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France, Cyber Operations and Sovereignty: The ‘Purist’ Approach to Sovereignty and Contradictory State Practice French President Emmanuel Macron speaks at an event in 2017. (Jaques Pacquier, https://flic.kr/p/2frCTie; CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/) In the context of cyber operations, there is a debate between those who consider sovereignty to be an underlying principle of international law from which other primary rules emanate, and those who consider it to be a primary rule of customary international law that can be violated by cyber operations resulting in an internationally wrongful act. The application of rights inherent in sovereignty are particularly important in the cyber domain because the vast majority of cyber operations occur below the threshold of a prohibited use of force. The nonbinding 2013 and 2015 reports of the U.N. Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of Inter

United statesUnited kingdomCzech republicNew zealandNorth koreaMichael schmittRussell buchanJeffrey billerCiaran martinNational gendarmerieUn working groupFrench ministry of armedUk national cyber security centerContext of international securityNicaraguathe international courtFrench national gendarmerie