Transcripts For CSPAN3 20170603

Govern the way that we allow resources to be used in our economy today. Clemson University Professor and former chief economist at the fcc talks about his book, the political spectrum, which looks at the history and politics of u. S. Communication policy. When we allocated spectrum rights in 1927, within a couple years the regulators at commission are renewing licenses, but very carefully noting that propaganda stations will not be allowed. You hadearly on, 1929, left wing stations, if i can use owned by acal term, labor union in chicago, eugene debs, a socialist who had bought a station near new york city for political purposes, for free speech, they wanted to espouse their opinions. These were dubbed propaganda by the regulators. They were told to be careful about expressing their opinions. Sunday night at 8 00 eastern on cspan q a. On lectures and history university of kansas vassar teaches a class about omaha beach and the 1944 d day landings in normandy, france. He describes the allied and as well as the command structure on either side. He talks about the challenges faced by american troops trying to land on omaha beach, and argues the outcome was not inevitable. This class is about 50 minutes. Syllabus, page 10. Question number seven and eight on your syllabus. Page 10. Described and characterized the normandy invasion and why did the allies succeed. Explain victory and defeat. Why was the normandy invasion significant . Why was the battle for a half each a font of victory . A fought victory . How many red omaha beach . Here we go. [laughter] how many have read it . Thesis, someone held me out. Help me out. Basically that the operations failed, and that the soldiers were the ones that basically won the battle or succeeded with the operation. They organized themselves on the beach in the middle of the fire to get operations underway. The argument of the book is that the overall plan for omaha beach failed. All of the airpower, all of those things failed. As a consequence, soldiers were forced to improvise. That is the thesis of the book. The battle of omaha beach was won by soldiers, not by strategic bombers or battleships. Was won by soldiers on the ground. Why . What is the argument to explain why the operation took such a wrong turn at omaha beach . Basically it was the failure of the combined doctrine. Both british and American Forces had their own doctrine. It was the first time we had to take part in combined doctrines or combined operations. When you think about the normandy invasion, you have combined operations, the british and americans working together. You also had joint operations. And u. S. And air force navy all had to work together. The british would come up with one solution. If i gave the americans the same problem, they would come up with a different solution. To the french would come up with a different solution. We had two different amphibious warfare doctrine. Developed aorps doctrine for the pacific developed on nass firepower. Had cruisersthey and then the landings took place. That is not what he did in normandy. Would conduct operations based on the principles of surprise. They went in with stealth, under the cover of darkness. They had to have a different amphibious warfare doctrine. We had two different approaches. You have the Navy Marine Corps doctrine and british doctrine. At normandy they tried to merge those. What happens is ultimately neither one of these doctrines wereth doctrines they had better than what they came up with. That is the thesis and argument we want to make today. If we canets see start this discussion. Where were we last class . The Strategic Bombing campaign, and where else were we . Stalingrad. This is a full extension of germany. We have covered stalingrad the last class. What are these areas in white . Sweden and switzerland. Are they really neutral . No, they are not really neutral. They are supporting germany in a number of different ways. That is the full extension. Since that we did the landings in north africa. This is june 6, 1944. Take a look at north africa. That is all clear. Then we went from north africa into sicily, then from sicily into italy. All of that is cleared now. The germans on this side, russians on the offense of. We had the battle of stalingrad. You can see the russian advance here. This is the german empire. This is the way it extends at this point in june. Lets take a look at geography. Notice the difference. You are in nazi germany now. You want to take a look at the difference between the English Channel to germany, and over here on the eastern front. Where do you have more space . On the eastern front. As a consequence, it were shifts hitlers shifts his priorities. The new difference will be on the western front. Itler shiftsence h divisions to the western front. When normandy takes place there will be 60 german divisions on the western front. The germans know where the normandy invasion is going to take place, who wins . Germany, that is right. 