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Org and with the ongoing support of these institutions this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff the top two candidates in the president ial race are feeling pretty good today, after they cleaned up in the new york state primary. Now, theyre looking to wrap up their races, in the contests yet to come. Donald trump fresh off winning big in his home state moved on to the midwest, and the indiana primary on may third. Unlike last night, when he took a more restrained tone, today he was on the attack. Im a million votes ahead of lyin ted cruz. Im about 300 delegates ahead of lying ted. Woodruff but in pennsylvania today, texas senator ted cruz insisted the race for the g. O. P. Nomination is far from over. Theres a reason donald wants all of the lapdogs in the media to say that the race is over. In the three weeks that preceded yesterday, there were a total of five states that voted utah, wisconsin, north dakota, colorado, wyoming. In all five, we won a landslide. Woodruff cruz predicted a contested convention iss inevitable, telling a philadelphia radio station, nobody is getting 1,237 delegates to clinch the nomination before then. But, on the democratic side, Hillary Clintons doubledigit victory last night puts her on track to wrap things up before convention time. The race for the nomination is in the home stretch, and victory is in sight. Woodruff clinton campaigned in philadelphia today. There were mixed messages coming out of the Bernie Sanders campaign after his 16 point loss in new york. Last night, Senior Adviser tad devine said theyll assess where we are after next weeks primaries. Today, he took a different tack i think we have a lot of time. Weve got 1,400 delegates still to be picked. Weve got huge states like california still in play. Only Bernie Sanders can do something that we need to do to win the general election, bringg in young people. Woodruff sanders took the day off from campaigning, and returned home to vermont. H sreenivasan in the days other news, the strongest aftershock yet rattled earthquake survivors in ecuadorr as the confirmed death toll reached 553. The latest tremor struck some 15 miles offshore, before dawn, bu there were no reports of new damage. Meanwhile, aid continued to pouo into the ravaged country. The peruvian military also joined in to help transfer victims from the quake zones to hospitals. Woodruff theres evidence today of a migrant disaster at sea in the mediterranean. The u. N. Refugee agency and the International Organization for migration say up to 500 people drowned off libya last week. Ee in geneva today, u. N. Officials said smugglers tried to put too many people into a crowded ship bound for italy. We understand that about 100, 200 people left tobruk, in libya, on the way to italy. And they were being transferred by the smugglers who were in command of their boat to a larger vessel, that was already carrying hundreds of people. And while they were doing this in the middle of the sea, at night, the bigger vessel went down. Woodruff the flow of migrants from africa to italy is increasing as the weather warms. But greek Prime MinisterAlexis Tsipras said today the European Unions deal with turkey has sharply reduced the flow to his country. Sreenivasan in afghanistan, the death toll from a Taliban Attack in kabul more than doubled overnight, to 64. A suicide bomber and gunmen assaulted a Government Security agency yesterday, nearby the president ial palace. Officials now say most of the victims were civilians, including women and children. Woodruff president obama arrived in saudi arabia today, hoping to reassure a skeptical ally. Tensions were evident as the president arrived, and was greeted by the local governor and not king salman. The two leaders did meet later, and offered smiles and graciousu words. The saudis have opposed the president s outreach to iran and his approach to syria. Sreenivasan the u. S. Supreme court has upheld a judgment that forces iran to compensate victims of terror attacks. They include relatives of 241 u. S. Marines killed in a beirut bombing in 1983. Their families will collect from nearly 2 billion in frozenil iranian funds held in the u. S. Woodruff the European Union widened its antitrust battle with google today. E. U. Officials accused the tech giant of rigging the mobile Application Market to benefitet its own products. In brussels, an e. U. Commissioner said google uses the android operating system to freeze out competing apps. As a result of googles behavior, rival search engines, mobile operating systems and web browsers have not been able to compete on their merits, but rather been artificially excluded from certain business opportunities. Woodruff google strongly denied the charges. Sreenivasan back in this country, the tainted waterhe crisis in flint, michigan is now a criminal case. Two state regulators and a City Employee were charged and arraigned today, accused of official misconduct, tampering with evidence and othernc offenses. In flint, the state attorney general said they manipulated records to make lead levels in the water appear lower. They failed. They failed in their responsibilities to protect theo health and safety of families of flint. They failed michigan families. Indeed, they failed us all, and i dont care where you live. T sreenivasan the attorney general also warned more charges are coming, and he said no one is off the table. Woodruff five former Police Officers in new orleans pleadedd guilty today in deadly shootings during hurricane katrina. The case involved the killing of two men and wounding of fourwo others. The officers were convicted in 2011, but the verdict was set aside because of misconduct byco prosecutors. This plea deal means theyll serve far less prison time than they originally faced. Sreenivasan volkswagen will spend just over 1 billion to compensate u. S. Customers for emissions test cheating. It was widely reported today that v. W. Reached an agreementy in principle with federal regulators. The deal involves diesel vehicles. Its to be presented to a federal judge in San Francisco tomorrow. The Dow Jones Industrial average was up 42 points. O the nasdaq rose more than seven, and the s p 500 rose one point. Sreenivasan and, in south carolina, a state lawmaker has come