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A land for all Arabs turned Middle East anchor of stability Founded in 1921 as a temporary solution, Jordan managed to establish itself as one of the most stable countries in the Middle East. The inclusive and flexible approach taken by the state’s founder Abdullah and his successors doubtless contributed to this stability. But the centennial celebrations of the Hashemite Kingdom are overshadowed by an economic crisis and deadlock over political reform. By Edmund Ratka Jordan, like other countries of the Middle East, was built on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. After fighting on the German side in the First World War and suffering defeat, the region was re-ordered. The United Kingdom played a key role in this, having tied itself up in contradictory promises to its brothers in arms: the French had been promised Syria as a sphere of influence in 1916, as part of the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, while London was also holding out the prospect of self-determination and an indepen

Israel generalUnited statesFrance generalUnited kingdomWest bankAl madinahSaudi arabiaCity ofAl qahirahArabian peninsulaSaudi arabia generalWinston churchillKing husseinRuth martinEdmund ratkaKing abdullah