He earned his phd in military history from kansas state university. He retired to tucson in 2015. He is the author of dozens of books, including fighting for in theam blacks frontier army. It is in sale in our gift shop following the lecture. We are excited to welcome dr. John langellier. Join me in a round of supplies round of applause as we welcome him to the podium. [applause] john i feel like a telemarketer. [laughter] i will send you every month a book that i have written that no now. Ants if you sign up thank you for allowing me to be here. It is a wonderful opportunity to come back to what we at kansas. Tate call western kansas some of you call it colorado. It has been a pleasure. This is a magnificent facility. We certainly want you, if you are not members, before you leave, the doors will not be join. Ed until you there is no such thing as a free lunch. I will attempt to make 21stcentury Technology Work for a fellow that still lives in the 19th century. My topic is the Buffalo Soldiers. The emphasis is on the buffalo soldier experience in colorado. Do you think i will make a soldier . Was an opening line from a spiritual during enslavement in the odious institution, slavery. First issong had its unknown, but the lyrics raised a longstanding question. Although blacks in africa, and later in what became the United States, had a place in bearing arms, their place was never secure in the American Military. , soon after assuming command of the continental army, and this is appropriate, because today is the 20th of february, president s day. George washington ordered that no blacks should be permitted into the continental military. He supported this position by a committee in which none of the representatives of supposedly more openminded colonies of rhode island, connecticut, and massachusetts concurred with the idea that black should not be allowed. At this point, the word . Washing the war begins to go on. A veryton finds this is poor decision on numerous levels, not the least of which black manpower it was necessary. Black forces would serve later in the war as part of the continental army, including some units from rhode island, who had one of the battles in their native area would fight the hessians, the mercenaries of the british army that they brought over. Indeed, they were part of the line that held and pushed back this incredible onslaught of the hessians. When blacks were brought in an institutionalized, segregation was set up. Black troops would ultimately serve not in the main. Usuallygated units under the command of white officers. At the end of the war many a black who fought for freedom, for the promise all men were created equal, would find this was purely a promise on paper. That the parchment wasnt worth what was written on it. Many of them were returned to slavery after the war after the fighting concluded between the crown and the colonies. , in many respects, the second American Revolution weekend against the british. Blacks again would serve against several yearn that war. Some of that war, as you will recall from your days in school, seamen were being impressed into the british navy. Any of them were black. As there taken prisoner british came aboard and either lockedinto service or into prisons in great britain. York would like new pass laws authorizing the form an formation of black soldiers. Many served with distinction, including perhaps the most famous in the battle of new orleans. It was ironically fought after the war concluded. With those of us from the 1950s, we had a great folk song about it. How can you complain . The war is over, the status quo goes back. Blacks are disallowed to carry arms. On one hand they are looked at anything,le of doing on the other hand we fear them as a night as we go to bed slaveowner in the south. Will they take up arms and murder us in our beds . This dichotomy is existing at the time. The sameincoln follows tune as his predecessor george washington. Blacks not serve will not serve in the u. S. Union forces against the breakaway rebellion in the south. He disallows the use of blacks in the forces on land. The u. S. Navy still has blacks serving as ablebodied seaman. As a separate spirit to the turn of the end of the 19th century. Some individuals believe that this is not only counter to the reason why the war is going to be fought, but a very myopic view. We need as many men under arms is possible to fight against the rebels. People like john charles vermont , the great pathfinder who often got lost, but is still one of my heroes because he was a short frenchman with a bad temper. I am one of the same. He came to the conclusion that blacks should be allowed to be emancipated at the very least. Some of his colleagues in kansas, like the governor, brought blacks into the union thees into missourikansas area. This was not well received, but ultimately it was determined for political and higher reasons that blacks should be allowed into the American Military union forces. 