up with a tongueincheekp bill on viagra to highlight her opposition to curbs on abortion. Representative mia mcleod says men should have to wait 24 hours before buying viagra for a sexual encounter. Shed also require sworn statements from any sexual partners attesting to why theytt need the drug. Still to come on the newshour e donald trump changes his tone after a big win in new york; women make their debut on american money; can you be charged with a crime for refusing a breathalyzer test . The Supreme Court will decide, and much more. Woodruff as you heard,d, donald trump and Hillary Clinton celebrated wins in new york lasd night, but the campaign is far from over with plenty ofof important battles ahead. For more on the race for the white house we turn to susan page, Washington Bureau chief for u. S. A. Today; and reid wilson, chief Political Correspondent for the morning consult. And we welcome both of you back to the program. So lets startot with the democrats, susan. Where is this democratic race after Hillary Clintons big win last night . , a sconepoint victory, even though Bernie Sanders spent 2 million more than she did on ads in new york state. It wasta home, sweet home, last night for Hillary Clinton and it put her on a much steadier track. She lost in wisconsin. She lost seven of the last eight cop tests in states. Ta this was a big victory. Ic she heads now to state that should also be pretty friendly territory next tuesday in the midatlantic. She could now win the t nomination, even if he doesnt win another primary by keeping it close because of the proportional allegations of delegates. She could see victory in her sights. I think thats pretty accurate. Woodruff what did people see in the results for sanders that give them hope . Op they see both candidates are going to struggle to get the delegates they need to actually win the democratic nomination. O Hillary Clinton has a significant lead, andhi shes gt a much better path. She only needs to win. A quarter of the remaining dwlgl to be allocated to get to that level with the superdelegate support. The sanders folks, and we heard jeff weaver talk about this last night are convinced they can switch superdelegates switch their allegiance to Bernie Sanders. They are Party Leaders and elected officials who spent an lot of time in the Democratic Party and know the work clinton has done for the Democratic Party. Meanwhile, Bernie Sanders has not done the same kindan of leg work to try to elect fellow democrats. Woodruff susan, it has s been and is even more mathematically difficult now for Bernie Sanders to get toic that number. Hes done a remarkable job. Ob hes posed a much more serious challenge than i think anyone,y including himself, expected atd the beginning. But at this point, the debate is what does Bernie Sanders want . I expect Bernie Sanders to staya in the race. Usually candidates dont get ou of the race until they run out of money. Hes not going to run out of money. The debate is what is the role he sees for himself going forward, and will he do everything he can to unite the party if and with hillaryar clinton is the nominee. O in the exit polls last night, 25 of sanders supporters said they would not vote for hillarya clinton in the fall. She really needs his help to bring Party Together if and when shes the nominee. Woodruff you ask what he wants. It stowndz like hes still saying he wants to be the nominee. Hes not ready to give that dream up. The irony is, if Hillary Clinton becomes president , if the democrats take back the u. S. Senate, Bernie Sanders is in line to chair a major committeeo remember, he is still an independent. He hasnt been elected to the senate as a democrat. And once again this is a party that remembers the work that its politicians have done to help the rest of the party as well. El Bernie Sanders doesnt necessarily have to chair this committee if his fellow senators dont think its interesting jeff weaver said this afternoon Bernie Sanders wouldf remain a democrat after this contest. On that answers a question we had had. Theres one problem for the clinton people. Eo there are two things opponents often want that he doesnt want. He doesnt need help retiring his debt. He is more successful than she is ineration money. He also doesnt want to be on the ticket. Woodruff he distribute want to be her running mate. He doesnt want to be her running mate. At that makes it more complicated to figure out how to bring him spot fold. Ol woodruff lutz looets talk about the republicans. E does the trajectory of the republican race change because of new york . Contest after contest before this, ted cruz was feeling his oats, but after last night, what do we see . And donald trump won a substantial victory. He won 26 of the 27 congressional districts withinit new york. Ironically, the only one he losl is the one he actually lives in, manhattan. And his path gets a lot easier. He won 90 delegates. At thats a bigger prize than any other state is going to offer until we get to california in june. And hes got some hes leading in polls in the five states that will vote next week. And states like pennsylvania and delaware and rhode island and connecticut and whats the fifth . Maryland. Sorry. All of which hes leading in. So if hes able to win all of the 118 delegates that are up next tuesday, his path gets even more clear. However, he still has to win 52 of the remaining delegates after that. Im saying his chances are plausible but precaishes. Re woodruff it just sounds like, susan, up until now, so much of the talk was about what happens at the convention for donald trump. T but now, people you hear more conversation about how he could actually get to the number he needs before cleveland. Its clear hes going i think its pretty clear hes going to get close to the number. For one thing, what can they throw at him that they havent thrown at him so far . Its not as if his controversial views a mystery to voters. Hiss. Temperament, people have seen it, and they continue to t vote for him. And i think theres an argument thats pretty effective, the fair play argument. Americans unbelievable fair play, and youbl see a significat majority of Republican Voters saying if somebody has most delegates but isnt quite up to a majority, they still should be the nominee. Th i think that is a pretty