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Noninvasive brain stimulation restores behavioral flexibility in cocaine-exposed rats

Noninvasive brain stimulation restores behavioral flexibility in cocaine-exposed rats A major impediment to treatment of substance use disorder (SUD) is a loss of behavioral flexibility, whereby one s judgment is impaired such that their actions continuously result in negative consequences. Such decisions include continuing to use drugs, but this inflexibility extends to other areas of life and can continue even well into abstinence from drug use. Previous research in animals suggests that this inflexibility can be traced to reduced neural signaling in brain regions critical for behavioral flexibility. Now, a new study led by Elizabeth West, PhD, and Regina Carelli, PhD, of the Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, shows that a noninvasive form of brain stimulation used in cocaine-exposed rats kick-started the brain activity and restored behavioral flexibility in the rodents. The paper appears in

Highly specific synaptic plasticity in addiction

 E-Mail Credit: Elsevier Philadelphia, January 26, 2021 - Addiction, or substance use disorder (SUD), is a complex neurological condition that includes drug-seeking behavior among other cognitive, emotional and behavioral features. Synaptic plasticity, or changes in the way neurons communicate with one another, drives these addictive behaviors. These lasting brain changes are at the crux of why addiction is so hard to treat. Biological Psychiatry, published by Elsevier, now shows that players in the extracellular environment - not just at neuronal interfaces - contribute to addiction plasticity. Neurons in a brain area called the nucleus accumbens are known to undergo addiction-related plasticity. Specifically, changes at synapses of medium spiny neurons (MSN), which sense the neurotransmitter dopamine, have been associated with drug-seeking and extinction behaviors.

Naltrexone Cuts Hospitalization, Deaths in Alcohol Use Disorder

Naltrexone Cuts Hospitalization, Deaths in Alcohol Use Disorder
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Brain tissue analysis may help explain enduring mysteries about PTSD

Brain tissue analysis may help explain enduring mysteries about PTSD A post-mortem analysis of brain tissue from people who had been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may help explain enduring mysteries about the disorder, such as why women are more susceptible to it and whether a dampened immune system response plays a role in dealing with stress, a team headed by Yale University researchers has found. The analysis of gene expression patterns in brain tissue located in four regions of the prefrontal cortex areas of the brain associated with higher cognitive function and executive control revealed distinct differences in those who had been diagnosed with PTSD and those who had not. Major differences in gene activity particularly affected two cell types in PTSD patients interneurons, which inhibit neural activity, and microglia, immune system cells in the central nervous system, the researchers report Dec. 21 in the journal

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