wilkinson. on the face i emphasize. what else can be said for a man who combined his carrier of united states army -- his career of united states army with agent 13 in the spanish secret service. 11 years he commended the nation's forces. he patrolled its frontiers. for most of that time he also fed america's military secrets to the largest power in the hemisphere. if spain had acted more vigorously on the warnings he passed on they would have captured the lewis and clark expedition and put a halt to westward exploration. they did heed his advice about fortifying the border with taxes. they cap the united states out of texas for about a generation. he was an effective agent, it has to be said. then there is his reputation as a man who founded the spanish conspiracy designed to split away kentucky and tennessee from the rest of the country. a guy like that, he makes a snake seem like a model arrested two, millions look good compared with wilkinson. and, i referred to him as an artist in treason. he was the most consummate artist in treason the nation has ever possessed. rollover benedict arnold. here comes james wilkinson. i should apologize. i really enjoyed writing about him. in my defense, two possible explanations. there is something psychologically compelling about somebody who can lead a double life in the glare of public for so long. the other is that he played a role that was extraordinarily important to the survival of democracy in a very new and very vulnerable state. i'm going to suggest that despite his despicable behavior james wilkinson did a lot of which we should be grateful. what is surprising about his career as a spy is that almost everyone suspected him of being one. [laughter] he must've been one of the most out of secret agents in history. my contemporaries called him the spanish pensioner. and pamphlets accusing him of being a traitor. there was a newspaper devoted to exposing him. each of the first four presidents, george washington, john adams, james madison, with cabinet colleagues were all aware of his unconscionably close contacts with the spanish authorities in new orleans. they discussed question should be done with him. the founding fathers were no fools. clearly there was something that wilkinson did that was more important than the threat of his treachery. it is not just the psychological puzzle of what made him do it. there is this historical mystery to it all. i'm just going to give you a quick outline of the first half of his life. he is born the son of the penniless maryland tobacco grower. his father, joseph wilkinson died when james was eight years old. the boy takes him as the model for the way in maryland gentlemen should live his life. it's pretty obvious joseph was a swindler. he borrowed from his friends never paid them back. he built up huge debts and he died bankrupt. this is not really a very good model on which to build your life. after his father's death he was brought up by a dohring grandmothers who spoiled him hopelessly. on her he practiced his dominant talent, his ability to charm people. charm is a quality history tends to ignore. we know how important it is when we meet a charming person, how immediately you warm to them. that is the effect he had on people. he was vigorous. he was energetic. he had a prodigious memory. he talked about himself that stories are very good. he had a nice turn of phrase. another report about you being a spanish pensioner. wilkinson said this is the sort of thing that happens in an era when slander on stilts stocks over the fences of reputation. that's a good phrase. a nice tribute paid to him on being eve of the battle of saratoga when he was a 20-year-old general to horatio gates. they came from a militia colonel. they don't really care for regular officers particularly but this is what he said about young wilke. that is what he was known as. this young kid. he -- his conduct in dear tim timmy. he seemed to be the life and soul of the headquarters of the army. he governed headquarters. this the part of what he really contributed, the extraordinary victory when gates armie trapped general john bitcoins armie against the banks of the hudson river and forced surrender. gates certainly felt wilkinson played a major role. this is not exact portraiture but we are assuming the guy holding the flight behind gates is wilkinson. he was so close to gates professionally and personally. gates referred to him as my son. when the news of the great victory was taken to congress it came with strong recommendations , and insistence that this kid of 20 years old should be made a general. he became the youngest american general in the army. that is part of the power of his charm. the other part, his personality. this is his wife, nancy. it's a miniature of her. a very good portrait but i can't find the original. take a look at that little mouth, and those bright eyes. she's a quaker. that is no ordinary quaker. she is delicate and sensitive. she writes beautifully comic letters, always requiring some little luxury to be sent to her. when become to the motivation, one of the things is this golden couple. he is charming. she is civilized, flirtatious, wanting luxury. he always insists she has a carriage. the best clothes. he spends a great deal of money on her. they are a very charming couple. out in the front here, this is more valuable because the front here is a place where there isn't much entertainment. if you have two people like this, they are very welcome. they are very expensive. so he has to borrow money. the great thing is, on the frontier, people are straight talkers. they are very susceptible to charm. charm is worth its weight in gold. one old-timer his neighbor lent him something like $250. he went around to see wilkinson to demand his money back. the neighbor