effective argument. Hes not there yet. But after last night and a 35point victory, you definitely see a path for him to avoid a contested convention. Co woodruff it was interested, reid, last night, conversations well donald trump seems to be moderating hisone. Hes not calling senator cruz lyin ted but today campaigninga in indiana, he was back to the same language. This is the dichotomy ofot donald trump. Every candidate moderates after a primary election. L trump doesnt have to necessarily moderate on ideological issue. He has to moderate on his personality. He has to appear president ial. His press conference in miralago after winning primaries in march, and last night a much more subdued, much more stade press conference, asn well as the fact he stayed off the sunday Television Shows for a couple of weeks in a row after the longest stretch that i can remember of both quintly there. Y woodruff susan, what is ted cruz or john kasich, who we havent mentioned yet . I think john kasich has a very tough path ahead. I mean, its not mathematically possible for him to come intoin the convention with a majority ofit delegation. Hes a little out of sync for this party. Hes kind of moderate for a very conservative party. And for ted cruz, he is out of his elements when he of we go to these states, new york, the Midatlantic States that vote next tuesday. These are not friendly territories for ted cruz. He has won an effective campaign. Mp he is very shrewd in terms of the delegate Selection Process but he really needs something bad to happen for trumps path for there to be an opening. Pe woodruff were going to be watching next week, its pennsylvania and on to the other states. Thank you both. An reid wilson, and susan page. D thank you. Woodruff it has been a much anticipated decision, but theooe United States currency is in for the first changes in a long time, giving new prominence to civil rights and womens history. The familiar greened backs havent seen a new face in almost niewnt years. And when the Treasury Department announced last year a woman might grace a bill for the first time in history, there was jubilation from american women. But a backlash from Alexander Hamilton fans who were upset over anyone replacing him on the 10 bill. The first secretary of the treasury, hamilton has become a darling of Popular Culture with the runaway success of the Broadway Musical named after him. There was plenty of feedback and even some indignation at the suggestion hamilton might be replaced. Today, after much speculation, treasury secretary jack lew announced its the seventh president of the United States, andrew jackson, who loses his spot on the front of the 20 bill. He will be replaced by derek harveyiet tubman, the civil war slave activist and leader of the underground railroad. Hamilton stays put on the 10 bill, but the reverse side will now include leaders of the Womens Suffrage Movement, including susan b. Anthony, andd another abolitionist, sojourner truth. And civil rightstr leaders suchs marion anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt and Martin Luther ki king. I caught up with secretary lew earlier today. Secretary jack lew, thank you for joining us. Great to be with you, judy. Ju woodruff so big decision. Io the first time a woman is going on the face of a piece of u. S. Currency thats in wide circulation. Why harriet tubb man judge when we started the public discussion of this almost a year ago, i said its been almost 100 years since weve had a woman on our currency and that had to change, and it had to change as soon as possible. We went through a processoo of listening and and i kind of didd it the oldfashioned way. Ay we actually listened. I heard from well over a millioi people in one way or another, responses through handwritten note and emails and tweets and retweets. And the amount of support and interest in Harriet Tubman was quite impressive. Ss it showed that the story of Harriet Tubman means a lot to people of all ages in this country, and it speaks to something very important about american democracy. Here, a woman, born a slave, illiterate her whole life, can, after spending countless tripsri going back and forth freeing people on an individual basis, work for the army to help as a spy, help them find their way into battle in the civil war, and be a founder of the Womens Suffrage Movement hour, that cat change our country. And i think its a tremendous american story. Woodruff now, by all s accounts, you changed your thinking here. Iur did. Woodruff there were reports it was going to be a woman to replace Alexander Hamilton. There were reliable reports it would be susan b. Anthony, the leader of the womens suffragefr movement in this country. Why change . What we defense widen the lens. It became very clear listeningni to the amount of interest and response, first of all, that the 20 had a special resonance because we all use it so much, because we get it in money machines, that its the bill where if we wanted to put a woman on a bill that people were going to feel was the bill that thigh use, the 20 bill had a special meaning. And we also i came to the conclusion fairly quickly as we were listening that theres a lot more here than just one square inch of one bill. We ought to be looking at the whole series 5, 10, and 20. And once you start doing more things, it gives you the ability to tell more stories. Ie so, for example, on the back of the 10 bill, were going to tell the story of womens suffrage. Well have images of the lead suffrages, five vbl women. Well have a depiction of the demonstration demanding to give women the right to vote. O on the back of the 5 bill we will have a image of marion anderson. And the steps of the Lincoln Memorial were open to her to sing to 75,000 people. 