180,000 or more blacks would serve, earning emancipation, buying their freedom in blood, not just of theng it as a stroke 10 from chief executive abraham lincoln. After the war, lincolns death creates chaos. Radical republicans do one thing. You should put it in your diary. The congress of the United States made a decent decision, something important to know. On july 28, 1866, the congress established six regiments of africanamerican men under white officers to serve in 4 regiments of infantry and 2 of calvary in the main, ultimately to be sent west. Transmississippi some would be retained in the south. From the 1860s through the early 1870s is reconstruction. To establish some of the of the various parts of the constitution, the amendments of the constitution, to allow blacks to vote and other issues, and to ensure that blacks had the ability to be elected to office and be treated in some respects more fairly than they had the hundred years prior to the war. Some of the blacks who served as reconstruction occupational forces, for want of a better erm, including in texas. Which is known for its openmindedness for races. Texas, oklahoma, and kansas had often a long trail or railroadtype situation that would become the roads to the to westwardeturn postcivil war. Regarding the new Union Pacific railroad. They are guarding the new Union Pacific railroad. They are guarding stagecoaches. They may ride on the top of the stagecoach to protect the whites inside, but as soon as they get to the destination where they a protective force against whoever might be there to interdict their transportation, they are told to march back to wherever they come from. This is still not an equal time. Is the soldiers are mainly in texas and oklahoma, then known as indian territory, and parts of kansas. That would be the case well into the first decade of the operations of the true. They are scattered in the longerterm of black soldiers in the west from the Canadian Border to the Mexican Border from california to missouri here he truly, virtually every state and territory and union, at one time or another, will have black troops posted to them. Enter another group of individuals under george forsyte. Forsyth they are armed with spencer repeating rifles. New inventionwhat that allows these guys to fire rapidly against any foe they may face here they are carrying 140 rounds. They are really packing heat. They are caring cold revolvers with 30 rounds of ammunition. They are well armed shock troops. Questad into colorado in of stabilizing what would be eastern colorado and the cheyenne. The problem is they will arrive thinking they are armed to the ,eeth, ready to take anybody on when they run into cheyenne who are the finest light calvary in the world. And at a place that is remote and isolated, beecher island, not unlike the remote and isolated airport that we have today, which is also knew the kansas border teams. E and his men are attacked when they come under attack, they are besieged at beechers forsyths named for second in command, frederick teacher third u. S. Infantry u. S. Rick beecher, third infantry. Despite their rounds or technical superiority and firearms, they are facing 600 cheyenne warrior, who are a fierce foe. They are led by a man known in english as roman nose. Despite being killed in battle, his successor brose attack after attack against the men on the island who are expecting this to be their last day on earth. 200 miles de of and understand 25 miles a day is a good pace. 40 miles you could make, but when you got there your horse was played out, and one part of your anatomy as a calvary soldier was played out. Captain carpenter and one other officer, 17 scouts, a supply train because the army always had to march with all of its equipment and enlisted men , 2m company h and company i black regiments, came to lift the siege. Reporters after action sums up the sad state he found. As indicated, the army doctor with them exerted himself to the utmost in his efforts to relieve the suffering of the wounded, as did every officer and soldier of the command. Furtheriting for reinforcements, they werent sure the indians had left. The cheyenne were determined to drive these soldiers, white or black, from their traditional lands. Findwould eventually reinforcements came and they would be relieved. In the meantime, prior to this attack, as carpenter was waiting and the forsyth command was waiting, another detachment from company i under George Graham had been at big sandy creek. On september 15, a scout on the eastr wrote ending near colfax and broadway, and the Northern Branch down 6th avenue to park avenue, grahams men would be on the trail, patrolling to keep these trails open. He and 36 soldiers encountered an estimated 1000 cheyenne dog soldiers. The cheyenne were excellent fighters, but the dog soldiers with a special forces of their people. Faced these men who attacked at close quarters. A fight ensued. One reference said the troops themselves handle themselves handsomely, even though this was their first time in battle for many of them, fighting like cornered wildcats. With nightfall, the free end it. Horse isen without a an infantryman. That is bad for the calvary men. For the cheyenne, the calvarys were 11 killed and 14 wounded. Casualties were 11 killed and 14 wounded. It is a small force by any the 19thtoday, but in century, the 