Rider university provided the video. Welcome everyone. This is for the people who are here for the first time tonight data the making of the president s 2020, better known as a political circus of the century. Im going to be talking about two different, and yet related topics. The first has to do with the factors that are considered when we look at president ial effectiveness. The second part id like to look at, a few of the more recent president ial elections. So, were going to start with this. And im coming on the work of Professor Robert dallek, wellknown president ial historian. Dallek writes, the 20th century saw an impressive expansion of president ial powers, due to the leadership skills of nine men who served in the office Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Delano roosevelt, harry s truman, dwight d eisenhower, john f. Kennedy, Lyndon Baines johnson, richard nixon, and ronald reagan. Now, professor dalles analysis only looks at the 20th century. Im going to throw in some of the president s from the 21st century as we go along. So, if we can go to the first slide, professor dallek talks about these six points. The first one, he says, is vision. The second is im going to go and talk about this. The second is charisma. The third is pragmatism. Well move onto the next flight. The fourth is consensusbuilding, followed by trust and credibility, luck, and then im going to throw in, which is on the last slide, something im going to call communication competence. And were going to leave the slides behind right now. So, lets start with vision. So, vision, according to dallek, is president s come up with an idea and they help us to develop something thats going to pull us all together. Its going to be something that is going to unify us. Sometimes it comes to us as a, in a phrase. The new deal, the new frontier, the great society. These would be the things that are going to occur when we talk about vision. So, let me talk about a few of the president s who were involved in this. And were going to start with Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore roosevelt was the first president of the 20th century, and he came to the white house at a time when the presidency was pretty weak. It was considered really to be, certainly not what it is today. But roosevelt began to expand that notion of it. And roosevelt looks at the white house as an invitation to opportunity. And he talks about something he calls the square deal, and something that he calls the new nationalism. The square deal was the idea that people in america were not being treated fairly by the very wealthy in the country, by the trusts, which were groups of people that came together in the industry to have certain sway over government. And this is going to be a way to deal with that and to make things a little more equitable, if you will. So, the square deal was going to try to establish a balance between what had been the monied interest and give more back to the people. The same with the new nationalism. The new nationalism was supposed to try to protect Human Welfare and property, and just to generally improve the life of americans. Now, to go along with the vision, Theodore Roosevelt had the idea all of us had benefited from. He was a conservationist. And it was because of him that we eventually had, and now have, the National Parks system. The National Parks, of course, enjoyed by millions of people every year, and they are an enduring legacy to t. R. Woodrow wilson spoke about something called the new freedom. He said that the new freedom stood for the idea of restoring unfettered opportunity for individual action and being able to employ the power of the government on behalf of social justice. Now, its kind of interesting this comes from wilson because if you been following whats transpired since the death of george floyd, then you know that some of the ideas that wilson expressed were in nature. But he didnt seem to propound those ideas while in the white house, and instead really did fight for social justice revisions and legislations. Ok, if were looking at the Gold Standard as far as vision, the person that we need to think about is frank than delano roosevelt. Roosevelt, of course, comes to the white house at a most serious time in American History. Its the depths of the depression. 25 Million People are out of work. And he goes to the Democratic National convention. He becomes the first modern president ial candidate to fly to a convention. Just the fact that he flew was a big deal because president ial candidates were not flying around in the 1930s. But he flew to chicago and he stood in front of the people and he said, i pledge you, i pledge myself to a new deal for the american people. And that showed extraordinary vision on the part of fdr. I assume that many of you know about some of the accomplishments of the new deal. But during the first 100 days that we now talk about 100 days of any president ial administration, some of the legislation that would become part of this new deal, is put part of this new deal, is put best is relevant into effect. And even things like the aaa, which is the agricultural adjustment act. It includes the federal emergency relief agency. It includes the National Recovery act. Now, interestingly, what finally pulls the country out of the depression and i just want to ask if anybody knows the answer to this what is it that finally got us beyond the new deal and gets the country out of depression . Does anyone know . Hard for me to see. Does someone want to speak out . Yeah, world war ii. Prof. Gutin world war ii, thank you chase. All of a sudden, putting people back into factories and being part of the industries, and yes, finally world war ii extracts us, lifts us up from the terrible