0 it tells a lot of stories this series of decisions. Ec woodruff so is it fair to say its more of a focus on civil rights than it is on jerpd . At the beginning we said its going to be a focus on democracy. I would call it a focus on democracy. Its how you use your voice in a democracy to effect change. You look at a series of individuals and the stories that are going to be depicted. What it says is change in this country doesnt just come by what we do in the halls of washington. Its what individuals do in their actions. Woodruff it looks as ifct you were influenced by the success of this Broadway Musical hamilton. Were you . You know, candidly, we decided pretty early on as we were listening to have a broader approach, and i think that it would be an overstatement to say its a response to that. I heard almost immediately when i made my announcement in june from people who said, dont take Alexander Hamilton off of our money. And i said, dont worry, hes always going to be on our money. You cant work in this buildingd would feeling that you stand on his shoulders. S and i think what woe came to was a much bigger approach, and one that is powerful in telling a series stories and it involves the the 20, the 10, the 5. Woodruff i ask about Alexander Hamilton because, clearly, theres another side of the hamilton story its philandering, leaving his family penniless, and the rest of it. I think that the contributions that Alexander Hamilton made to building our economy and our system of government are legendary, and the loyalty of his wife to preserving his memory is also legendary. Woodruff why do you think its taken so long to get a woman on the currency . Ur you know, its a good question, judy. Im not sure i can answer it. Obviously from my perspective ttook too long. Thats why in june when we announced we were doing twe hadh to do it on the next bill thats coming out, and were doing that. I have been working on this, literally, since i started here at treasury. As the work began before i got here. But its not something we wasted any time on. And i think its long overdue. Woodruff and when will we actually see this . T i mean, you know womens groups are already saying its taken so long already. Lr now we have to wait years more for this to be in circulation. So the plan is in 2020, the 100th anniversary of womens suffrage, all three images, all three designs will be revealed in their final detail. L and after that, the productionn process will begin. I have already instructed bureaucrato of engraifg and printing to work as quickly as possible to make that process go as quickly as possible. Bl and ive talked the two offices in government that have authority over this are the treasury and Federal Reserve board. Ive talk to the chair of the t Federal Reserve, and we agree on two things. S. One, have to make sure our money is safe and we should move this process as quickly as we can. An woodruff secretary of the treasury, jack lew, thank youew very much. Uc great to be with you, judy. Sreenivasan stay with us. Us coming up on the newshour reducing childhood trauma to minimize Serious Health consequences in adults; the pulitzerprize winning investigation that traced seafood to slave labor; and npr correspondent Barbara Bradley hagerty on coping with a midlife crisis. But first, a dispute over laws in some states to curb drunk driving. Over the years, at least a dozez states have made it a crime for suspected drunk drivers to refuse to take alcohol tests. But, does a Police Officer have to get a search warrant beforean performing such a test . And, do these laws violate the Fourth Amendment . The Supreme Court grappled with these questions today, as it considered three cases challenging laws of this sort, in north dakota and minnesota. In marcia coyle of the National Law Journal was in the courtroom, as always, and she joi me now. So, whats the hassle in getting a swawrpt before you do one of these tests . Es well, if you are asking the states of north dakota and minnesota, who are involved in this, they say that, one, you dont have magistrates available 24 7 to answer a Police Officers call for a warrant. Nt it can take a while. Hi there are concerns about, you know, evidence being lost. T. But basically, the states are saying here, look, states have a bargain with drivers. Driving is not a right. Its a privilege. And when you get your license, youre agreeing youre impliedly consenting to certain requirements. And the states feel these states there are 12 of them now and the federal government impose criminal penalties if you refuse it take these tests. Sreenivasan so if you is there a distinction between the tests, the field sobriety test versus a blood test . E during the arguments today t that really did come out in som of the justices questioning. Ce justice breyer, for example b the way, hari, this was a great example of how they play devils advocate for each side. Justice breyer said to the lawyer representing the three men changing these laws, you know, whats the big deal about a breath test, for example . You blow into a straw thats connected to a Little Machine thats about the size of a cell phone. Youre giving up Carbon Dioxide thats going to go into the environment anyway. Its not all that invasive. In not all that intrusive. In on the other hand, then, when w the States Lawyers came up, he would say to them, look, how long disw it take to get a search warrant for these breath tests. Wyoming says is takes five minutes, montana says it takes 15 minutes. I how long does it take in north dakota. And if theyre transporting these people after being arrested to the police station,n why cant the Police Officerer make the call on the way, maybea on the cell phone that has a big w on it, pristhe button. Ut the argument was a lot of fun nsome respects. At the very end, though, Justice Kennedy asked the obama administrations lawyer, who was supporting the states, can we distinguish between the breath test and the blood alcohol test . And the obama administrationsst lawyer said, well, yes, you can because a breath test is not as invasive as a blood alcohol test. Its faster. You can do it as part of the booking process at the station, whereas a blood alcohol test has to be done at a hospital. Ho but he also said he didnt think a warrant was a good fit for a breath test and heres the reason why, he said. Police officers use warrants to force compliance, and you cant force somebody to blow into a straw. But, he said, if you do impose a warrant requirement on breath testses, Police Officers ares going to start doing blood draws, because you can force somebody to give blood in the hospital under restraint. You can take their blood. So i think the justices are wrestling with the difference between thefe two. Wo and three years ago, the court actually dealt with warrants and blood alcohol draws. The decision was kind of