Experiment one is on August 1st 825 so at 12 o clock I introduced through the perforation into the stomach the following articles of diet so what he does is he takes different foods a piece of raw salted fat pork some corned beef you know like a one inch square of corned beef a piece of stale bread and he attaches them to a silk string and he inserts them through the artificial opening into the stomach into the stomach for an hour then he takes it out like a fisherman Yeah yeah he s fishing he s the he s doing stomach fishing and he takes it out in the records you know so an hour later how much was digested withdrew and examined them found the cabbage and bread about half to jested the pieces of meat this went on for hours turned them into the stomach at 2 o clock pm with through them again and hours return them into the stomach and for years over the next few years Bowman put everything you can possibly think of into that stomach pig s feet se taken our animal Brean boiled take an ho
It s for himself which is weird considering his personal history is why family like why do people have family like why the families stick together there are a lot of sort of dynamics within the family where it would make more sense for an individual to sort of break out like he had and yet the family persists and there should be a good reason for even wrote about the question to his daughter do Kathleen might big paper will be on the evolutionary origin of the human family in most species the father just mates with the mother and she does all the child rearing herself but in the human species the dominant pattern has involved care by adult males toward their own children why did I species evolve this way. You know it just brings back what kind of a father our father was towards us and basically there was kind of the spin 9 neglect. But the question why family was only the beginning why family led him to the bigger question which is why does anybody help anybody. Well what do you mean
That s a quarter in the case of the 1st dozens it s an a so I have to have 8 cousins to equal my right. You have that many I have 32 3rd cousins and that s why I always round them up at a rodeo. And you place them all together as a stay here in case something happens to me but here s what I don t get like how does this actually operate like Robert s not going to sit there while the manners flooding the little it s the. Second cousin to 32nd. The math has already been done. Already the math has been done by evolution on genes and those are the genes you ve got. Saying that that evolution has turned the math into an instinct Yeah you got it. I don t know what is the instinct of the I know I want to save my sister Here s how I understand it since this has half your genes and since 2nd cousin only has a 32nd theoretically your instinct to save your sis should be 16 times stronger than your answer No that s actually roughly proportional. To keep in mind this was just an idea just a thought
Toward. Whom. Darwin was worried by the same thing and I mean Darwin recognised the total horror of the suffering in nature is one of the things that actually made him lose his faith but he also realised that it s not just a fact that it happens it s intrinsic to natural selection that it must happen and when you look at a beautiful animal like a cheater that appears to be beautifully designed for something like a cheater is amazingly well designed apparently for catching the sails and because elves are amazingly well designed for escaping from from cheaters that they are the end products of a sort of evolutionary arms race in which thousands millions of animals have died the shaping that the carving of the shape of a cheetah or a gazelle has come about through millions of unsuccessful gazelles being caught and the successful ones making it through only to be caught later probably but after reproducing So the sheer number of deaths that lie behind the the sculpting of these beautiful
So what s happened is that the top 20 percent really sacrifice themselves for the back 80 percent and that s an amoeba so figure what the hell is happening here. This was a great mystery to Darwin and Darwin said this is in fact the greatest mystery in the greatest riddle and if I can answer it then my theory isn t worth anything. And for 100 years when people talked about evolution altruism is the elephant in the room. So we were curious about this. How might you take this elephant this niceness thing that seems to be everywhere and shove it back into the mean old theory of evolution it s got to be a way so we call it Carl Zimmer who is a journalist we have on the show quite often writes a lot about evolution he told us in the 1960 s. Just as George Price was starting to ask these questions some scientists came up with a new way of thinking about all tourism a thought experiment which he runs through Ok So Robert do you have siblings I have a sister Ok you have a sister Ok let s just