came out having lent him another $200. it is not surprising really that his personality played a part. in 1787 he went to meet his spanish handler in new orleans. he took a flat book of kentucky produce down. he met these very experienced administrators. he proposed them something extraordinary. if he was given a trade monopoly on the mississippi he would guarantee to split off the western straits from the rest of the country. that's an absurd proposal. his ability to charm people plays its part. baroque, writing back to the king of spain said here is a young man of 32 years of age. he looks older, of agreeable appearance married with children, he shows that he has had a very good education, which is uncommon talents have taken advantage of. they suggested that he should take up this extraordinary offer. they linked him $7,000. in order to secure his talent. he was still technically a civilian when he made the deal. he had left the army and the end of the revolutionary war. he was trying to make it on the front tier. he was a hopeless businessman even with this monopoly. he was approaching bankruptcy four years later. he had to rejoin the army. that is a critical moment. if you rejoin the army you have to swear an oath of allegiance to the united states. at that moment, he technically becomes a traitor. in 7091 he rejoins as a kernel. i think it is terribly important that the money is they are he doubles his salary. there is something else. he liked the feeling of being important. of knowing a secret that nobody else in their. -- nobody else knew. he took care to make sure his secrets did remain a secret. but everyone did suspect him of being a spanish pensioner nobody really knew. i want to give an example of the care he took. one is when you are sending information out, and when you are getting paid for it. this is a message that wilkinson sent in 1794, after a new spanish government wasted -- replaced marone. it told his handlers how many troops he commanded, how much he was being paid, and how much he expected to be paid by the spaniards. you may remember on the timeline, his salary was increased to $4000 a year. this is the message that triggered his pay rise. if you found that message you wouldn't tell you very much. there was a first-class guy who in the 1920's looked at wilkinson's codes. this is what he figured it meant. 2000 select troops composed of musketeers. light horsemen, and artillery. i will quickly show you how he was able to break it. if you look at the numbers to the left of the. , you will seem for the letters which are artillery at the beginning of the alphabet the numbers are small. as we get to the w things near the end of the alphabet are large. he figured out quickly it must refer to a dictionary. that is what they are using. a is page number two. the numbers to the left of the dot at the page numbers. from that, you deduce he wants to the right must be the line numbers. the actual dictionary was the spelling dictionary. that has two columns. you will see beside some of the numbers a double line over the second number and that tells you the line on whatever it is from the second line of the second column. it's a pretty neat way if you like of passing information. nobody ever did break the code. it wasn't until the 20th century when a succession of historians began digging through 200,000 documents in the spanish archives related to the united states, they came across, i have look to the archives. there are hundreds if not thousands of pages. i will go back to show you. these spanish decoders had to decode each message. they are frequently overwhelmed because wilkinson is verbose. 60 page reports in this thing. one occasion they wrote back i like this message, in spite of your direct shins, and the efforts of its all, we get nothing from your communication. we can only guess at the meaning of the first five lines. sometimes he was so clever with his code c defeated -- his codes he defeated the spaniards. the archives are filled with these messages. the other area of vulnerability is getting paid. when you're getting some of these large sums 4000 dollars a year, it doesn't come in paper money. it comes in silver dollars. if you're putting $4000 or $6,000 in silver dollars, it has to be transported. it was transported in casks. there was a possibility the boat carrying the cask may be stopped and searched. anyway, you can hear the silver jingling. they filled it in with coffee and sugar so it looked as if it was normal cargo. even so, one occasion this messenger bringing up $6,000, you go in a big boat up the mississippi and transfer into smaller boats because wilkinson had headquarters in cincinnati, and the boat man could hear the clink of coins pray they murder the messenger and took the silver, and ran off across kentucky. immediately they found out and arrested and taken before the master straight -- magistrate. wilkinson is done. he has found out. but no. they can only confess and spanish. nobody could understand spanish. they sent down to the nearest spanish fort to get an interpreter. the guy was tom is our. an irish man in the hay of the spanish secret service. when he came to translate he left out the bits about the silver going to general wilkinson. the guys that were sent to prison, one of them were hanged. wilson got away scott free. he was stopped by a lieutenant just outside of four mastech. -- fort mastech. he is a bit suspicious. the man said if he had looked into a bucket on the top of the boat containing old tobacco he would have found papers enough to hang wilkinson. he finally waved them through. when he was talking about it afterwards he used a fortnight of rom to keep his oarsmen rowing at. he. he had -- had i've fallen into his hands a second time i was lost. there are some close shaves but he got away with it. that is the psychology of wilkinson. he is charming, duplicitous, and he loves the idea of secrecy. he is also extremely energetic. he is a very good soldier. that is what the first three presidents valued him for. thomas jefferson value to him for something else. just take a look at the bold type at the bottom. 