1860s, it is sizable. Every cheyenne man was a son, father, brother, and there would be a large that would go lodge that would go into mourning and maybe not have food or shelter with your loved one did not return. After big sandy and beecher island, their brothers in arms infantry with the part to colorado. This was formed in louisiana under orders in 1860 six to general share den, then commanding in new orleans. Shared in was authorized sheraton was authorized to muster within his commands the men to form the regimen. He looked to men serving in volunteer regimen. I mentioned 180,000 black serving in the war. Many were not released. Many black volunteer regiments akin to what the National Guard would be today. They were allowed to be discharged early from their enlistment in the units if they wanted to join the ninth calvary. This class of men was highly desired because of several thing, not the least of which they had military service and and asake good soldiers importantly could become noncommissioned officers. Noncommissioned officers of this time, like noncommissioned officers of the modern time, have a great deal to do besides marshall duties. Itselfy usually buries in the biggest battle, paperwork, not fighting an enemy. Sometimes they made it a Capital Punishment to be able to read and write could not read and write. Having prior knowledge of the military and allowed them to cut corners of not having the literacy level they might ultimately have. At least they could come in with onthejob training and know what to do. Going back to the civil war, the army found that they would have chaplains in the black regiments that were regimental chaplains. In the postcivil war era, the idea of regimental chaplains went away, and oppose chaplain would go to which institution, texas or arizona. The black regimen all had regimental chaplains. Not only were they to be the spiritual leader of the group, but they were in charge of education. The idea was to train these soldiers in the three rs. To bring them up in an operation bootstraps to learn to read and write, to be literate, and at a later date as a matter of fact one of the black chaplains went so far as to go on recruiting duty as opposed to just being a chaplain. Bringing blacks in that he thought had promise, try to train them in the timeframe they were enlisted, and go back into the civilian population to serve as role models and Community Leaders for hopefully raising the black community. Ahead. Too far technology. Have backwards, john. Ever backwards. We have sandy creek. Colonel hatch is that commander of the ninth calvary. He will stay at the helm for many years, along with other capable officers who will go on to distinguished careers in a number of instances. Hadue course, these troops been assigned to texas and would move on. They would find themselves in new mexico. Im new mexico, which they were involved in the Lincoln County wars in the situation with billy , would in some cases 1876 company i of the ninth calvary would come to seven colorado from new mexico. They would garrison fort garland. Of the colorado historical society. It has a fantastic museum. One of the great places to go in the spring and summer, have a picnic, enjoy the view of colorado, and learn about its history. Much of the fort remains in pristine condition. These troops were sent at a strategic crossroads. In the four corners area where numerous tribal groups claimed this was their traditional land. From the navajo, the ute, the others, this area had long been a crossroads for native peoples here and we find that the fort is described by of theunt jackson, one earliest authors to deal with indianwide conflict in the west. She talks about the fort in a way that would speak to an easternbased audience, and probably to more moderntaste audiences, who thought a ford was surrounded by high walls, guard towers, and john wayne guarding against two was ever coming in. This had no stereo typical area that was a stockade. It looked like a spanish or mexican village around a central plaza. Ae only real defense is where , the garrison. , small projectiles, and later on, the first version of the machine gun, the gatlin gun. That was it. Hunt likewise indicated the defenders included the black troopers of the ninth. They were mostly single and lived in open bay spartan barracks. There was a philosophy in the victorian army. If the army wanted you to have a wife, they would have issued you one. To bef the men are going bachelor soldiers going about their daily lives cooking and serving meals, and other housekeeping chores, as well as drilling, parading, cleaning equipment, and other marshall pursuits. , a few head families, but that privilege was likely enjoyed by officers convline who had a fascinating story. At this point are all plate with three exceptions. There will be three black west point graduates starting with the class of 1877. All other officers will be officers who are white. Many served in the early years as officers with black units during the civil war. This was not considered to be a really great posting. When the army went from one by the men to 25,000 men 1860s, finding a job in the army was difficult. Many