hold of the depression. Now, roosevelt does something as part of his vision that speaks to communication and is really considered extraordinary in its own way. He decides that he is going to talk to the people on radio. And, of course, the series of chats that he gives, the series of talks become known as the fireside chats. Now, of course, will always makes me smile is that there was no fireside. He was speaking from the white house. But it didnt matter. People felt that roosevelt was talking to them. President s had given speeches, but roosevelt was talking to people. When roosevelt died, a man stopped his wife, eleanor roosevelt, on the street. And he said to her, mrs. Roosevelt, i miss your husband. I miss the way that he used to talk to me about government. Its extraordinary. Certainly no one would say that about our past president s, perhaps in the last 25 or 30 years, certainly that i can recall. By the way, people think that roosevelts constantly on the radio, constantly speaking and giving these fireside chats. In fact, over the almost what was it, 13 years that he served in the white house he gave 31. That was it. Moving on with the idea of vision, john f. Kennedy comes to the white house in 1960 and he talks about something called the new frontier. New is a big word for president s. And kennedy says he wants to see money spent on social reform and welfare, as well as there being ambitious projects like going to the moon. Unfortunately, he never lived to see it, but it would happen before the end of the decade. Other things that happened during his time went along with his vision. But perhaps nothing more than something that he announced at my alma mater, the university of michigan. And he announced it at the steps of the Student Union on october 28, 1960, at midnight, when he told thousands of students that he was going to be proposing something called the peace corps. It remains today and is an enduring legacy of john f. Kennedy. One last person with a vision that he tried to follow true on was Lyndon Johnson, who followed kennedy on his assassination. And he talked about something called the great society. Johnson was never a great speaker, and were going to talk about the importance of being a great speaker as president. But he too wanted very much to improve the life of citizens. And during his time in office, we get medicare, civil rights passes, Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights act of 19 safety five 1965. Johnsons reputation, unfortunately, is always associated with the vietnam war, which he was mired in, couldnt get out of, and it forced his hand in march of 1968 to say in a radio address, i will not seek nor will i accept another term as your president. He realized he lost credibility and things were just not going to go well from that point on. Ok, a second point that professor dallek talks about his charisma. And what is being charismatic, besides being dynamic . I think it means it makes things exciting for people. Certainly, weve had president s who have done that for us. I mentioned Franklin Roosevelt a few minutes ago, with his use of radio. And he made it exciting for people to be involved with the recovery of the country. Things were getting a little better. And he was a cheerleader for that. John f. Kennedy, again, a lot of charisma. He was the youngest man to serve as president. And in so doing, there was a sense of vitality. And it was an exciting time to be an american. Some of you who are listening tonight may recall that there was a record album that came out during kennedys time in office, called the first family, made terrific fun of the entire kennedy clan. But the one who seemed to enjoy it most was john kennedy. And when he was asked about it, he said yeah, i thought it was fun, did a nice job, but the truth of the matter is i think he sounded more like my brother teddy than he did like me. So, there was that nice sense of selfdeprecating humor, which was really very nice. Another president with great charisma, ronald reagan. Reagan, of course, had a background, he came from acting, then switched to politics later on in his life, started life out by the way, in case youre not familiar with this, as a democrat, later became a republican. And was elected as a republican president in 1980. But again, there was always that sense of excitement, things were going to happen, that these people were not going to sit still. Finally, im going to include in that group, barack obama. Barack obama burst onto the political scene in 2004 when he gave the keynote address at the Democratic National convention. And excited a lot of people, and many people walked away from that and said this young man has a good future coming in politics. And of course, four years later, he was running for president , and of course he was elected. And well talk about this in a little bit, but he had tremendous rhetorical skills. Hes a wonderful speaker, and that really stood him in good stead. As you can see on the slide, professor dallek also talks about pragmatism. Pragmatism, of course, is the idea of being practical, but being shrewd, of moving the country to where it should be. Im only going to use one example here. And it does involve Franklin Roosevelt, but such a good example that i think it really does speak for itself. America was very isolationist after world war i. The country simply did not want to get involved in any more foreign wars. The neutrality act had been passed so that technically, you couldnt even declare war. Now, roosevelt was watching what was going on in england. Actually, he was watching what was going on around the world. Hitlers had come to power. Bonito mussolini had come to power with the fascists in italy. There is a large Movement Toward militarism