1804. he appoints wilkinson territorial governor of louisiana. why? that is the historical mystery. for jefferson, it was a point of democratic principle that the military had to be under the control of a democratically elected government. otherwise there was no control over them. a general could not -- there had been occasions where it was suggested he should be made a governor. he must be under a civilian governor. yet here he appoints wilkinson to the governor of upper louisiana. you will notice immediately after he had taken $12,000 on this occasion just to give you an idea of how powerful that position made him, take a look at this map of the louisiana purchase. put wilkinson in control of the upper two thirds of the purchase. all of that sensitive land nobody knew where the boundaries lay. it was a source of aggravation. drivewhy did he take the gamble? putting a man so deeply suspected of being a traitor in position of such overwhelming power and influence? he received to specific warnings concerning wilkinson. one came from a kentucky judge named davis who wrote an alarm you have appointed general wilkinson, who i'm convinced has been for years and now is a pensioner of spain. another in a way was even more seceding. it was in the beginning of his presidency. he come across specific information about the money paid to wilkinson. he wrote to jefferson with this information and said he is not a man to be trusted. continued in employee he will one day involve the government in his schemes. what is the reason? it is important to remember the army after the war of independence was reduced to a tiny size. 3000 men. it was quite small. it was washington's army. it was a federalist army. that is a matter of significance. to the federalist, jefferson was a man who could not be trusted. he was a man who applauded against washington when he was president, and try to undermine adams. he had encourage these divisions that brought an end to federalist administration. when jefferson became president many republicans knowing how well he was hated by the federalists assumed there would be a military coup. he warned jefferson every fort and arsenal should be placed under the protection of faithful officers in order to prevent the seizure or destruction by a desperate faction. this wasn't just paranoia. in the 18th century they all have this nightmare of a standing army. the government with an armie, a full-time army could make it through whatever it wanted and overrule democratic institutions. it happened five years before in 1799 in france when the army under napoleon overthrew a government which had been elected by one million votes 12 months earlier. that was very clear in people's minds. one of the first measures jefferson did when he became president was to ask wilkinson to release captain meriwether lewis for special duties. a special duty was to go through the list of officers, noting down political affiliation marking of those who were opposed to the administration or most violently opposed to the administration and still active in its vilification. the most extreme federalists on the lists were the smiths. nothing guarantee the safety of the administration like the presence of a sympathetic commander. james wilkinson made it plain he was jefferson's general. one angry federalist officer said that he was the only senior officer friendly to the politics of the reigning party. he showed his sympathy by posting the critics of jefferson to horrible outposts far away so they couldn't do any damage. he also devised his own way of weeding out at her list. the critical thing is the pigtail. that was the ornament of the federalist army. it was difficult to keep looking smart. you had to powder it and the flower turn brown. it was nasty, and everyone's to cut it off. that was his reason. the real reason was that cropped hair was the republican way. it was a plane -- plain republican hairstyle. the federalists hated it. i was determined not to cut my hair provided i sacrificed my feelings. i wrote my resignation and showed that i refuse to accept it. if ever you see me again you will find that i have been closely cropped. this particular man we have here is promised butler. -- thomas butler. colonel thomas muller refused to cut his q off. he was reprimanded. he became the subject of a satire by washington irving who pictured him on his deathbed saying to his comrades bore a hole in the bottom of my cotton -- coffin so that my q can hang through so that i still refuse to obey his orders. boulder did died. everyone else fell into line or resigned. what happened after a year was that you had a close cropped republican army. the paradox running through his career is while he was unmistakably betraying his country to spain he was also performing a service that was vital to democracy, keeping the army under the control of a democratic government. the reason why wilkinson is so little known is that he is the example of the case of the dog that did not bark. almost every revolutionary government sooner or later was overthrown by its army. it happened in france, every other revolutionary country. the army moves in. it did not happen in the knotted states. that is very much to wilkinson's credit. there is another even more secret reason for jefferson's favor. this is a famous map made by alexander from the secret charts kept in mexico city. it show better than anyone else what that bit of southwest of the united states looks like. you