soldiers put aside their least the at officers, to serve in black units as commanders. Role wentcompany is back before their arrival into colorado. It had to do with the complex saga of the utes who referred to themselves as our people. Many of us know that is a fairly broad situation in many groups of native people. Navajo, apache, those are the people. Each group would refer to themselves as the people in their own tongue. We would give them other names and misnomers, calling them indians, which none of them were. The people lived in colorado and had a vast area. Not only in colorado, but parts of wyoming and utah. That would change. Traditionalwere the hunting grounds, the traditional cultural areas for the utes, westward expansions crash would press and on then. Their traditional areas would be further forced by whites seeking ute land for minerals and farms. The expansionist had a different idea for the land which the utes had utilized. There was a conflict between 2 distinct cultures with different views of what colorado meant to them. Amongst these confrontational episodes were supposedly a series of burnings that took place. Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin contended that the utes have burned more timber these past two weeks than whites cut in 20 years. You know a politician will never tell a lie, so it must be true. In response, the governor called on the local military commander, a civil war veteran, to quell what was conceived as an uprising. During the summer of 1879, he ordered company i, the ninth calvary from fort 115 miles southwest of the garrison, to investigate the fires in middle park, north park, and arrest 2 indians who local whites charge with burning the house of a local indian agent. The troops are dispatched. They actually find nothing. Enter another player. 1879, theer 10, latest in a string of indian agents added further fuel to the smoldering situation in the form of an exaggerated inflammatory telegram. I have been assaulted by a leading chief, johnson, forced out of my house and injured badly, but was rescued by my employees. Family and employees not safe. Want protection immediately. Have asked the governor to confer with governor pope. You know a Civil Service would never lie, so this must have been a bad situation. Uteite youd leaders leaders saying they would maintain peace. This long smoldering fire storm was about to unite. Thornburg led a contingent from fort steele reservation ute taste on the request for 100 soldiers to bolster his position at the agency. Aftertember 29, not long reaching a creek above the reservation, and within striking he encountered a ute leader who was without weapons and approached troops. Soon after a weapon from an unknown weapon charged and the weapons on then whites. Thornburg recognize the development and deploy troops to avoid the encirclement. He thought, we can handle the situation. Soon afterwards he was failed by a fatal slug to the skull. The whites with true with their dead and wounded intel and in up a primitive defense put together with whatever they could make in a makeshift way to defend themselves from the onslaught. Rained down on the troopers, the entire fight continued to worsen. , back at theeker agency with 8 other Agency Workers and 2 teamsters who had been unfortunate enough to deliver supplies to the agency at that time, were caught in this crossfire. Meeker and these individuals were killed. Meekers wife, their daughter, another woman and her two daughters were taken captive. Amidst the chaos, the survivors of the command, now under the next highest ranking officer, managed to send a courier with a plea that help that simply read thornburg killed. His people in peril. Rush to their assistance. Miraculously, was found on the trail by captain god and the men of company e and the men of company 9. Two fellow officers and 35 to witness theed devastation. According to peter decker, if not for the assistance of the Buffalo Soldiers, the exhausted troops would have met the same fate as custers troops little bighorn. The black troops immediately took up positions within the displayed superb discipline and bravery as they held out for four days awaiting the arrival of a larger relief. Johnson of the ninth calvary would receive the medal of honor. Soon after the fray, with all the horses killed in the command, the men would return eastward, heading to denver, come in bywould train to denvers union station, where they received a heros welcome by the predominantly white community. Which is a significant, because this is at a time when racial between are often high black communities and white or blacks living within or near those communities. They received a heros welcome, marched down 16th street to the ymca, and enjoyed festivities hosted by the good townsman of denver. As an aside, there was a message that meeker sent on september 22 before he met his maker that agitated agents said there are soldiers coming. By the way the soldiers are negroes, and it is sufficient sot this race am a once despised, shall compel the civilization of the indians. Be careful what you wish for, because he never lived to see that they happen. He