Several million cubic meters of concrete are pumped daily, as this technique permits fast concrete placement. Fundamental research has been performed and practical guidelines have been developed to increase the knowledge of concrete behavior in pipes. However, the pumping process and concrete behavior are not fully understood.
AFm is abbreviated from ‘alumina, ferric oxide, monsulfate’. The AFm phase of Portland cement refers to a group of similar members of hydrated calcium aluminates that have a hydrocalumite-like structure based on 4CaO.Al2O3.13–19 H2O.