60 divisions. When we conduct the landing there will be five divisions, 3 Airborne Divisions. We would lose in that case. The germans however have a problem. This is the german chain of command. Hitlers at the top. This man would be responsible as general, the head of okw. Runstest in the theater has two army groups, army group b and army group g. Where most interested in army group b under rommel. This is strategic reserve. They will leave five or six armored divisions in the rear for Strategic Reserves to respond to different situations. That is the thinking. Here is our chain of command. Take a look. You have the normandy area where the invasion will actually take place. What is the shortest distance between two points . Rightyou have the normandy ther. What is the distance . You have heard of people swimming the English Channel. A short distance touring two points short distance between two points, where do you think the invasion should take place . Ais area, that would be the argument. However the germans have a problem. They constructed this thing that we will call the atlantic wall. It will extend all across france into norway. They have building they have been building this thing for years. They poured concrete, mines, new types ofeated obstacles to put on the beach, they created tank ditches. This would be along the coast of what they call the atlantic wall. Still they have a problem. Lets think about the german conduct. May have been on the offense for a great deal they have been on the offense for a great deal. Let me give you two examples. Lets take 1917 and 1918. Germans are excellent in defensive warfare doctrine. They put defense in depth. You have seen the trench systems from world war i. You have that image in mind. Lets take 1940 with the fall of france. Best vast moving armored formations. There is a debate going on 1944n germany, 1943, early about how to conduct defense. Rommel has one set of ideas. The general has another set of ideas. Theykes the argument that should use the approach that used in 1940, maintain fastmoving heavy armored divisions. Those that can reinforce the beach. He says they needs to put a defensive perimeter along the coast. Very thin. All they really need to know is where the main attack is coming from. Once they figure that out, the main attack will then start. They will let the situation develop so they can make sure it is the main attack. Then they want to maneuver their armored formations, those heavy cores, into place so that they can defeat that course. General rommel had another vision for the conduct. He did not think that was a good approach. More world war i approach. He wanted to build a Strong Defense along the coast. Longest day, which they made into a movie. That is a quote from rommel, the longest day. He believed that the battle had to be one on dday. Won on theday, and beaches. He wants to put a strong defensive perimeter along the beaches. He wants to make this as strong as possible. What is in rommels thinking . Rommel has been in north africa, fought the british, fought the americans, somewhat thin he is of the opinion that airpower will preclude. Believeseaves if he if they use another approach. Prerequisite for amphibious invasion is naval superiority. Air superiority is something that we win by 1944. You are able to interdict those forces. Rommel believes that allied air power is so significant in that they will not be able to get to the beaches. Rear, you near the will never make it forward. Rommel will be implicated in the plot to assassinate hitler. How many have seen that movie . A scheme that was eventually hatched. Mel is not of the opinion for the russians, stalingrad is the most important campaign. For the british, normandy is the most important campaign. Lets think about what rommel was thinking at this point in time. He is no longer of the opinion that germany will have a complete and total victory in world war ii. The russians have been only offense. Germans have lost millions of soldiers. He no longer believes there is going to be a complete and total victory. Win, inif you can normandy if he can win in normandy, it will be six months to one year before they can restart the second. Restart this again. I take my 60 divisions and move them across europe and stabilize the front across the russians and try to come to some sort of settlement where germany maintains the area it has conquered. He is not thinking in terms of total victory. He is thinking he has to defeat the british at normandy. If they can do that, they can stabilize the 60 divisions and there is still a good outcome for germany. That is his thinking at this point in time. That is why germany is important to rommel. For the germans take they have sake, theyrmans have to be successful. What does this mean for the americans . 1943, planning goes into the invasion. The normandy was selected because it was poorly defended in 1943. The invasion wont take place for another year, but it was selected in 1943. When it was selected, it was poorly defended. Not only was it poorly defended, 716th infantry division. That division had a 50 mile front. At omaha beach, they had a couple battalions. One year later, when rommel is put in charge of differences, a lot of the forces we talked about have been moved forward. Hitler did not give rumble everything that he asked for, but he gave them some of those things. Instead of fighting the 716th infantry division, take a look at this bottom map it will be moved forward. We did not know that. 24 hours aftert the First Infantry Division lands at omaha beach. We learn 24 hours ahead of time. It is very three 52nd that has 352nd that hashe been moved forth. Another issue is the intelligence failure when you think about the outcome. Part of it is rommels concept of defense. Year and he is put in charge, he will dig more tank ditches and more obstacles in place. Morrisons book on the normandy invasion, hubert the following he wrote the following even the japanese defenses at wa and peleliu is not to be compared to this. The navy could blow up those islands for days. You could not do that in normandy. Why . If you pulled up to normandy, 10 battleships and cruisers start destroying defenses, it would telegraph to the germans where the invasions would take place. The element of