aftermath, i been formeridnovember, a white river indian agent, and colonel hatch met at the agency under heavy guard of troops and ute police so they could bring about the long road to peace with another treaty that would ultimately be a lasting treaty, but many of the lands that the utes had called home in colorado would be taken away from them. They would move on, in many cases, to the utah area. We often think about american. Ndians in past tense we have to remember, in such people, theute original people to inhabit this state are still with us. Some of their stories are still being told in this institution. The history of the Buffalo Soldiers does not end with peace coming about. There are other forts besides for garland that are important. Happen to be in areas scattered around the state, like fort lewis. It was not originally a college. You cannot go there to matriculate. Intermittently between 1881 and 1892, the would serve at this pd at one point in time in the utah outbreak, the regimental headquarters were located there. Likewise, this was garrisoned briefly in 1860 by troopers of the 10th u. S. Cavalry, the sister regiment, the night regiment, but in this case, unlike citizens of denver, who theembraced the heroes of meters debacle, would find conflict between black soldiers and when people who lived in the local town. As a consequence, there would be a series of violence, ultimately leading to the first legal execution in colorado after its statehood of a 23yearold 10th cavalry men by the name of james jewelry jimmy miller. He went into in area, felt he had the right of a person serving his government to intermix in something that was going on in the town. There was an altercation, he in, a firefight. That a white lay dead, soldiers were brought to court. Miller was hanged, the other given an extended site can sentence. So the racial tensions between blacks and whites and American Indians and white, black and American Indians was very complex. Pot. S known as a melting [please stand by] the horseman. From soldiers had returned something styles way contemporary, the splendid the war. An army is mobilized to go to cuba and ultimately puerto rico and to the philippines. The first units essentially sent out to be deployed overseas were the four black units because they were some of the highly. Rained units in the army to give you somewhat of a bit of a back story, in the postcivil war army, desertion and alcoholism were twin evils. In the , or 40 of men white regiments might desert from the 1860s to the early was a 1880s, which short time. Not so with the black regiments, who tended for most of the entire quarter century after the civil war to have the highest reenlistment rates with some men six, upfour, five, to 40 years in uniform, meaning it was not a job of work as an immigrant might see it jumping off the boat from europe. If i cant find better, i will join the army. This was professional guards. They had low desertion rates for the entire u. S. Army. These were trusted soldiers who went up San Juan Hill, all for regiments, andur Teddy Roosevelt who would receive a medal of honor. He would not have made that charge and that great leap to become commander in chief without the four recommends regiments of regulars at his side for the San Juan Hill battle during those dramatic battles. At fort logan, there was also an individual one might say was the Buffalo Soldiers buffalo soldier, jeremiah jones. Jones has spent all his adult life as a black soldier in uniform. He had risen through the ranks highest you could go as an enlisted man, Sergeant Major of the ninth cavalry, and ultimately became a specialist, the man in charge of firearms, ammunition, all the things soldiers need in battle. He would serve his last post here at fort logan, dying march 20, 1906, unremembered, yet so one of the great men of the time. So this is part of the colorado story that is just a microcosm of the largest story of Buffalo Soldiers in the american west. I challenge you, no one has written the definitive story on not only the black soldier in like the very much excellent work on Buffalo Soldiers in new mexico, the larger story of the relationsnal between blacks, whites, indians. With that, i am at the end of my tale, and we will open up questions. Keep them to a minimum, and my colleagues in passing amongst you with a microphone. They dontme trust me, and i dont blame them , but we need to stay on time. I will be happy at the end of the series tonight to speak to you at the museum store. Thank you so much. [applause] ok. Thank you, dr. Langellier. Please raise your hand, and we will get things started here. Yes, back here. I have seen a couple of essays on the black soldiers serving in the indian period as well as in world war ii, but i have never seen any extensive writing on the white officers who committed those units and often wondered how it affected their career, because they seemed to putting out a lot of theage in recognizing accomplishments of their men and also getting those decorations when they deserved. Any essays or pieces about those men . John langellier excellent question, and thank you. The officer corps at this time within