can see the inaccuracy. the land is too narrow, and then there is this single mountain range going through. for jefferson, that was extremely interesting indeed. he saw it as another route to the pacific. it looked so easy. once you are over that range of mountains there would be bound to be another river. that would be the way there would be a second route to be found. he borrow the map, and gave it to wilkinson. wilkinson copied it and shared it with his protégés who used it to years later when he explored into that area. it was more wilkinson than just the map. he knew what was happening down there. he had a wonderful protégé philip nolan and used to go into that area to roundup wild mustangs and break them for the spanish army. he had direct information about how you might go in there or turn to the south and you might very well find a way into mexico. i don't know how complicit jefferson was. he was seen on one occasion having dinner and discussing something secret. the entire table fell silent. around the table wilkinson philip nolan, and thomas jefferson. wilkinson had written to jefferson saying i know you are interested in this part of the world. my friend philip nolan knows more than anyone else. we should meet. what were they discussing? we don't know. certainly, his appointment of wilkinson to this sensitive place suggest he wanted to find a route to the pacific, possibly he wanted to see if there could be some way of expanding it to mexico. wilkinson had this need to be liked. he wanted to be approved of. he responded in norms to it. he responded to jefferson with doglike admiration. he said tell the president i would gladly give my life for him and counted aloft that i only have but one to give. you begin to see happening the beginning of a terrible morality tale. wilkinson, always prone to treachery has found somebody he is going to be loyal to. what is terrible for him is that just one year earlier, before he was promoted, he and his friend aaron berger had decided on a plot, a conspiracy to carve out some kind of kingdom down there in louisiana, and mexico. this mother lode of silver that produces a third of all the silver in the civilized world. get your hands on that and it is like being in charge of the meant -- mint. no one quite knows what burr had in mind but it can only happen with wilkinson's help. he had the ability to go to war with spain. if there was war with spain, all burr's contacts said we will go to war with spain and bring you out 5000 people, 10,000 people trade that was a critical thing. in the summer of 18 six it looked as though war would break out because spanish troops move down to just about their, neck and dojo's -- it is 65 miles. you could have had war with no trouble at all. october of 1806 he was discussing with his second in command how they could go to war. how they could do a sentence apprise attack. at that moment, the fate of the united states was in his hands. if they had made the attack the army would have engaged. war would have broken out. the militia would have come down the mississippi. burr intended to take new orleans. there was a rebellious french population waiting to welcome him and give him golden guns. he was going to go on to invade mexico. who knows? on october the eighth, while wilkinson was talking to his second-in-command, a young man came in with a letter from burr. he had to decide if you would be loyal to jefferson or loyal to his treacherous friends arron burr. i want to read you the letter. i have obtained funds and commenced the enterprise from different points under different pretenses will rendezvous on the ohio. wilkinson shall be second to burr only. he guarantees the result with his life and honor. for 10 days wilkinson agonize. which way would he jump? he made the choice. absolutely critical choice. on october 21 he wrote a personal letter to jefferson announcing his discovery of the eight association of i designed to rendezvous men in new orleans coming down the mississippi. he given the secret away. he made his choice. he'd been loyal for the first time in his career to jefferson. he said to frustrate this he proposed to make the best piece with spain that is in my power and to throw myself at my little army and to new orleans to be right to defend the capital against usurpation and violence. if you're going to be a traitor stay a traitor. if you're going to be loyal this is what happens. burr was arrested. he accused wilkinson of being a spanish pensioner, not for the first time. this time there was more evidence to suggest that he was. burr said the only reason he didn't go on the enterprise was because the king of spain had paid him so much money. more and more people joined him. there was not one but three, but for tribunals of inquiry into wilkinson's behavior. jefferson became cooler, didn't really support him. he offered formal assistance. then it was a terrible moment when a camp, terrible loss of life. from disease. he was forced to resign. he was not quite finished. none of these tribunals could find anything to pin on him. he was always tell not guilty. when the war of 1812 broke out he was reinstated. he forced spain to hand over a bed of west florida. he received this tiny bit of west florida nearest the white bit of the map. that is what wilkinson conquered . the only territorial gain. on the basis of that he was promoted to command a second attempt to invade canada and failed. this was a total disaster. a third of his men died. he was forced to resign. his military career ended there. after that, his life declined rapidly. he tried to grow cotton in the south. didn't really succeed. he went to mexico and tried to gain land there. really, there was very little to wilkinson in the end. who was he? the one thing that really was made constant and