surprise is significant. This. T the other side of you ought to recognize this guy. Who is that guy . He ultimately becomes president , eisenhower, supreme allied commander. Who in the chain of is next in the chain of command . British deputy commander. General walter smith, chief of staff. Who is he . He is an american. The firstill become director of the cia. If you take a look at this thing, all the seniormost operational commanders are pretty. Are british. Why did the british get all of the seniormost commanders . Montgomery will commend the 21st command the 21st army group. General bradley will be one of the fivestar generals we produce. Then you have general dempsey, a british commander, commending the commending the forces at normandy. This command structure is a holdover from the mediterranean. The british tended to get the seniormost operational assignments. Lets think about this job for a minute. Else might have been in the running for the job . Patton, you could make an argument for him. Patton will be given an interesting assignment. He will be in charge of a fake army. We call this operation fortitude. It is a planned invasion with no troops involved. It is a deception plan. Is given the assignment. We create the illusion we are going to attack in the calais area. Ton does have a role to play, and operation fortitude is part of that. There is a guy named general marshall. He would have liked this job also as supreme military commander. There is also the head of the British Imperial staff. Both of them would have liked this job. Alan brooks was promised this job several times by churchill. What do you think . Why didnt he get it . By the time you get to normandy, American Resources are starting to dwarf those of britain. When we were in north africa, in sicily, there was relative parity. By the time you get to normandy, that parity is gone. When you look at normandy, you have 60 american divisions and 16 british divisions in europe. Should be in charge who should be in charge . Two of those are canadian. Eisenhower ultimately ends up with the job. Roosevelt once said he did not sleep well at night when marshall was out of washington dc. Martial has been running the war the whole time. Toiral king made an argument fdr that marshall ought to stay in washington, that he should orchestrate the overall war effort. He didnt get the job either. Eisenhower, third in line for this position. We create this thing called the combined chiefs of staff. You will enter europe, and in nations,on with other that is what they did here. However eisenhower is selected that he will be the supreme allied commander in december 1943. Bradley is also selected in december 1943. The plans were made before eisenhower and montgomery were even selected. There was this thing called the cossack staff. Star and twone star develop the plans for the normandy invasion. When montgomery comes into this thing, the plans have already been developed. They inherit all of the work done by the cossack staff. They did enormous research. A 1000 miles front. They did research on beaches, quality of beaches. Y looked at facilities port facilities, all of the things that had to take place. The research was done even before eisenhower was selected for this. The classic staff did not get enough credit for the normandy invasion. Stafflassic cossack will have three divisions landing on either side of each other at normandy. They will have two Airborne Divisions. Out area is all flooded intentionally by the germans. This is where the Airborne Operations take place. Every commander that served in the mediterranean look at this plan and said it was too small. There was a story about churchill and montgomery having dinner in december 1943 and church hill pulls up the plans for the normandy invasion and shows them to montgomery. Montgomery excuses himself, which is not what you normally do to the prime minister, takes the plans, studies them all night, comes down and talks to churchill and says the plan is t oo small. Thenhower is also given plans for the normandy invasion. He takes a look at them and guess what he says . It is too small, not enough forces are being landed. Both of them come to the same conclusions from looking at the initial plan. Ssack staff was given limitations. They are working with the limitations they had. This is their initial plan. This is their initial plan. Ultimately, montgomery, who will be in charge of the ground forces, will change that plan. This comes to be known as the montgomery plant. As a consequence they will expand the landing. Ssack staff was given. E end up with omaha the british will put three divisions ashore, and the americans will put two divisions ashore. Where is the First Infantry Division now . Fort riley, that is right. It is still with us today. Ultimately this is what the plan looks like. Eisenhower is theater commander. Airpower and everything is under his authority. Montgomery is the ground force commander. He is the guy in charge of the operations for the invasion. Keep in mind this will be the largest invasion in history. Even today, nothing comes close to this thing. 5000 ships will be involved. 