the entire army was like an Old Spaghetti western, the good, the bad, and the ugly. You had people who you can read Benjamin Grierson from 1866 to 1886 and beyond commanded the 10th cavalry regiment. He is a former schoolteacher, taught music before the broader. He beat the war. You may remember the old john ,ayne movie with four soldiers based loosely on his rating in the south. He and his wife support the troops, and there are numerous publications about not only grierson but his wife, a colonels lady, and a very modern woman in the victorian era. Very outspoken. There is not a lot of the officer corps itself. You can read and there are some materials. We will go through them after. The ninth cavalry talks about the officers. It could be detrimental to your career, it could be helpful to your career. But it is what you made up of in numerous pieces. But there are instances where officers were willing to , but woulde regiment oftentimes in the literature of the time, the army, Navy Journalist would be the unspoken house historian. There definitely was that there was also the issue of hosting black troops tended to be in texas not only because it was a hotbed in the 1860s and 1870s. They needed troops on the firing line, but they needed to keep black soldiers away from white communities, to not have that problem they had here in colorado and other places in the west. Were often offgs the edge of their planet in their mind. So even though it might have been detriment to their career, it certainly was not conducive to raising a family in some of the nicer places that might be in denver or wherever. Ones a mixed bag, but no work has covered that today. Autobiographyn an of a totally unimportant white officer who was a metal of honor recipient from louisiana whose father had been a confederate officer that that he would serve with no other but black troops if he had his way. By serving sidebyside, some of these officers began to change racial stereotypes, and some of the local communities began to change as they had contact with the highly professional soldiers. Maybe dr. Hunt will do a book on that later on, not that he has nothing to do, right . Michael. That,t related to blackjack purging, the world i am not sure which one he was in charge of, it didnt hurt his career, and he is one of the most aim is. Excellent point. John langellier he was the quartermaster. He was at san juan. He got the certain nickname because of black soldiers but also but i cant say this because we are on public tv. He was a black hearted individual. He went back to west point as a tactical officer. If you are a young cadet, you found everyone to avoid him. Buttond spot a missing on account from a hundred yards. Pershingshurt career, but in the Montana Historical society, this man was stationed there. He tried to transfer out of the 10th cavalry to get a desk job in the quartermaster court, which meant he would have never become a fourstar general, general of the armys commanded the avf. I also did not hurt he married the daughter of one of the most powerful senators in the u. S. Senate who controlled the Purse Strings to the u. S. Army. If all else goes wrong, very l, i guess is the moment moral of that story. I will come over here. I am the other professor hunter. What about merediths kid . John langellier merediths kid, i dont have enough background on meredith. What i am finding is that every time i go to one of these sessions, somebody brings up something i wish i had done 40 years ago to put in the book. But the officers and their wives i will you answer your questions since you have an answer. Why the term Buffalo Soldiers . We dont know. Wifeis, an Army Officers in the territory, said in her book that the indians called in Buffalo Soldiers because in essence they reminded them with the hair and dark complexions of buffalo, of bison. That book was written in 1919. No one ever found the 1871 letters. Twoas of last week, one of definitive scholars on the topic, dr. Tom phillips, found a newspaper article that uses the term and sent the same thing. It is based on some of the indians saying they look to us like bison buffalo. No connotation of anything. Just a descriptive thing, but native americans also called them the black white man. They also used the n word on more than one occasion. And it went ballistic when they found out black soldiers were coming [please stand by] something that can be taught. It is not embedded in culture. This was not a rainbow coalition. Between 1870s, we see that use of the term buffalo soldier. No quantification, their description of why it, whatever, indians called and that were simply saying buffalo soldier. A fellow by the name of frederick remington, a yale , goes west it is ok and begins to hone his career out of thousands of images. He would not he portrayed black soldiers over 100 times. And one of the big newspapers of the day, national newspaper, he will write an article, stuck with Buffalo Soldiers, as the title. He will not tell you there when he used the term. Wretchede to be ratcheted up. More commonly used within the white community, but nowhere until 1920 or 1930 two we find a black soldier using the term for