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The combination of optical time transfer and optical clocks opens up the possibility of large-scale free-space networks that connect both ground-based optical clocks and future space-based optical clocks. Such networks promise better tests of general relativity1–3, dark-matter searches4 and gravitational-wave detection5. The ability to connect optical clocks to a distant satellite could enable space-based very long baseline interferometry6,7, advanced satellite navigation8, clock-based geodesy2,9,10 and thousandfold improvements in intercontinental time dissemination11,12. Thus far, only optical clocks have pushed towards quantum-limited performance13. By contrast, optical time transfer has not operated at the analogous quantum limit set by the number of received photons. Here we demonstrate time transfer with near quantum-limited acquisition and timing at 10,000 times lower received power than previous approaches14–24. Over 300 km between mountaintops in Hawaii with

International conference on space optical systemsInternational society for opticsBoulder atomic clock optical networkSpringer handbook of optical networksInternational conference on space opticsSpace resEvent horizon telescopeEvent horizon explorerSpace telescopesMillimeter waveAtomic clock optical networkLaser beam propagationRandom mediaFree space laser communicationLaser imagingInternational conference