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THROUGHOUT history, Muslims and Jews have lived in peace, in sharp contrast to the persecution the followers of Judaism suffered during the 2,000 years of their life in Europe’s ghettoes. That Arabs and Jews were Semites only partly explains the reason for Muslim tolerance; Turks and Persians aren’t Semites, but they treated the Jews with respect. One major reason why the Arabs valued and sought Jewish cooperation was the financial problem faced by the Umayyad caliphate stretching from Iberia to Sindh. Lacking experience in governance, the Arabs had to rely on the Jews and Persians because of their vast experience in the collection and management of revenues. The caliphate didn’t have a coinage of its own, and all official transactions were done in Roman and Persian (and partly Ethiopian) coins. It was on Jewish commendation that the Arabs moved in that direction, and the first Arab coin was minted during the reign of Abdul Malik bin Marwan (ruled 685-705). That the coin, call

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