards and the women went out the door. Half an hour the women go back in and army picks back up and they continue to connect the fields with the fighting men with the headquarters. Not all of them made it home. This woman died of influenza in france. Influenza was the single biggest killer in world war i, the pandemic killed millions of people at the time. She got sick and was buried on the day of the armistice. She made it almost to the end. Grace banker, with her distinguished Service Medal i told you you had to see the picture, wasnt she gorgeous . Woodrow wilson, it did not turn out as well as for grace banker. After the war by the way, the the hello girls stayed longer than most doughboys. Many were there as long as two years, most for well more than a year. Why . Because of logistics. How will you get them there and how will you get them home. The other woman who died during this period of time was well after the armistice and will after Woodrow Wilson came back to the peace conference. That was louise and ramone. When they got home, they came back expecting it hero welcome but received something different. It turned out, that unlike the navy and the marines, which gave them the full Veterans Benefits including hospitalization, war Risk Insurance if they died, a flag on their coffins, including a bonus, all the benefits that came to veterans after war, the army did not do so. The army told the women they had only been contract employees. The said, i never signed a contract. As i follow this story to the 1970s, there is one point in the 1930s the army said you did not even sign the oath. They went to the National Archives in st. Louis and opened personnel records, they would have seen hundreds of posts these women had taken an sign to serve their country to the end. So when they got home they were very disappointed. One of the women would not take that line down. Lying down. It took everything she had, but she would eventually triumph. This was a merle egan on the left. The story is also about the men who believed in justice and were there for them, as much as a possibly could, to support them in this. The second wave of feminism which touches up with our heroines. This attorney helped merle egan on the left, who was at the peace conference. Together, they petitioned congress, and with the help of the National Organization of women and barry goldwater, who are usually not in the same sentence, they got this legislation through congress. To conclude, she said at the ceremony which i could show you next, she said, i deserve my victory medal. I deserve it not just for serving in world war i, but for fighting the army for 60 years and winning. When i thought about writing this book it is my seventh book. I thought i would be writing about the past. I thought, this is interesting, i have never written a book about women. As i said, i thought it was about the past. Then i discovered i was actually writing about the present. Because in 2016 during a president ial race that could have elected the first woman president. She was not elected. That moment in history did not happen. What also happened in 2016 is that the army decided women serving in world war ii could no longer be buried in arlington. Those two groups of women had not been honored. The women from world war i are all gone. But world war ii, there are still a couple left. The family of one wanted to bury her in arlington. These are women pilots who had towed targets for other people to take target practice at. Congress once again had to pass new legislation to say no, these women really are soldiers. Iowas feel like history gives us comfort and courage to face the present. It also tells us, progress is not a straight line. It is a backandforth. There is always resistance against reform. That it is inspiring. It tells us that women and men of courage fought to make our world a better place, and that we have to continue to do so, as well. [applause] ms. Cobbs questions . Please use the microphones. Cspan will like to get your question on television. Thank you very much for the presentation. I also appreciate you bringing up the arlington burial. The policy was that going back to burials, there is a cemetery at meuseargonne. The two women you talked about that died in france, where they buried their or any other Military Cemetery . Ms. Cobbs great question. One of the women was buried right outside paris. She was buried in one of the paris cemeteries, there are so many cemeteries in france for world war i. Such a tragic war. Another was initially buried in the same one outside paris because she was behind the lines. But her family asked for her to be brought home. She and other deceased soldiers. This is a weird thing. They kept calling them soldiers and talking about their discharge. They had regular army uniforms. It was the uniform that ended up being the crucial piece of evidence. Did you know, it is illegal to impersonate an officer or military person . By wearing the uniform, by giving them these uniforms and treating them as soldiers, they had made them soldiers. Other questions . I really enjoyed watching the series the great war, by pbs world experience. They stated the germans have the lines throughout the entire war. How did these women get around the germans tapping the lines . They knew