fractured. Police then argued they didntt need warrants because this was what an exception to the Fourth Amendment, an exigency circumstance, blood alcohol dissipates quickly. We dont have time to get a warrant. The court didnt buy that entirely. It said, basically, not every time you need a blood alcohol draw is it an emergency situation. Courts have to look at the totality of the circumstances. Ir but because it was a fractured decision, nothing really was clear. And i think the court took these three cases, two involving blood alcohol draws, one involving the breath test, in order to try to resolve this or clarify the law in terms of the warrant requirement. Sreenivasan all right,ig marcia coyle, National Law Journal, thank you very much. My pleasure, hari. Woodruff there is more and more evidence that traumatic childhood events abuse, neighborhood violence or the death of a parent can lead to Health Consequences in adulthood, from Heart Disease td diabetes. Now, communities throughout the u. S. Are beginning to intervene to try to prevent this. Special correspondent sarah varney begins our report from los angeles, which was done in partnership with Kaiser Healthka news and with support from the Solutions Journalism network. Reporter Kimberly Cervantes has spent much of her young life learning to outwit the perils of compton. At 19, shes street smart and savvy. Although she had adults shelt could trust in high school, lik teacher armando castro, they couldnt shield her from an assault on a public bus and frequent gunshots outside thee school. In middle school, she witnessed the deaths of two students. That steady exposure to violenc has led cervantes to some dark places at times, a crippling anxiety that forced her to misst school and thoughts of suicide. Theres so many people out there acting out and just drug abusers on almost every corner. Its hard to maintain the whole happy go lifestyle, you know . Its not easy. Reporter in an unprecedented move, cervantes and four other students are suing the Compton Unified School district, arguing that the trauma theyve faced makes it difficult to learn. Theyre asking the federal court to force the district to provide additional support, in the same way schools accommodate students with autism, dyslexia and other learning differences under the americans with disabilities act. At home in compton, arthur,n, whose identity has to be protected because of the pending lawsuit, has struggled with homework. He was rescued by his father from a drugaddicted mother, but because of his outbursts and defiance, hes bounced from school to school. Students whove suffered multiple traumatic incidents are six times more likely to have behavioral problems; five times more likely to skip school; and two and a half times more likely to repeat a grade. Public counsel staff attorney kathryn eidmann, who is on the legal team representing the students, says Research Showso that sustained stress alters Brain Development and, if ignored, can derail academic achievement. The children who have been injured, through no fault ofn their own, by these types of adverse experiences, needri intervention and support from the schools in order to be able to learn. Rd reporter the lawsuit is currently pending in federal court. With each passing year, new Research Validates a pioneering largescale study from the 1990s that found one in four had growd up in households with substance abuse; one in four had been physically abused; and one in five, sexually abused. These socalled Adverse Childhood Experiences, or aces, were found to predict ai raft of health and social problems from adolescent pregnancy to depression and Heart Disease in adulthood. As the long term implications of childhood trauma has become increasingly clear, cities across the country are trying to understand the kind of violence happening in their own communities along neighborhooo streets and behind closed doors. The next step, local leaders say, is to figure out how to stop those traumatic events froa happening in the first place. In memphis, tennessee a cityte rich in music and culture but marked by violence and racial strife local leaders who commissioned a survey to measure childhood trauma were stunned al the results 37 of adults in the county during their youth had witnessed someone being shot or stabbed. 22 witnessed violence between adults. But what could local leaders dod to spare the next generation of similar anguish . We know that children are being expelled from um, prek more frequently than they are from k through 12. Reporter Barbara Holden nixon, a longtime social worker, founded the ace center tasksk force of Shelby County. Shes convened a whos who of w state and local government and Community Leaders to focus primarily on parenting to try to prevent trauma from the earliest ages. Ra reporter nixon turned to robin karrmorse, a wellknownwn expert on childhood trauma. She says parents who themselves suffered wrenching childhoods need help learning better ways to raise their children. Were putting no blame on the parents. The whole idea is just the opposite. Its to recognize that those things have happened to them. Its not whats wrong with you. Its what happened to you . And, then, giving them tools to help offset whatever that is. Reporter memphis has started by opening universal parenting places, free dropin centers that offer arts therapy that helps children and parents express difficult emotions. I rise above. Reporter music classes to help stressed families find joy, and individual counseling to help parents understand their own trauma and break the cycle with their children. Kimberly lawston sought help after a bitter divorce to explain the breakup to herp children. But the counseling sessions led lawston to reflect on her own childhood. My mother was a hollerer, you know, and i didnt want to be that way, where you were afraid to come to me. Reporter now shes learning new approaches to parenting, although shes faced resistance from her family. At first it was like a struggle, like a fight, like pulling teeth, because like, no thats not how we do it. We do it this way. Theres nothing wrong with uss the way we raised you. You have to do what i say and i was like, well, its not your world anymore. W its mine and i have to do whats best for me, in order for my, me and my children to