Censorship, censored books in the 1950s. And what i realized was, my students were still very young and came from a different moral climate. Peyton place was not shocking to them at all. So, i needed to give them the mother of the moment to understand just how radical great mentality is model novel was. I will give you some time to give the puritan mentality so that when the quakers enter your world, you can understand just how frightening it is. We are going to be looking at a time when the world was turned upside down. Between the years 1649 and 1650 or 1661. And though we are all sweltering in the quaker meeting house, what i need you to do is imagine the coldest day in london that you can possibly imagine. Bitterly cold. The end of january, 1649. And there is a very small man. Smaller than i am. About five foot zero, getting dressed in the morning for his execution. And the king is very frightened of that those who have come to witness his beheading will think him frightened. So, he has commissioned a special undershirt that still survives in the british museum. That he put on underneath his clothing so that he wouldnt shiver as he stood there before the block. And king charles was going to his death. If you can imagine where we are right now at the banqueting hall at whitehall. Imagine these windows completely covering both walls. So, you are in a room of pure light. Which is so strange for the elizabethans. And up above, the rubens murals that king charles has had painted in honor of this of his father king james. So, his killers have purposely chosen this room. And the scaffold has been put outside of the banqueting hall. And this is, this very small king who is only about five feet tall, was never a strongman, it was rumored whether he would even survive childhood, until he was four or five, he was carried around by a servant. He is there in a silk suit. His hair has been bound in a silk night cat has been put over it. So that the acts can get a clean break and his hair will not make the execution more difficult. The crowds are there to witness the kings death, but they are kept so far back from him that he cannot say anything that will be heard and might possibly move those there to witness it. The two executioners are wearing masks, so that they can never be known. And the king says to them, may i pray for a moment. And i am going to put my head on the block. And when i stretch my arms, that is when i am ready to go. So, imagine this very small man on a bitterly cold day. And the end of an entire dynasty. Believed at that point. When his head is cut off, and the executioner lists the kings head to scream, behold the head of a trader, the grown goes up from the crowd and one eyewitness says, it is a grown i have never heard before. And one i never wish to hear again. In that moment, all order is unleashed. These are people that, for thousands of years, have believed in the divine right of kings, and they have just killed their king. And now this order has come. The church of england is destroyed and fragmented. And it affects everything that goes on here in the colonies as well. Because those royal governments that gave commission to be here in new england, are no longer extant. They are now a very weak and malformed puritan government that is struggling among itself. It has impact here in new england. And it causes unrest. To understand what the community, the quakers enter, there are three basic structures to community in new england. The civil body politic, the church body, and then what is known as the little commonwealth. The family. The basic household. The civil body politic is held together by a social contract. Men coming together and agreeing that they will submit to such just and equal laws as they create. And, the difference between ourselves in the modern world and in the past is that we receive the majority at the age of 18. And americans can hold the right to vote. Weather mail, whether female, whether rich or poor. In the 17th century, it is your neighbors that decide whether you shall have the right to vote. It is not simply that you are a man, and that you come of an age and you are given the right to vote. May i ask how old you are. Perfect age. This man is coming into the age when the neighbors are going to be looking at him as having more maturity, more ability for responsibility, and it is often at the age of 32 or 33 that legally, the what 21, you can be majority, it is more in the early 30s that you are being given the right to vote. And essentially, all of the other men in your community are watching you. And you may apply for that right, but they ssu and then they will give it to you. So that you understand what every man, and even women, women had their own type of oath, that it was not an oath that gave them political access. If they were new to the colony, they, themselves, had to give an oath of residency. And that they would submit to the government. So what i am going to ask that you do right now is just repeat after me and to become good puritans. And listen to what we are doing. Listen to what we are saying and how it encourages conformity and the connection that is there between the church body and the state. Can you tell i do a lot of weddings in my real life. So, just repeat after me. I shall be truly loyal. I shall be truly loyal. To the state and government of england as it now stands. To the state and the government of england as it now stands. I shall not speak or do i shall not speak or do devise or advise, divisor advice, anything or things, acts or acts, thats a hard one. Directly or indirectly, by land or water, that shall or may tend to the destruction or overthrow of the plantation of new plymouth. Neither sell i suffer the same to be spoken or done, but shall hinder, oppose, and discover to the governor and assistant governors

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