in japan. And roosevelt is aware of this. And hes watching it, but he cant do anything because the country, and the congress, are isolationists. They dont want anything to do with anything. Things get really desperate for the english. They are being bombed mercilessly by germany. By the way, if you want to read an excellent book about the bombing and what was going on at this point in the American British relationship, i recommend a book called the splendid and the vile, wonderful history of what went on. At any rate, churchill is appealing almost daily to roosevelt, saying please, were not going to be able to hold out against hitlers much longer hitler m muchuc much longer. Resident appeals to america and congress and theyre not buying it. Finally, he gives a speech. Im going to read a quick excerpt of the speech. He says to the congress and to the country, suppose my neighbors home catches fire, and i have a length of firehose feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, i may help him to put out this fire. Now, what do i do . I dont say to him, before the operation, neighbor, my garden hose cost me 15. Youll have to pay me 15 for it. What is the transaction that goes on . I dont want 15. I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. And what roosevelt is saying to the congress and the american people, we have these old battleships and theyre standing, theyre in dry dock, and were going to share them. We need to share them with the british people. And were going to do, like this garden hose, is going to be a lend that the british is going to pay us, but theyre going to pay us back. Roosevelt knew they were never going to come back, but he needed to move people forward. And he was very pragmatic about it. He used this speech and we ended up engaging britain, and you all know, fortunately, the end of the story. Moving on to consensusbuilding. Consensusbuilding is the idea of putting together a coalition, getting coalitions, getting people to support you. And again, im only going to give you one example here, but its from Lyndon Johnson and its for civil rights. Maybe its no surprise to anyone, but the opposition to civil rights was extreme. It was bitter. There were any number of votes that were taken earlier, where civil rights were voted down. But finally, Lyndon Johnson, interestingly a southerner, is able to put together a coalition of democrats and republicans who believe in doing the right thing, in social justice, and johnson goes out and he sells it to the people and he gets the consensus and civil rights passes. And it is the law of the land. Trust and credibility. If you have no trust in credit ability, then youre pretty much kaput as president. If anyone remembers president jimmy carter, carter lost his credibility over a number of things that he was doing, and it really doomed his presidency. For johnson, for Lyndon Johnson, he lost that trust and credibility because of vietnam. People just did not trust him anymore. The question has been raised im not sure that well see it play out for a while, whether President Trump has lost a lot of credibility with regard to coronavirus. Well see. That one has yet to play out, and you know, well see it this fall. I think that, probably, donald trump is very unlucky in that he was kind of moving along very well to reelection because the economy was quite good, and then coronavirus hit and turned all of our lives upside down. Now, i have a question, and again, anyone please go ahead and yell it out. Does anyone know, it was in the 20 century, who was considered to be the unluckiest of president s . I cant hear you. Coolidge . Prof. Gutin who would be considered to be the most unlucky president of the 20th century . Nixon, maybe . President nixon . Prof. Gutin why would president nixon be considered the unluckiest president . Watergate, maybe . Prof. Gutin well, think of an event you really cant control. Unfortunately, there were certain issues where president nixon couldve done some controlling with watergate. Ok. Prof. Gutin going once. Going twice. Kennedy . Prof. Gutin kennedy. Why would kennedy be considered the unluckiest president . He was assassinated. Prof. Gutin well, yeah, being assassinated is definitely a very unlucky thing. But no, no. Im going to help you here. It was Herbert Hoover. Why hoover . Hoover comes in march of 1929 by the way, Herbert Hoover always gets a bad rep. He was really a very, very brilliant man, has much of europe after world war i, comes to the white house. Hes in office since march. And then in october of 1929, the stock market crashes and the Great Depression begins. One historian wrote that Herbert Hoover came to the white house poised for a grand job of building, and instead he was obliged to catch. He was pretty unlucky. Harry truman used to say that Herbert Hoover did not create the depression. The depression was created for him. But it didnt matter. He couldnt help the United States from push out from the weight of the depression and he lost the election in 1932 to Franklin Roosevelt in a landslide. Ok, so understanding that luck would have this effect for certain president s, again, its the same thing for donald trump. He did not create coronavirus, but he is dealing with the effects of it. And you know, weve been living through trying to get back to some degree of normalcy. I have one last thing to add. That is the point that i have, which is i added, which is communication competence. I believe this is important and i based this on my own experience on watching president s and studying them for a long time. What i found is that a president , and president ial campaigns, campaigners too, and youre seeing it right now, have to be effective in their discourse, appropriate. You need to be at