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Social media is widely used in emergencies, but the nature of the communication is poorly understood. We employed unsupervised topic modelling and sentiment analysis to analyse more than 80,000 Twitter tweets posted by users in Australia over a six-month period before, during and after the severe bushfires in 2019–2020, dubbed the ‘Black Summer’. While tweets about bushfire updates dominated, politics, donations and support, impacts and public opinion were also prominent themes. Social impacts were important in the early phase of the fires (Sept & Oct 2019) with health impacts discussed when the fires were most intense and ecological impacts becoming important in the recovery phase. Twitter users also talked about emergency responses, mainly evacuation, as the fires were starting, showing that Twitter played an important role in communicating advice to leave early to avoid harm. Although the bushfires caused death, destruction and disruption, the sentiment of tweets was balan

Disaster communicationRisk reductionSentiment analysisSocial mediaTopic modelling