his life was this extraordinary of session with jefferson, wanting jefferson to give approval. he wrote repeatedly asking him just send me a letter, that is all i need. just reply to these letters. you can see jefferson did receive them. by the 1820's, when we are about, jefferson is very old. you can see his shaky handwriting endorsing the envelopes saying arrive may the 21st. he doesn't reply. he doesn't give the approval. i think it broke wilkinson's heart. he became a laudanum addict and on christmas day he died. i want to read you the nice little coda that occurred. in a sense, if you're going to be leading a life of secrecy that is where your life is going to be. the outside life is a disguise. it's difficult to tell where you exist. was he a traitor was he a patriot, was he spanish, was he american? he died on december 28, 18 25 at the age of 68 years old. a distinguished congregation including the future president of mexico and the american ambassador assembled in the church of saint michael in mexico city for his funeral. out with appearances -- outward appearances were always important for wilkinson. for the general, it never counted for much. the final disposal of his mortal remains was appropriate. in 1870 to the cemetery of the church of saint michael ware wilkinson was buried was scheduled for development. the news reached the senate, the body deserve a proper resting place. orders were given to transfer it. when they arrived, they discovered the graves had already been dug up and the bones consigned to a common vault. americans bones mixed with mexican. it was no possible to tell one from the other, friend from enemy, patriot from traitor, general from spine. whoever was behind the outward appearance known as james wilkinson had simply disappeared. thank you. [applause] if you have any questions about this character, i would be glad to take them. >> first of all and my life? ok. i enjoyed your presentation. two questions if i may. could you explain briefly the first contact wilkinson had with the spanish authorities where he became their person, and the phrase spanish pensioner, i guess that means something different than we would use the term today. mr. linklater: just to explain that it just means he has been paid by spain and i think it means also it is a regular payment. it is not a one-off payment. he is receiving a salary. but yes, the first contact really was when he took a flatboat of kentucky produce a down the mississippi. it was spanish river. it was controlled by spanish forts, spanish galleys, running up and down it. in practice, the spaniards had total control. they put a ban on american boats coming down the mississippi. i think he just decided to try to as a way of breaking the ban on american shipping. but he clearly just the force , the attractiveness of his personality allowed him to sort of get under the skin if he'd like of the spanish authorities, and he sensed that they had an agenda of their own, and their agenda was to build up the wealth of louisianan because they were very nervous about this huge growth of american population. and i think he understood that. he said i have got a solution to your problem. i am going to detach these new states and that will solve your problem. and he always -- it is said by his defenders that actually it was just a way of extracting money from the spaniards. but i think that it is perfectly true certainly after he rejoins the army that he was giving them a lot of valuable information. and i think they got a very good bargain out of it. yes, sir. >> how was it discovered he was actually a spy? during his lifetime he was never caught but clearly from the evidence you have presented, it is unquestionable that he was. so when did that come out and how did that play? mr. linklater: it really didn't come out until the 20th century. i mean really it was remarkable . he was always terribly nervous the spaniards would leak the information. because they have the smoking gun. not just one, they had hundreds of smoking guns in the form of these reports. one of the last of they handlers said don't worry, we will sin the papers to havana, and long before madison had been president, or anyone else discovers your secret, the papers will be far away. there will be no way you'll be discovered. it was true. wonderfully dogeared historians started going through these piles of disorder documents. the library of congress got copies scores of copies of these , coded messages and they were very exciting to read because it is laid out but you need time because they are very long. but you can read about them in the book. >> is there any information about his family life? it looks like they were uprooted a number of times. mr. linklater: that is a good question i'm glad you asked. i'm sorry i have to skip over bidle, his wife, because i am fond of her and to his credit james wilkinson was fond of her, too. she used to write lovely letters saying how much she was missing my jimmy, as she called him. the question that was in my mind, how much she knew. she must have gas. they were getting an awful lot more money than a general could have earned. to a certain extent she was blinded. she came from this very sophisticated wealthy philadelphia family and one of them became the second american bank. so she liked that. i think she blinked her eyes to it. the terrible thing was she was dying during the conspiracy. i think that she had tuberculosis, something like that. these awful operatic scenes where she is upstairs in the house coughing her lungs out, and he is downstairs riding these reports to jefferson saying i will lay down my life to defend you and defend the united states, and whatever i can give. at the same time knowing of course that he had been prepared to do exactly the opposite. so she