1000 warships, transportation ships it is enormous event to orchestrate. Montgomery is the commander overall. Bradley of the first u. S. Army, and dempseys army. Then we will send in the seventh , the chief of staff of the army will go in. Corps will consist of the first and second and 29th infantry divisions. All of those will be part of the 5th corps landing at a place called omahaall of those will b. We just talked about landing. These are the ports they will be coming out of for the invasion. Portland, portsmouth, etc. , the entire area of british coastline is owned essentially by the military for this invasion. Equipment. Piles of i will run through this quickly. Tons and tons of equipment are stockpiled for the cross channel attack. The destiny of two great empires seem to be tied to lst. The landing was supposed to take place in may. Montgomeryower and expand the plan, they need more Landing Craft. Goes out to the United States to see how more landing casts they can get together. It is pushed back a month toward june so they can get everything ready for the landing. In terms of equipment, a division in combat goes through tons of equipment per day. You think about a tank, just the gas that it goes through, and all of the ammunition in combat. When you think about those things, tons of equipment has to be transported across the English Channel. To do this, they need pieces of technology. How many of you have been to normandy . You been to omaha beach . Have you seen those pieces of the mulberry . You go there now, pieces are still out, out there. I told you before, i did a thing for nova on this thing. Off the coast of france under the water, there is a graveyard, ships,ships tanks, sunken things left over. Right now on the coast of france. This is the lst. This was developed during world war ii. They were made where . A lot made here in the midwest. Indiana, chicago, illinois, a lot were made right here. They pulled them down the Mississippi River and drop them over to england. They come out so many of these pumped out, they did not name them. They just stuck a number on them, lst. This is important for technology for the conduct of the land. Ballast analyst take tank. It pumps water in going to see, in the water, it gets closer to starting off, they cant water pump water out and deposit stuff off of it. Another lst, tank coming off of this thing. Lot on this line. Had tension to the box. The 29th of july, total 1,566,000 personnel, vehicles 36,000. Supplies in terms of tons, 1,000,602,000. You see the logistics problems trying to get across the English Channel with all the stuff you need to do the huge requirement . They do this thing called mulberry, and artificial court. And artificial port they created breakwaters. That is what you see here, artificial breakwaters. Then this was like a director set. These pontoons were built, then they sunk them, pumped the water back out as they got closer to landing, and they had tugboats go over to the omaha beach, one of the british sector, one of the american sector, then they linked them up. They created a port facility using this system. To create the bridgewater, they sunk ships. Off the coast of normandy, there is still a graveyard with lots of stuff out there. This is how i worked. Yet worked. How it worked. Irpower lets figure out the mission of airpower from the normandy invasion. Got to get air superiority over the battlefield. Got to get that one. Then we had something called the transportation plan. This was not greatly debated. Airpower guys did not want to do it, eisenhower made the argument for it. Take a look at what we are trying to do. What are we trying to do . We have a band. They want to isolate the battlefield. They wanted to destroy transportation arteries, rail system, bridges, roads that feed into normandy. That is the idea. So what else does he have to do . Bob a lot of other things they have to bomb a lot of other things. Strategicabout this bombing campaign. How many frenchmen to be killed . 70,000. The normandy invasion and preparation, Strategic Bombing campaign, we will kill 70,000 frenchmen in the process of world war ii. Airpower. This mission. Got this mission. During the preparation for the bombing, they also had the mission to prep the beaches. Before the landing takes place, the beaches have to be prepared. In addition to that, they have got to drop the 82nd and 101st Airborne Division and drop the sixth british Airborne Division on both flanks of the vision invasion. The big question is timing, what time do we go in . That is the debate. This is where i wrote the omaha beach. Many long years ago, i was at normandy, standing at omaha beach trying to explain the invasion to a group of cadets. I am retired army, so i took a lot of time in the infantry. When i thought about this, it doesnt make a lot of sense. A daylight assault against a deliberate defense years in the making. Who wants to do that . Who wants to come out of a 100ing craft, charge across meters of beach against machine gun fire . There has got to be a better way to do this. That was my argument, my thinking when i was trying to explain this to cadets. Guy, and serve under a we would plan fights. This was before the collapse of the soviet union. We would did in defense after defense. I could not imagine charging one of these things and plan on living through this thing. Will try toorps conduct an amphibious operation against japanese defense. They will be 2000 marines in the process of trying to do this thing. They had two hours prep for this thing, two hours. In normandy they will have 30 to 40 minute preparations. By the time you get to iwo jima, the marine corps are requiring three to four days of preparation against enemy defense before they conduct the amphibious assault. In normandy you have 30 to 40 minutes. You ask yourself why you do it this way . Korea ained in north north africa and in sicily. Both times they went in at night under the cover of dark. They went in under conditions that limited the effectiveness of enemy fire. At normandy, they did not have that. They went in just as daylight was breaking. 