themselves. It is always the white soldiers, white press. Of the buffalo comes in world war i. There is the 90 Division Patch with a divisional sleeve, but those are designed by white cavalrysand the 10th insignia is also designed in the 1920s i white officers. We want to answer your own questions, i want to know. [laughter] John Langellier that is the best thing i have ever heard. Ok michael. A minute to tell us about lieutenant flipper and what happened to him . John langellier yes. West point would finally open up to a veryt civil war small number of cadet candidates who passed the exam. Every cadet prior to henry o 1877, as with henry o clipper, were ostracized by their fellow cadets as a lived in their own rooms. It was not a bad thing or if some of us have had roommates in college we wished we did not have, but they were spoken to officially in command when they were in the unit, in formation, or in classrooms. They would need a latin verse or to come to the board for trigonometry or something. So trigger will graduate the first of three black candidates who will become cadets and receive their commission at west point. He will be sent to the 10th cavalry ultimately in texas and serve at fort davis, texas. He is the Second Lieutenant you all know if you have been in the military, they are like a nice hat, but you have to care and feed them, because they might go feral. As a Second Lieutenant, he is charged with a lot of nonmilitary duties that have to do with keeping the books for the commissary and other things. He messes up. He tries to cover it up. Is found out, write up on charges of conduct unbecoming an officer and gentlemen and other best vacations. He is put under arrest. The norm in the military is you are an officer and gentlemen i the act of god, congress, and your taylor. He cannot stay in his quarters. He is placed in the guardhouse, which is unheard of. No other officer would have gone with the same. He is tried and convicted, found guilty, and he was guilty. He made some errors. No one in this room has ever done that, but he did. Who hadany officers done more devious deeds including george custer, who, some of his men died because of his cavalier attitude and his place on oneyear suspension without pay. Clipper was dismissed from the service. In the 1970s, he was reinstituted under some congressional legislation to allow him to have his dishonorable discharge changed to honorable, and next month in the small town in the south of georgia where he is interned, they will put finally a new headstone. Question up front i believe. Wondering, i did not hear anything about John Langellier gloria was not in the civil war, and there are no black soldier serving west of the civil war until 1866 with the exception of a unit in Fort Leavenworth that was created prior to the emancipation proclamation. It created turmoil within the hierarchy of the administration at the time. It is strictly union forces from colorado and new mexico and texas. Michael, in the back. Is there any documentation of what became of some of the soldiers . Did any of them settle here that we know of . Or their descendents, anyone who can trace their ancestry back . John langellier that is the crux of what many of us have not slated in our research. The soldiers first enlistment, you are a clerk, second lisman, you are a soldier. They began to look at the military as a profession of arms , and that became their surrogate family, and some cases, those who had been slaved, they did not know their real name. They took on a name. Theoretically every president in the United States had a buffalo soldier as a last name because it many took on lincoln, jackson, washington, because they had no names given to them. They had to embrace that. Many of the soldiers would move on with their unit and disband. Some would stay. This man was a longtime resident in montana to the north, and he would become a fixture within that state. In some cases, individuals would stay, but they would go back to where they came from. At the time, the Buffalo Soldiers are being formed and gaining their laurels and their expertise, is a time of jim crow, slavery by another name, being adopted. You want to go back to the south . . Nging, lynchings, burnings all these things are taking place, or do you want to stay in the military . And we also need to understand the black soldiers coming to the west, it is the beginning of a great migration that turns into a landslide in the 1920s as people move to the north. That Research Needs to be done. And families dont even realize the connectivity to the black soldiers. A fellow by the name of Mickey Schubert has done a brilliant book on the trail of the Buffalo Soldiers, it is just a fraction of black soldiers and what we can gleam. If we go back to the National Archives for a year, we could probably come up with better answers, but it would take a massive amount of people doing an infinite amount of work. How about you explain to us what happened to the Buffalo Soldiers during the 20th century as time went on . John langellier 20th century, the black soldiers are the forerunners of the border patrol. There is no border patrol. There is no