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Abstract Do big cities enable or hinder women’s electoral participation? What are the determinants of women’s participation in big cities and how are they different from those in rural areas? We use the Election Commission of Pakistan’s novel gender-disaggregated constituency level data set for the 2018 elections to answer these questions in the context of Pakistan, a country that has seen rapid urbanisation and today hosts 14 big cities with populations of over half a million people. Contrary to expectations, we find that women’s electoral participation is 8.5 per cent lower in big cities compared to rural areas and this is mirrored by a higher gender gap in participation in this context. In big cities we do not find support for theories that suggest women’s increased political participation is linked to a fall in the burden of care work, an increase in women’s intra-household bargaining power, and their entry into the paid labour force. The gender gap in political part

Brighton and hoveUnited kingdomKhan mohmandElection commission of pakistanSea researchInstitute of developmentElection commissionEmpty promisePolitical participationDevelopment studiesபிரகாசமான மற்றும் ஹோவ்ஒன்றுபட்டது கிஂக்டம்காந் மொஹ்மாந்ட்தேர்தல் தரகு ஆஃப் பாக்கிஸ்தான்ஈயா ஆராய்ச்சிநிறுவனம் ஆஃப் வளர்ச்சி