died fairly soon after the defeat of the conspiracy. after about 10 years he remarried a young french girl and i think he was very happy with her. nancy is quite a wonderful woman. thank you for asking. >> three questions, if i may. do you know spanish or have you communicated with the spanish and english? >> he wrote in english. conveniently, i do read some spanish, but conveniently from my point of view the reports are all decoded in english. they are written with this spelling dictionary. they are decoded into english. certainly, what is very interesting from my point of view, and i could read most of them, are the reports from madrid to new orleans, talking about the value of his information. madrid took a bit of convincing it has to be said, that he was valuable. constantly new orleans says this man can give us all this territory, all this information. he is worth having. >> if he is a pensioner, how come he was never investigated? how did he betray arnold? mr. linklater: to deal with the investigation, he was investigated after the burr conspiracy. nobody found any hard evidence. he was always able to say i have been trading with spain before. they owed me money for tobacco the old me money for this or the other. it was always passed off as legitimate. his relationship was arnold is interesting. arnold was one of the people he a hero worshiped. arnold was easily the most effective, aggressive military general. he was really regarded as a star , particularly during the canadian campaign. he became his at distant, but along came horatio gates and wilkinson transferred his loyalties. gates and arnold quarreled because they were different people. wilkinson stitched arnold. later again did the same thing with arnold was appointed military governor of philadelphia. wilkinson said he is a traitor a spy. virtually forfeiting into the hands of the british. he was a dangerous person to have as an enemy but he was very early spotting that arnold's loyalties were not in balance. >> thank you for an excellent presentation. i have unrelated questions. you reside in england. do you do your research in europe and spain, how did you put it together? mr. linklater: some in spain. the originals are in spain. a lot here. the library of congress has a wonderful collection of spanish documents when they relate to the united states. they have in fact duplicates of all the archives in madrid. i have been writing, this is my third book of american history. gradually you were acquired information about that. i've written a book, i was familiar with what wilkinson looked like from ellicott's point of view. wilkinson really plays with him like a cat plays with the mouse. that was how i did it. i have to say the third element is the internet. there is so much information. you can see original documents online, and the particular thing of jefferson, his shaky handwriting, there it is online. i never saw the original. i saw the internet picture of the original. those are the three ways that i approach it. >> my last question, you spoke of the importance of his loyalty to jefferson, and not using the army to establish a coup. earlier when general washington resigned his commission in annapolis, that institutionalize the principle of civilian control of the military. did that carry through? did that impact any from the general wilkinson or do we just think of this later on that that is where it fell? mr. linklater: it was hugely important, that gesture in annapolis state house of general washington laying down his command. in reality, most of the army had been either bellowed for setback to civilian life. there wasn't much army to resign. it is a critical importance. it was extraordinary. i don't know how well you know the last few months of the revolution of the continental army. there was strong feeling that congress hadn't pay them enough, they hadn't pay them the warrants. the was a talk of mutiny. washington went there and tried to read the document. he said my hair has gone gray, and my eyes. he is such an intense bond that he had. for the federalists, that was the real bond. that was really why they found jefferson so hard to stomach. from the second administration, he had been forming his own faction. he was really distraught stood -- distrusted deeply. it was absolutely to washington. i have no doubt jefferson would not have gone to the extent of weeding out federalist officers. he would not have gone to the extent of trusting wilkinson had he not felt there was a genuine possibility the democratic government might be under threat from the military. i think that's it. thank you very much. [applause] >> on history bookshelves, here from the best-known american history writers. to watch these programs anytime, visit our website c-span.org/history. >> next, author g william quatman. on general godfrey weitzel. mr. quatman discusses his involvement in the fall and occupation of richmond of april 1965. [applause] >> thank you for your warm introduction. thank you for hosting me today.

Related Keywords

Louisiana , United States , Canada , Saratoga , Kentucky , Texas , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Madrid , Spain , Florida , Mexico City , Distrito Federal , Mexico , Saint Michael , Spanish River , Ontario , Washington , District Of Columbia , Cincinnati , Ohio , Mississippi , United Kingdom , Spanish Fort , Annapolis , New Orleans , Tennessee , Havana , Ciudad De La Habana , Cuba , Maryland , Ireland , France , Spaniards , Americans , America , Canadian , Mexican , French , Spanish , British , Irish , American , Arron Burr , Joseph Wilkinson , Philip Nolan , Benedict Arnold , Wilkinson Philip Nolan , James Wilkinson , Tim Timmy , Aaron Berger , Andro Linklater , Thomas Muller , James Madison , John Adams , Thomas Butler , Thomas Jefferson ,