heal. Reporter one of the parenting places has opened at Baptist Memorial Hospital for women, where doctors can refer parents directly upstairs, for classes and counseling. The next will open in perea pre school. Principal Alicia Norman says interventions are urgently needed, as the number ofe d, preschoolers being expelled grows. Theyre angry, they are outar of control, three and four year olds and it breaks my heart to see that a child has been broken soe early in life. Reporter in school surveys, norman says parents report spanking their children, in some cases with belts and electrical cords, up to five days a week. For a lot of our families, their first option sometimes, and their only option, is to spank their children, where Research Shows now the adverse effects of spanking, especially spanking gone wrong, the core of it is the love that they have for the children, they want their children to be the best that they can be, but these are the only tools that they have. In terms of Law Enforcement, were seeing more and more of the effects that it has onmo children, just violence in thet home. Reporter local Law Enforcement officers say children living in turbulent homes whether theyre wealthy,re or poor, are more likely to end up in the criminal justice system. Twenty years from now, this work could be helping us rightb size our criminal justice system. Reporter but stephen bush, Shelby County chief public defender and a fervent member oe the ace Awareness Task force,e, says the ace research is changing how cases are prosecuted here. The use of Adverse Childhood Experiences and the language around that has given us a new common language when were advocating on behalf of kids in front of the courts. S it helps explain some of the behaviors that might not seem understandable if youre just looking at it without understanding the history of this childs life. Reporter support for this new awareness reaches to the top of county government. Shelby county mayor markar luttrell, also a task force member, calls the ace research a basic philosophy of county government. Weve tried to make it the Common Thread that runs through our Public Safety agenda, through our Public Health agenda, through our Community Services agenda, through our education agenda every portfolio that we have within county government has a component in there for, how do you address the younger generations at that formative stage . Reporter no one expects change to come quickly to memphis. It could take decades to figure out if this approach reduces violence in the community. But leaders here say doing away with the stigma of getting parenting help and even making it fun and joyful is a good start. For the pbs newshour and Kaiser Health news, im sarah varney in memphis. Sreenivasan now, a startling expose about slave labor in thet world of seafood. This week, were looking at some of the Pulitzer Prize winners, and the associated presss p 18monthlong investigation won the prize for public service. It tracked how slave labor in Southeast Asia is used in a supply chain that brings seafood to american restaurants and supermarkets. Fishermen were beaten and caged, and reporters even hid in the back of trucks for days to pursue the story. Since then, more than 2,000 slaves have been freed. Martha mendoza was part of that reporting team, and joins me now. Martha, what was the catalystt for the investigation in the first place . Unfortunately, we have heard of slavelike conditions in different parts of the world benefit. What made you want to follow this . Slavery at sea was not a secret, but the stories being told came from rescued slaves. And, there were, there was noo traction because the response was these guys are safe. Af this is not really a problem anymore. We set out to do what some people warned us was going to be impossible. We wanted to find captive slaves, and then we wanted to track their catch with detailedt accuracy all the way back to the dinner table to get people who were at the other end of this supply chain engaged. N sreenivasan how do youdo find the captive slaves in thee first place . T my colleagues spoke at length and for many months with people who had escaped, as well as human rights activists, who worked with people who had escaped. And theyes had some miss going o place wheres this wasnt happening or false leads. But when they heard about this island in indonesia, they had a pretty good idea there might be labor abuse going on there. And it was a plane trip to a boat ride to a second boat ride, to an island that can only be reached at certain times of year. And thats where my colleagues did, indeed, find a slavela island. Sreenivasan so when they get to this island,as obviously, its not the red carpet. Ar i mean, are you hiding throughout this process when youre trying to document who lives on the island, who lives here, what the conditions are . Io actually, the ap reporterses, thep ap team split up. Some were ostensibly interestedt in the fishing operations, and others were at the same time checking outam the other parts f what was happening on the island. When Robert Macdowell realized a number of men were from burma, she asked estrato fly and make the trip there to burma. When esther arrived, thats when the story bke open for her because these men wanted to tell their story. To they were shoving pieces of papers in their hands with their parents names and villams begging them to tell their families back home that they were alive. When thairpd asked to see more of these men, taper taken to a graveyard with 70 bodieses and false names on the signs above them. Sreenivasan so whats trail . Whats the paper trail between how that seafood that these slaves are fishing actually gets to a Grocery Store in the United States . Well, we videoed and documented the seafood being loaded on to one refrigeratedte cargo ship. That boat had a satellite tracker in it, and that tracker was pinging to a locator, and we watched the boat via the internet. And for two weeks, we tracked it into port. O when it arrived in port, ap met it watched the seafood being unloaded into pickup trucks and followed those trucks to factorieses. We were able to search and find the companies in thailand that were then shipping to the United States, and go to these american seafood distributors to figure out where