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Vanguard News Napoleon Bonaparte and the Black Jacobins On By Obadiah Mailafia He was a force of nature. He subdued kingdoms and shook down ancient monarchies;including the Holy Roman Empire that was neither fully Roman nor actually holy. He was the lawgiver and founder of the institutional foundations of the modern European state. That force of nature is none other than the enigmatic Napoleon Bonaparte of France (1769 1821). On Wednesday 5 May, President Emmanuel Macron and the French nation celebrated the bicentenary of his lonely death on the island of St. Helena on 5 May 1821.   Napoleon remains a figure of controversy. For some, he was a military hero and great leader; for others, a reckless warmonger who plunged Europe into chaos in which more than 2.5 million souls perished.

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