In a recent review article in Composites Part C: Open Access, the adoption and application of virgin fused deposition modeling (FDM) polymers in 3D and 4D printing are explored, highlighting mechanical and microstructural properties, process optimization, and advancements in shape-memory polymer composites.

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Nidhi Dhullmay , Hari Nurosid Shutterstock , Nidhi Dhull , , Open Access , Polymers Used , Fused Deposition , Virgin Polymers Used ,