their fish ends up. P. A lot of time when youre in a supermarket, youre going to see a piece of fish under a clear plastic wrap with a label to. Its not even going to say which distributor it came from. Ro so there was a lot of steps in between. But eventually, we were able to track it to walmart, safeway, cisco, albertsons, products like fancy feast and iams as well. Sreenivasan since youristic more than 2,000re menn have been freed and you were able to document some of those stories of them reuniting with their families. Yes. So about a week after we finished our story, authoritiest went to the island and began interviewing men. Wi they talked to a couple who described their horrific, desperate situation. Anding also told thehe authoritieses that they would be beaten and hurt for tellingng their story. And they were told,to no, were going to rescue you. O word got out on the island and pretty soon they went ahead and made the announcement, anyone who wants to come with us can come and hundreds of people began pouring down to the dock, jumping out of boat windows, running out of the jungle and that day alone close to 400 men were rescued and yes, it grew to to,000. One man we followed home had been gone for 22 years. His sister saw him walking into the village, and screamed and cried and held him. Im and then when his mother saw him, she was actually overwhelmed and had she lost her breath for a while. Hi it was a very sweet and moving moment. Sreenivasan whats the Thai Government said that they will do or what have they done since this has been published . The Thai Government, prior to us publishing and as we published story after story, kept making commitments to do better. They have made it so that if you are a victim of human trafficking, they say are you no longeryo treated as an illegalal immigrant and simply deported as a criminal. Cr they have vowed to make prosecutions more of a priority, and one of the pieces of this we did involved shrimp processing. And the shrimpro sector there in thailand has says theyre moving all shrimp processing in house. So theyre not going to outsource any shrimp processing in sheds where there is much less oversight. Sreenivasan martha mendoza, from the associated press, thank you so much. Thank you, hari. Woodruff now, a new take on coping with the anxieties of middle age. Its the newest addition to the newshour bookshelf. Jeffrey brown has that. Brown personal disappointment, a stagnating career, feelings of physical decline the classic descriptions of a midlife crisis. Ns but do we have that all wrong . Life reimagined the science, art, and opportunity of midlife takes the challenge of answering that. Author Barbara Bradley hagerty spent nearly 20 years with npr covering law and religion before, well, she changed her own midlife. And welcome to you. U. Thank you, great to be here. Brown first main finding seems to be that the so called midlife crisis is really a kind of madeup construct . It is kind of a made up construct. I mean, we had passages with this kind of cultural transformation, when everyone thought we had to have a midlife crisis. Eno everyone thought they had to have a sports car or dump their spouse or Something Like that. Then what happened was, in the t mid1990s, u. S. Psychologistss started to say, is there such a thing as a midlife crisis . Is it common . How common is it . And when they began to look att this, what they found that only about 10 of people have a classic midlife crisis, thats, existential angst about dying before you achieve your dreams. Brown short of that though, everyone does go through stages, right . Everyone has turning pointsyoy yourself had one. It got you writing i also had one, thats right. In fact while midlife crisis is not all that common, midlife ennui that kind of malaise that people have thatsat actually very, very common. People, generally, are happy ina their twenties and thirties and then they get discontented in their forties and fifties. Then they swoop back up and theyre very happy in their late fifties, sixties, seventies. So theres this nadir at midlife, in midlife generally around fortyfive in america. Brown you approach this as the reporter you are. You talked to lots of people. What struck you most about the kinds of crises, or lets call it a slump, that you would find from people . What kind of things . Well, the most common thing because this was done shortly after the 2008 recession that was the most common trigger toge this midlife slump that people had. Basically, if youre fifty and you lose your job, it is really hard to find another one. Rd what i kind of found was, 55 is the new 65, thats what people were finding, it was very, difficult. But almost without exception, the people i talked to who were in that slump eventually did find another job and they were much happier. And the point here that was really interesting is, peoplee return to their happiness set point brown happiness setpoint, s what does that mean . An it just means that people have a certain set point. Im a little bit happier than mt husband, if something happens to me i will return to my happiness set point, my average happinessp level. His might be different from mine, everyone has a different one but you return to your norm. Brown tell me about the key findings that places like that places like the wonderfullyn named Happiness Research center in copenhagen. Are coming to . What they found, what they did is they looked at Job Satisfaction. This was in denmark, not in the United States but what they found was that the key thing,he the most important thing to Job Satisfaction is having a purpose, feeling like your job has a purpose. Os it could be feeling that your job that personally has purpose or that youre part of an organization, a greater mission. Purpose turns out to be like the magic bullet for happiness. Brown across the board . Across the board, not just ao work but having a purpose in life makes you healthier. Er it means you stave off dementia better than other people, it means youre much less likely to have a stroke or be sick. It is a wonderful quality to have, this idea that you have purpose in life, you have ae reason to get out of bed in the morning. Brown you also look at l people who have made changes in their lives how do you makeave those changes . How do you decide