06 30 in the morning, that is when i went in. The question is, why did they do this . They have the amphibious marine corps, the british doctrine, and they seem to not use either one in terms of the process of the invasion. That is the question that i explored in omaha beach. Lets think about this. Big one. You have been sitting in the ships now for over 24 hours, the landing was supposed to take place on the fifth, but the weather conditions were bad, and eisenhower decided we will postpone. You have been sitting in ships for a while. Then there is a break in the weather, eisenhower makes the decision to conduct the landing. Everybody has to go across the u. S. Channel. You are in your transport ships, you are starting across the English Channel. That morning, the u. S. Navy was serving bacon and eggs, a nice big breakfast. Everything is good. 3 00, the ships come to a halt. , 11 the transport carrier miles off the coast now of france, the enemy is 11 miles away. It is complete dark out there. But the orders are given to commence loud landing operations. The landing vessel goes over. The ships are right in the water, Landing Craft, you get in your cargo, you got your stuff, you throw that over the side, put it into landing prep, then you start to climb over the side down the cargo. You got to time this just right. If you dont time it right, you will be smashed against the Landing Craft when it comes back up. If you do it wrong the other way, the Landing Craft will be down, you fall down, might fall a few hundred feet down. You will be knocked down. Your Landing Craft is full. The navy was good, give you all that breakfast, now you are on the ocean with big waves. A lot of people are getting seasick in the process of this ring. Now you move away from the ship. You go to the assembly area. The shift the Landing Craft one after the other after the other. They use a system of flags. When you get an entire boat station together, that is when they head into the shore. , some are now soaking wet of you are barfing up this steak and eggs you got. The guys are pulling off their helmets to start bailing water out. Part of me is thinking, why did they do it so far . Why 11 miles from the shore . The british were only like five miles. Why did we do this . The navy was concerned the germans had small range artillery in that place. As a consequence, they wanted the transport area outside the range of german main guns, and that is what they did. So you have 11 miles in that you will be on the ocean, your small Landing Craft, big ocean. All of these crafts are heading in. As you move in, as you move in towards the shore, you start to the usshe background two of the oldest battleships in the navy. You see the outline. On the beach. Up it is overcast, but as you start to move into the beaches, you b 74see the b17s and the 24 going to the beach. With all that air power and naval gun battle, you get a warm, fuzzy feeling. Everything will be all right. We would get the beaches, the air power will destroy everything, the gunfire will pound everything. And we will have take support tank support on the beach. You have been in the Landing Craft an hour or so, going to. He beach, and you see guys you see them floundering in the water. The seven 41st tank battalions. 741st take battalion. These tanks were supposed to proceed in the invasion. Shroud. Canvas these are supposed to go out into the water and do a duplex drive. You have two propellers. Now let me take you out to your Landing Craft when you see the 741st battalion. The first one rolls out. It rolls off the ramp into the water. It immediately starts to sink. The second one rolls off the porch. Say you are in the third. The second rolls off into the water, it hurts to think. In the third one, what are you thinking . This is not a good idea. This is not a good idea. The movies ideas that come into your mind. However, the third one rolls off. Then the fourth one rolls off. 32 tanks and battalions that are landing, 25 go to the bottom of the English Channel. There is your take support. A good part of it anyway. There are other tanks that will be delivered to the beach, but the guys, a great many of them went to the bottom of the English Channel. Most of them did not they did get out of the tanks. There will be other Landing Craft try to pick them up as they head into the beaches also. Has gone toepower the bottom now. Still heading in. You have the things called lttrs, Landing Craft with rockets on them. You see the rockets in the air. You see all this preparation on the beaches. Then the sun serves to come up, airpower drops, you get closer and closer to the beach. Some things seem wrong. Closer to the beach, you will obstaclesall those are still there. All the craters from the artillery fire we saw. Bunkers . The destroyed as you get closer and closer, the germans wake up, fully manned, fully equipped, and they circulate americans in a place called omaha beach. The airpower we missed Landing Three miles behind the beach for some reason. They conducted counter battery fire first and instead of concentrating on the beaches, they conducted artillery divisions. In addition to that, they only had 30 to 40 minutes of preparation in the first place to destroy those. So the air force misses. The rockets miss. My tank support is all at the bottom of the English Channel. Not all of it, there are some that will make it to the beaches. Hit themately when you beaches, what happens . The germans are ready, they are awake. They got all those obstacles out there. They are in the mood to start killing americans, which is what they start doing. It will be a difficult day for the americans at omaha beach. 