Sahel states such as Mali do not possess the essential services to deliver to their impoverished and ethnically divided constituents. These economic and social shortcomings render national governments vulnerable to the challenge posed by sub-state
French President Emmanuel Macron announced on Wednesday that Operation Barkhane was officially over. The eight-year counterterrorism war has been fought across. 09.11.2022, Sputnik International
France, the former colonial power in Mali and most of the Sahel region, withdrew all its forces in August. Who will fill the vacuum and how will this translate into the political dynamics on the ground?