big things, t like changing a job for example . When is it time if im not happy at the job, what do i do next . N because thats not easy either. Right, one thing that career experts say you should not do is leave your job and follow yourur muse youre an accountant and you want to be Hollywood Star that usually doesnt work out st well. So what you need to do is think about what am i really good at . What do i love doing . Is there a way to pivot on that so that even within the company that i work for, or the organization i work at, that i can do more of that and less of things im really bad at . You know, if youre an editor who has been put in management and you dont like management, go back to being an editor. So thats one thing, the other thing people can do is while theyre exploring what they want to do next, they should dip a toe in the water. And by that i mean, they should volunteer at an organization they might like or they should take classes. One man i talked to, he was an investment banker who went to Divinity School at night and nog hes a minister. So thats another thing you should be careful about look deep inside yourself and then take the leap. Brown i have to ask you this because, the baby boom generation and to some degree, genxers are famously derided for being selfabsorbed, full of ourselves. So were talking about, i dont know, whats in our heads, how can we change . N is this a discussion just for those who either can afford it, those who are a little moreor absorbed with themselves than they should be, who have first World Problems . Well, i must say that a midlife crisis is a privileged problem to have. People who are working two jobs, both partners working two jobs and they have kids they dont really have a lot of time to look deep into themselves ands wonder if theyre existentiallyl happy. So it is really, something for the privileged, people in the middle class or even a little wealthier who can afford to have a midlife crisis. Brown and this is, in part, a memoir, right . It is. The reason i did it that way is i wanted people to know that i was going through this too. I looked at all the parts that i think are important in life. T i looked at midlife marriage, midlife brain, midlife friendships, midlife career, that kind of thing. When bad things happen, whatat does Resilience Research say . So i looked at all of theseat parts of my life that i thought were really important and then i said, how do you thrive . Do how do you thrive at midlifeou marriage . How do you make your midlife brain be sharper . Thats how approached it. Brown and youre doing okayo im doing great. m laughs brown good, because you wane people to buy the book life reimagined the science, art, and opportunity of midlife. Its been a pleasure, thank you. A sreenivasan stay tuned. Later tonight on nova, National Parks are key to t protecting wildlife, but even the largest preserves are often too small to maintain diversity and healthy populations. Researchers set out to find a solution. Reporter another major barrier to wildlife is the four lane highway. With several lanes of trafc and speeding cars and trucks, these roads can be death traps. Many animals are not as lucky as this cub. Millions are killed every year. Woodley and other scientists at parks canada helped design a road that would protect both humans and animals. Fortyfour crossing structures now allow wildlife to move safely though Banff National park. Theres two basic kinds of crossing structures; theres tht underpasses, which are dark tunnels, and then theres these large overpasses. When youre on top of them, even when you have a fourlane highway running underneath you, it seems like youre in theu, forest. Theres trees growing on them. And it seems like certain kinds of animals like grizzly bears and wolves like to use those structures. Sreenivasan nova airs tonight at 9 00 p. M. Eastern on most pbs stations. And tonight on charlie rose a conversation with and performance by singersongwriter ben harper. Woodruff on the newshour online theres less than a week and a half left to take advantage of a Social Security strategy that can net retirees thosands of dollars. It is called file and suspend our making sense columnist c Larry Kotlikoff explains how it works. And superhero faith herbert, a. K. A. Zephyr, may get noticed for her plussize physique, but its her mind, not body, that give her the most power. We talked to the writer and editor of the new comic book series, and you can read that interview on our home page. Pa all that and more is on our web site, www. Pbs. Org newshour. Sreenivasan and thats the newshour for tonight. On thursday, a devastating looke at the tragic consequences when the Mental Health care system fails to help a troubled individual on a downward spiral. Im hari sreenivasan. Woodruff and im judy woodruff. Join us online, and again herel tomorrow evening. For all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by bnsf railway. Lincoln financial committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. Fathom travel carnival C Corporations small ship line. Offering sevenday cruises to three cities in cuba. T exploring the culture, cuisine and Historic Sites through itsi people. Genentech. Supporting social entrepreneursnd their solutions to the worlds mostwo pressing problems skollfoundation. Org. Supported by the rockefellere foundation. Da promoting the wellbeing of humanity around the world, bye building resilience and inclusive economies. More at www. Rockefellerfoundation. Org. And with the ongoing supportg of these institutions and individuals. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. In and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc ll captioned by media a this is nightly business report. Melting up, stocks keep going up and while thats a good thing for investors, some say the reason isnt all that great. But does it matter . Sour note, Many Americans dont love wall street and while the lack of the warm and fuzzies may not be shocking, where the dim view is coming from might surprise you. And bug control, the big money battle to stomp out the latest mosquito borne virus that has people concerned. All that and more for wednesday april 20th. Good evening and welcome. Were glad youre with us. Stocks head higher again today, triple digit gain for the doe as