least a decent speaker, better if youre a good speaker, best if youre an exceptional speaker. Ok, so among exceptional speakers, we would certainly have to put barack obama. We would have to put Franklin Roosevelt. Maybe in the next tier down, perhaps bill clinton. But these were people who could take advantage of situations, rhetorically, and all of them also had the facility to adapt to changing conditions. If things suddenly could shift, then we know they were able to respond rhetorically. Other parts of this, too, would be grammatical correctness and cadence, being able to string ideas together. So, if we were looking towards maybe the bottom layer, george w. Bush was not a particularly articulate president. Donald trump is not particularly articulate, though he has the benefit of great resources in media and getting his message out. But thats a different story. But communication competence is an issue. As we look at the 2020 race, i think that were all wondering about joe biden and just how competent a speaker he is. Unfortunately, hes had his issues with gaffes over the years, so this is something, if they hired me right now to work with him and by the way, joe, im available im available to anyone i would work with him on communicare competence and being able to frame thoughts and being able to produce good, strong, rhetorical responses. I have a question, if you dont mind. Prof. Gutin no, please, go. We talked about george bush and joe biden. They are both gaffe prone, but what people tend to like about them is they have that folky vibe. Because theyre not particularly eloquent, so i was wondering if that plays into communication competency. People love their uncle at a barbecue. They have that very hometown vibe. Prof. Gutin i think thats a great point. I really do. Prof. Gutin i think that is a great point. I really do. I think this does work for joe biden and i think it did work for george w. Bush. The fact that they are not perfect. Really, is not a terrible thing. It, you know, maybe it makes certain listeners more comfortable with them. And thats ok. Im trying to think of others. Harry truman was not a great speaker. But he, he was plain spoken. And there was no artifice. There was nothing fakey about his speech. And, for that reason, people listened to him. Poor truman, by the way, had to deal with something that many of the others did not have to. Remember who he followed into the white house. It was Franklin Roosevelt. And Franklin Roosevelt had died. And truman became the president. And, for a year after, many people refer to truman as his accidentcy. He kind of was carrying a big load there trying to continue with roosevelt programs. Certainly they were very, very big shoes to fill. So, these are the qualities professor dallek teaches us. But what about the less successful president s of the 20th century . Dallek tells us that they refused to come up with the phrase to explain where they hoped to lead. Im thinking here of three president s of the 1920s. Warren harding, calvin coolidge, and then. Herbert hoover. Im wondering if you studied these in history class or in Political Science or maybe even in communication. If you remember anything particular about any of those three. Does anyone have any memories of them . During the depression they called Homeless People town hooverville. That is one of the things i remember. I went to a High School Named after president harding. Prof. Gutin did you really . Oh, ok. Warren harding was a small town magazine publisher from marion, ohio. We would not rank him among the more smarter president s. At one point, they were trying to, his administration was trying to negotiate some financial legislation. And hoover sorry, harding said to one of his secretaries you know, i wish that there was a book i could buy that would explain these economic points. Then he said, but, darn, i probably would not read it anyway. Thats the kind of person he was. And there is a fair amount of scandal connected with warren g. Harding, but you will have to tune in another night and we will talk about the scandals. Hes followed into office by calvin coolidge. Calvin coolidge, a man of very few words. He was the one who said the business of america is business. Neither one of these gentlemen was a particularly articulate speaker. Not very good communicators. Coolidge in particular, the his story may be apocryphal, maybe it is not true. He said so few words that a woman sat down next to him at a dinner in the white house one night and she said to him, mr. President , i have a bet with someone that i can make you say more than two words. And he turned to her and said, you lose. That was a kind of person he was. Of course, with hoover again, he was the a brilliant engineer but he was not a good communicator. Remember, too, the three men i mentioned, harding, coolidge and hoover did not have the benefit of radio. Radio really comes into its own around 1927. If memory serves me, hoover make a few speeches on the radio but they do not use it very much. I have not mentioned dwight eisenhower. And he was actually one of the better president s. Was not a man as, historians would tell you, of many words. Was not one of the great of communicators, but did have some vision. It is because of eisenhower that we have the interstate road system that we have. So, i dont know, i would put it has one of the more successful president s, but the other things that we might consider with these less than successful president s is that, um, they werent pragmatic enough to make the deals that needed to bring the country along to be in step with them. And they lacked the charisma and the character to really, really lead. So, as we look at all of these, i think we can see certain elements in every president , even those who we would call failures. Had some of these qualities, probably not, not in a great amount. But perhaps there was a part of harding that was pragmatic. Perhaps coolidge did have some ability to have people trust in him. But the people that we remember are those that have all of the characteristics that professor dallek mentioned. Are there any questions . Otherwise i will tell you a little bit about some president ial campaigns but any questions . You said that president wilson passed the social justice legislation while he was president. I was not aware of that. I was wondering if you can give some examples because i had heard some things that were pretty bad in the apposite direction, he resegregated the military and it is widely know that he screened birth of a nation. I was wondering if you could explain some of that. I was perplexed by that point. Prof. Gutin i just recently, you may have sounded out before me that, while wilson was the president of princeton university, no black students were admitted. I didnt know that but i am not surprised. Prof. Gutin i dont know if a decision was made about this but there were supposed to be something done with regard to the name of the Woodrow Wilson school of public affairs. Im not sure if his name was removed from it. They voted to remove. Prof. Gutin ok, thank you. By the way, it might not surprise anyone that he was not really in favor of women getting the vote. But then when voting passed for women, when the 19th amendment passed, he certainly went along with it. I always found it interesting that he did not support the vote for women because he had three daughters. And you would think maybe. Ok, so i know that there were some legislation that was passed during his time in office. That had to do with trying to do some things to increase public housing. And this came about as a practical solution because and i do not mean to gross anyone else but they were so many rats in washington. And they were such a problem. In some of the neighborhoods that he was in favor of it. Truthfully, wilsons achievements are more from the area of foreign affairs. Then in domestic legislation. And i am going to have to ask you to hang on to the next class and i will bring back some more in turn some more examples because i have got to go back and just refresh my memory. Im just having trouble recalling but i do remember the legislation about public housing. Just remind me of that for next time. Ok, very quickly. I want to shift gears and talk about a few elections, and maybe just tell you a bit about some of the communication elements that were functioning there, and also, to possibly refer back to a few things professor dallek said. You folks are going to be seeing a film very shortly. It is called recount. And that is a film about the election of 2000. On the left side of the screen you see pictures of al gore and joe lieberman, who is a senator from connecticut. And george w. Bush and richard cheney. The election to place, and as some of you may remember or you may have read about, it seemed at first that gore had won. And then it seemed, no. That george w. Bush had won the state of florida. So he had won. Al gore, who was bill clintons Vice President , conceded. By the way, not one of the great communicators of all time. Nicest guy in the world, but not a great communicator. And then it seems that [coughs], there were some problems with the physical ballots being used in florida. And, because of that, as you hear, as you are hearing right now, we might be waiting for maybe a few days, possibly a week, to have the results of the election of 2020, because of our use of mailin ballots this year. Well, in 2000, we waited from election day until december 12. And that is because of all the litigation that took place in this particular race. Its a great story. If you are not familiar with it, you are going to learn all about it, but again, a fascinating election with an unexpected outcome. 2004 has never struck me as one of the more interesting of the elections. The incumbent was george w. Bush and Vice President richard cheney. The challengers were john kerry, who is a senator from massachusetts, and john edwards, senator from south carolina. There was a, the Vice President ial debate had the spectacle of cheney absolutely waking up the floor with john edwards. At one point, cheney said to edwards, you know, senator edwards, i go down to the senate every tuesday and i never saw you. I do not recall having seen you. There was also a controversy that developed that had to do with something called the swift boats. We will talk more about it. But there were a group of veterans who said that some of the things that john kerry was claiming he had done during the vietnam war really had not been his achievements. The debates between kerry and, uh, george w. Bush. If i had to rank them one to 10, because there was not any electricity. There certainly was no charisma. Even the fact, though, kerry came perhaps a little bit closer than was expected, because bush cheney piled up 286 electoral votes to 51. That brought us to 2008, and that was, again, another election to remember. On the left, an interestingly please note he has hair. Is barack obama and below him that youngster from delaware joe biden. On the upper right, john mccain and sarah palin, the governor of alaska. By the way, its Something Interesting to do that has nothing to do with anything, but take a look at the pictures of the president s when they were inaugurated and look at them four years later. The changes are profound. Yeah. They age. It is not an easy job by any means. It just takes so much out of you. You know, today, barack obama is completely white haired. And thats not uncommon for those who have served. You