everything we were doing before we did it. Because they capped the lines. Ms. Cobbs the women knew when the lines were being tapped. Would you put civilians in charge of your most intense military secrets . These women could hear everything going along around in every call. If the line was tapped it went dull. They had to be alert to that. They also spoken codes that were changing all the time. Jam, uncle, all these codes that would change rapidly. One of the problems when there headquarters was partially destroyed, they could not tell the other women why they had not been answering their calls for the last half hour, and they were not happy with them. If you could tap the line, you could deduce where the general staff might be. They had to be very alert to this type of problem of listening for that, being aware of it. Any other questions . I hope you will get to know the hello girls. They fought so hard for their story. And they fought so hard to keep their story going until it could be a knowledge finally by our government. The National Archives made that possible. I do hope youll get the book and read it and enjoyed as much as i enjoyed learning it myself. Thank you. [applause] interested in American History t tv . Visit our website at cspan. Org history. View our schedule, and watch archival films and lectures and more. American history tv at cspan. Org history. Q a, in his book tr reid looks, at tech systems around the world. What is a good tax code . What is a good one . They know and they say go to new zealand. Heres what. New zealand followed the fundamental principle of good taxation, which the economist reduced to four letters bblr. Broaden the base to lower the rates. They used to have a tax code like ours, hundreds of exemptions and deductions and very high rates. Then they got rid of all them. They said your salary is income. If your employer pays health insurance, that is income to you. If you get free parking at the company, that is worth 20 a month. The taxi one that as income. And then no deductions. To charity,to give thats great, but we are not giving a tax break. If you tax everything and give no writeoffs, then you can set the rates very, very low. Tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspans q a. On the weekend presidency, history professor on abrahamychoanalyst lincoln and his friend, joshua speed. Heres a previous. Ew. At the end of the letter, theres a ps that is a bit controversial. Ive been quite a man everson to left. Ever since you lef. Itt. The could mean hes going off to see prostitutes. I have a whole chapter on it, but some people dont quite get it. All the stories about lincoln going to prostitutes are 50 years later in thirdhand and are often muddled in the mind of herndon. If you really unpack it and you unpack it story by story, there lincoln jokes lost in translation by herndon who had no sense of humor, and lincoln love to make fun of them. The famous was when he saw Niagara Falls after a trip that from washington in 1848. He wrote a note to himself about the amazing falls and they were here one christ walked the earth and they were here when the ancient greeks were here. He was really moved by the falls. He came back and herndon asked him, what did you think of Niagara Falls . Not knowing about this fragment that lincoln wrote to himself. Lincoln said, i just wondered where all that water came from. Hes making fun of him. Watch the entire Program Sunday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern and midnight eastern. This is American History tv, only on cspan3. Afterwords, Stuart Taylor examines Campus Sexual Assault policies in his book. Mr. Taylor is interviewed by beth for key, editor in chief of the National Law Journal and legal times. Share for the viewers what is your general thesis that we are looking at here. What are we going to be reading about when we open the pages . The gist of it is that there has been a huge myth that has taken root that there is an epidemic of campus rape, that there is a culture of campus rape that has been encouraged and condone even by administrators, thats out of control and increasing, and its worse on campus limited is offcampus, and it requires completely demolishing all the process and resumption of innocence, where the accused people are 99 male, and then thats not an accident. This comes from extreme feminists, male hating extreme feminists in some cases, but it is enormously pushed ahead by the obama administration. Tonight onfterwords cspan twos book tv. Cspans washington journal live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. Coming up monday morning, washington examiners daniel alec and his documentary filmmaker brother discuss their new reporting project, trumps america. Then author Chris Whipple discusses the role and impact of white house chief of staff. John socko, special inspector ,eneral for afghanistan discusses his latest report on reconstruction spending in that country. Be sure to watch cspans washington journal live at 7 00 eastern monday morning. Join the discussion. Tv,ext on American History Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society president grant show a cholet discusses the relationship between hamilton and george washington. The spoke in pennsylvania
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