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Black Holes in the Time of Coronavirus

Black holes are prisons of light. They are both metaphor and physical entity, mute commentary on what is known, unknown, and unknowable. Well-studied but poorly understood, like a virus. What happens gravitationally if you squeeze the mass of an object to a point? This was Karl Schwarzschild’s question while stationed at the Russian front of the First World War. You get a point of no volume and infinite density a singularity. It would be surrounded by a region where nothing, not even light, could escape. This boundary became known as the event horizon because no event within the boundary could be observed from outside.

Emmy Noether | German mathematician

Noether was certified to teach English and French in schools for girls in 1900, but she instead chose to study mathematics at the University of Erlangen (now University of Erlangen-Nürnberg). At that time, women were only allowed to audit classes with the permission of the instructor. She spent the winter of 1903–04 auditing classes at the University of Göttingen taught by mathematicians David Hilbert, Felix Klein, and Hermann Minkowski and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild. She returned to Erlangen in 1904 when women were allowed to be full students there. She received a Ph.D. degree from Erlangen in 1907, with a dissertation on algebraic invariants. She remained at Erlangen, where she worked without pay on her own research and assisting her father, mathematician Max Noether (1844–1921).

This Month in Physics History

This Month in Physics History January 1965: Roger Penrose’s Seminal Proof of Blackholes The eminent physicist Roger Penrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity,” sharing the prize with Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez, “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy.” But the rough concept of a black hole dates back to the 18th century, before Albert Einstein had even formulated his general theory of relativity and before Penrose s discovery in 1965. British astronomer John Michell wrote a foundational paper in November 1783, later published in the Royal Society’s journal, that was the first to speculate on the existence of black hole-like objects. His intent was to discover a useful method to determine the mass of a star. He thought he could measure how much the speed of light was reduced by passing light from a star through a prism; i

How black holes morphed from theory to reality

How black holes morphed from theory to reality
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