know, certainly you look at bill clinton, the same thing. Ok. So, go ahead. There is also a really good movie about the selection by election. Lle prof. Gutin yes. Yeah. The woman who plays sarah palin, immaculate. Truly. Highly recommend. It is a very funny movie. I do not know if you ever heard sarah palin talk. Prof. Gutin ok. And, that comes from a book by john heilman and mark i cant think of marks last name but the name of the book is game change. I had thought that maybe i would assign it to you, but the truth of the matter is i wanted you, they were so much material being put out. Its enough. So, its a hotly contested race. The, uh, debates between both obama and mccain and sarah palin and joe biden are entertaining. If you watch the debate between mccain and obama, youre going to notice something that you will not see in all president ial elections, and that is respect. Respect for each other. They may have been on very diametrically opposed politically, but they respected each other. Later on, were going to be looking at some of the election humor from this year, and in particular, looking at a saturday night live recording of a debate, im sorry, an a ppearance between Hillary Clinton who lost the nomination to barack obama and sarah palin. So that is something that is funny and something we look forward to. 2012. A different election. The incumbents were barack obama and joe biden. And now mitt romney, who had been previously governor of massachusetts, and paul ryan, who was from wisconsin. He was a congressman. He would later become the speaker of the house. Um, this is, i think for, this is a lesson to us us in the fact that one comment can so very easily sink your ship and one thing that really went far to sinking the ship of mitt romney in 2012 was a comment that he made when he was asked in one of the debates about women in his administration, and he made the unfortunate comment that they had a binder full of female names. Now, that does not sound it sounds pretty innocuous but it got blown up. He was ridiculed for it. But there was also something very unlucky for romney and ryan in that election. And folks new jerseyi may remember this. October 2012, do you remember an event that took place . If i told you it was a weather event told you it was a weather event. Hurricane sandy. Prof. Gutin no one remembers. Superstorm sandy. Gutin superstorm sandy. Right. Some of you may remember that barack obama came to new jersey, and he and Chris Christie had their arms around each other. And later on, the Republican Campaign said that one really hurt. You know, i mean, it was certainly not, not meant to be that way, but boy, there we have the media image that just ends up hurting that romney hu rting mitt romney. Thats it. Ok. 2016. We are going to spend a lot more time on 2016 in future classes. I think everyone should remember this pretty clearly. Of course, it was Hillary Clinton against donald trump. Tim kaine, the senator from virginia and mike pence the former governor of indiana. I have said this before. I mightve said and the first class but im going to say it again, and that is someone tells you that they knew that donald trump was going to win in 2016, they knew it, they were convinced, they are full of baloney. There was nobody who identified trump as the likely winner and 2016. Real clear politics, uhuh. Everybody thought the Hillary Clinton was going to win. Even trump did not think he was going to win. Ive always wondered about that. Because i think he is a very competitive man. And i think, as the election went along, his audiences grew. The enthusiasm for him grew. And i think he really enjoyed it. I will tell you that i know that Melania Trump was not very happy about the win. She had no desire to be first lady, but you know. Shes there in the white house. So, there are a number of reasons why clinton lost in 2016. But it was not the debates. By almost every source that i have been able to pull up, everyone named her as winning all three president ial debates. The Vice President ial debate was a blah affair. It was those three president ial debates. Hillary clinton is a good speaker. She is very articulate. Trump not as much. But he also had a particular charisma, which she did not like. Which she did not have. This was an election between two candidates that people did not particularly like. Its been said if joe biden has one thing going for him in 2020, it is that he is likable. So, you know, you can factor that in. So, these are just some, this is just a quick look at the 2016 election. And we will go back and be revisiting it. As we go forward, think of those qualities that professor dallek tells us to consider in president ial effectiveness. And look forward in campaigning. And we will be continuing our discussion in our next session, and i look forward to seeing you then. Have a good evening. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you can watch lectures in history every weekend on American History tv. We take you inside College Classrooms to learn about topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. Every saturday at 8 p. M. And midnight eastern on cspan 3. Market in the early 20th the International Ladies Garment Workers Union was the largest womens union in the world. It pushed to improve benefits for women in the clothing industry, and inspired union action and other professions across the country. Next on American History tv, a look at the challenges this union faced in fighting for worker rights, and the role of minority women in the garment industry. The center for womens history hosted this hourlong discussion. Good evening, everyone. I am valerie paley. I am director of the center for womens history, and i and so delighted to welcome you to the