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The Australian monsoon delivers seasonal rain across a vast area of the continent stretching from the far northern tropics to the semi-arid regions. This article provides a review of advances in Australian monsoon rainfall (AUMR) research and a supporting analysis of AUMR variability, observed trends, and future projections. AUMR displays a high degree of interannual variability with a standard deviation of approximately 34% of the mean. AUMR variability is mostly driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), although sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and north of Australia also play a role. Decadal AUMR variability is strongly linked to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), partially through the IPO's impact on the strength and position of the Pacific Walker Circulation and the South Pacific Convergence Zone. AUMR exhibits a century-long positive trend, which is large (approximately 20 mm per decade) and statistically significant over nort

Indian oceanSouthern oscillationInterdecadal pacific oscillationPacific walker circulationSouth pacific convergenceCurrent trendsModern climateAustralian monsoonClimate changeClimate variabilityOcean atmosphere interactionsAinfall driverRainfall projection