18, 500 to 600 yards, the Assault Force began receiving machine gun fire. Some fair aircraft get direct hits. The men still alive swam as best he could. German machine gunners found their range zero in on the Landing Craft and iron patterns that killed or wounded the first four or five men down the rams. There were heavy casualties. Some soldiers jumped overboard to avoid fire and in the process lost much of their equipment. Small unit leaders suffered high casualties because under the new boat section, they were the first off. According to one account, the be, ultimately it on. L be w soldiers were not put a sure in the best condition. They were seasick, somewhere blown off course because of the bad wind and other conditions, but primarily the reason it is difficult was because the german defenses were intact when the invasion took place. Nothing they were told would nothing that they were told took place. The consequence of that infantry ending up trying to fight the battle for omaha beach. We have different types of soldiers on this beach, but omar bradley will make this claim. Get to the end here. Running out of time. Omar bradley. This is about as close you will get to an officer saying we screwed up. About as close. Despite the setbacks we suffered as a result of bad weather and ineffective bombing, i was shaken to find that we had gone against omaha beach with so thin a margin of safety. Had a less experienced divisions in the first infantry stumbled into this crack, they might have been thrown back into the channel. Book, theadley in his soldiers story, acknowledging that. Things are very bad in omaha beach. These conclude with thoughts. I want you to think about this. Omaha beach was the most difficult. As a consequence of that, many historians look at it and say it was a tactical failure, that the commander of the big red one, he the fall and cause of this thing. I think the other argument. The overall planning, the operational level, montgomerys plan was the fall and cause of s flawed. What happened at omaha beach could have happened at utah beach for any of the others. It was not the tactical guys. The tactical guys argued against the plan put in place. It was the operational commanders, not tactical commanders, who are most at fault for what happened at omaha beach. Some historians make the argument the outcome of this thing was inevitable. It was. We could have lost. Everything,ad done if he had done everything ronald wanted him to do, we probably would have lost omaha beach. Not just omaha beach, if hitler had listened to his general and put in what he wanted for defense, europe might look pretty different today if that were the case. Thoughts, questions . How i doing . Questions . I must have done a great job, huh . Everybody good . We will call it a day and pick this up again. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer 1 join us every saturday at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern as we join students in College Classrooms to hear lectures on topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. Lectures in history are also available as podcasts. Visit our website cspan. Org history podcasts or download them from itunes. This weekend on american , historian Greg Burzynski it looks at munications between competition between america and china to influence african countries during the cold war. Here is a preview. The afromportantly, this conference of 1955, is the man speaking where he importantof a very performance that really did raise chinas standing among a lot of afro Asian Countries that did not have relations with it before the conference. At these conferences, beijing Office Representative health as they useful afro asian represented itself as a peaceful afro asian nation that had suffered in the past and try to create itself as a leader among afro Asian Countries as a successful example of post colonial nationbuilding. Also an important part of chinese diplomacy, sending diplomats abroad. China constantly tried to raise its International Profile by sending his representatives to africa, asia am a different afro asian states. 1964include the famous visit to africa which was andrded as a bold successful trip at the time. What did the United States do in response to this . It did Everything Possible to undermine chinese diplomacy. It pressured neutral countries not to establish relations with the peoples republic of china, and when china participated in , therences such as geneva United States generally tried to do everything it could to minimize the importance of these conferences and limit chinas role. There is a famous story about the 1954 geneva conference where the Chinese Ambassador approaches John Foster Dulles and tries to shake his hand. Ofles misses him and sort walks quickly passed him. There is actually some debate among historians whether this event actually occurred, but even if it did not occur, it is easy to see why it took on such powerful emotional and symbolic resonance. Watch the entire program at 6 30 p. M. Eastern on teeth in here on American History tv all weekend every weekend on cspan3. Cityser 1 new york Bellevue Hospital was found in 1936. It is the oldest hospital. American history tv, David Oshinsky talks about his book bellevue, three centuries of medicine and mayhem at americas most storied hospital. The Lower East Side Tenement Museum posted this hourlong event. To introducelege David Oshinsky, our speaker this interesting this evening, professor oshinsky. He got his graduate degree at where we were undergraduates. You are older, budweiser. That is quite ok. E are in medicine fields we are not real directors as our parents would probably noticed