fence, believe it or not. But there are regiments of black soldiers on the border who peace. N a pretty steady this is not an easy time, and in the early 20th century, they are stopping illicit drugs from mexico. They are doing it on horseback, not in 90 million worth of heavyduty equipment. They are on horseback, the mexican revolution is taking place. It is a very difficult time, and the black soldiers are serving with distinction. But they are left there on the border in 1917 when the First World War one comes. And the black units that come with pershing in the 92nd division are relegated to the , truckdoing housekeeping drivers unloading ships. There are some combat units, but none of the four highly qualified regular army units go overseas. None of them for the most part training wrong black troops coming overseas. They are setting the black soldiers up for failure. By world war ii and before world war ii, because of the depression and money is difficult, Congress Said we have to have a pretty small lee terry, and we have the airplane, and we have the army airport, military, andll we have the airplane, and we have the army air force. Lets get rid of the black soldiers so we can have spots for white men to come in and be the pilots and mechanics for the army air force, because blacks cant fly airplanes, until the tuskegee airmen. Graduatedo blacks had from west point since the 1880s, with young, Charles Youngs graduation from west point. A fellow by the name of benjamin o. Davis junior would be the first graduate from west point. His father study for exams under the tutelage of charles young, the last west point graduate in the 19th century. He became one of the first black officers to be promoted through the ranks and begin the first or in theral officer navy, flag officer. I think we have time for maybe one more question. About two years ago or so, i went to a presentation out of fort logan by a buffalo soldier. His father had been stationed in fort logan, was in charge of versus, and his contention was they got the name because their hair looked like a buffalo. But he was a descendent of somebody that had been i think a part of the black regiments or Something Like that. Have you ever heard anything about that . I dont remember his name. John langellier yes, maam. There is a Buffalo Soldiers National Organization enlisting black veterans with people in interested and individuals. They had a meeting there is a buffalo soldier museum. Last, becausene lester with the 150th anniversary. That went without any Government Agency or National Institution acknowledging, so that his wife i convinced my publisher to put the book, which usually they are full of wonderful photographs aired many of those stories are finally coming up, and because of a black historian , black family members and number of individuals within the academic immunity and interested parties, they were finally getting that information. If i told you about the book when i first started working on the context in the 1960s, you would have said soldiers that killed buffalos . Nobody would have known. How many hollywood epics are starting black soldiers . For the gentleman that did the major john wayne movies. We hear about stuff from Popular Culture and certainly we learned about them did not learn about them in any schools, high school or college. I know we might have more questions, but we are just about out of time. I would like to thank dr. John langellier on the presentation of the Buffalo Soldiers. [applause] of course, he would be happy to answer any of your questions and will be signing his book following the presentation, so ask him some more questions. We certainly thank you all for coming to the colorado center, and well see you next month. John langellier make sure you also understand there is a fantastic Indian Museum and Fort Garland Museum that is a part of the colorado historical society. Excellent publications, worth field trucks in this fine state. Thank you so much. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] announcer 1 you are watching American History tv, 48 hours of programming on American History every weekend of cspan3. Follow us on twitter, at cspan history, for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. Cspan, where history unfold daily. In 1979, cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies. It is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. On lectures in history, Townsend University akim reinhardt teaches a story about victorian culture in the last half of the 20th century. It describes the societal customs of the upper and growing middle class and established gender norms for the time. About how the conventions created expectations that covered behavior, dress, work, and home life. The class is about an hour. Akim reinhardt all right, this is a picture of queen victoria, clean of england from 1837 until 1901. For a long time she was the longest reigning monarch in british history. She was recently surpassed by Queen Elizabeth ii, who is 90 years old and has been on the throne since 1952. What does it all has to do with American History after the civil
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