Transcripts For KQED Charlie Rose 20150122

The overall economy in a philanthropy is a less than 2 . And so we have to be careful to only do those things that uniquely able to do. But saying that every childhood get an education. No philanthropy is not going every year for every student be the one that steps up to that. Thats got to be the government commitment. Rose bill and Melinda Gates for the hour next. Rose funding for charlie rose has been provided by rose additional funding provided by and by bloomberg, a provider of multimedia news and Information Services worldwide. Captioning sponsored by Rose Communications from our studios in new york city, this is charlie rose. Rose bill and Melinda Gates are here. Their foundation has donated more than 31. 6 billion globally since its inception is a years ago. Their primary goal internationally is to improve healthcare and combat poverty. Foundation contributed 50 million last year towards fighting ebola. They want to expand Educational Opportunities and access to technology. This week theyll publish their annual letter. And they write quote the progress weve seen so far is very exciting. So exciting we are doubling down on the bet we made 15 years ago and picking Ambitious Goals for whats possible 15 years from now. Our big bet the lives of people in poor countries will improve faster in the next 15 yearsr59any other time in history. And their lives will improve more than anyone elses. I am pleased to have bill and Melinda Gates back on this program. Welcome. Thank you. Rose i want to talk about the big bad and i want to bring in you talked about optimism and this report is full of optimism. 40 years ago you and paul had a big bet and that turned out to be successful. The foundation in 2000. The idea that Innovative Health in education and youre doubling down that bet now. Why are you believing that this is doable . Well weve been lucky enough to get a chance to go39countries, to meet with the scientists, to understand the need for the problem. How can you bring malaria down. How do you get Teaching Online so that it helps kids out. Were seeing examples. And so everything we predict is based on that experience. Innovation is on our side. The fact that people care and will be able to inform them about progress in a better way. And people should know its really a great thing that we want them to join in with. Rose are there also things that you have learned in the last 15 years that will improve the way you achieve your goals in the next 15 years. Absolutely. I think as an organization we continue to learn and hopefully it rate on everything weve learned. But i think weve learned how to get vaccines out with a much reduced amount of time. It used to take 2025 years a vaccine would come out in the United States. Now weve gotten0gto three years in the developing world with the specific strain for instance for pneumonia which is one of the biggest childhood killers. Specific strains for Different Countries in africa. Thats a huge learning. Weve also learned how to bring the prices of vaccines down across the board which means we can give them to millions more children. Rose when you have failed to achieve what you thought you might whats been the reason. I think sometimes weve gone into an area and maybe looked at the problem slightly in the wrong way. For instance in the Pacific Northwest our own backyard we wanted to reduce homelessness. We thought the way to do that was to build transitional housing. We do that. We built about 1700 units. But thats not really the way to end homelessness. The way to end home listness is going back up stream how do you keep the family from ending in that situation. Right when theyre on the cusp and cant pay the rent or medical bills. Can they move in with somebody else and keep them there longer and surround them with the services they need. We asked the question a different way and came up with a different solution. We learned from that. Rose you said its fair to ask whether the problems with predicting, were predicting we can achieve. The issues, the results will be stifled by Climate Change. And you dont know. Youve got a 15 year window. Well the impact of Climate Change in the next 15 years fortunately is not dramatic. Whats dramatic isq over time if we dont invent and employ electricity and doing transport. And so its a hybrid problem although its not a near term disaster. And solput more into incentives, more into conservation. In the meantime we know that some warming is built in. That the co weve already admitted will cause warming. The biggest problem there is what that does to agriculture. And so inventing better seeds that can deal with drought or flooding, have higher productivity. That is the way to mitigate these things. So we do two things. We invest in private companies who are Energy Innovators and thats to reduce the emission. Through the foundation we invest in agriculture advances which give you the resilience so that even in the face of Climate Change, the farmers will have more nutrition, w8their kids and escape poverty. Rose the interesting thing with me and knowing the two of you. Weve talked about fertilizer before. We have. Rose it is how you have discovered the significance especially in africa of farming and fertilizer. Tell me about it. Well i grew up in the city so i didnt understand much about different crops and harvest and seeds all these things. And yet if youre going to care about the poorest youve got to learn about agriculture. Over 60 of the poor people in the world are people who farm. Most of what they eat is what they grow themselves. And so youve got to raise their productivity. Every country thats come out of poverty started by getting their Agriculture Sector to be very productive. There are good lessons about how to do that. How the green revolution helped better seeds. Those seeds were never adapted for africa. Africa has a lot of climate ecosystems. It has a lot of different crops. Rose but can you adapt them for africa now. Yes. Rose thats the point. Thats what weve gotten into now. It was very under funded so weve come in as one of the great funders there. Our optimism comes from looking at what can be done with those seeds, both can conventional breeding and gmo breeding are giving us much much better seeds. In the meantime, we have seeds that are better than what the farmers are using. So our whole system of getting it out to them educating them giving them the credits so they can buy the seeds and fertilizer. Fertilizers too expensive in africa. If you get roads and credit system. Fertilizer alone will often double your output. So its really that lack of knowledge, lack of credit thats standing in the way of this. We predict africa will be able to feed itself. Today it imports 50 billion of food a year. Its ironic you got a country, a continent with 60 of the people are farmers importing food from the country where 2 of the people are farmers. Rose the other thing you talked about in terms of africa and you both talk about in hereir is that its agriculture and health. Absolutely. Health is the precursor. If you dont grow up and live a healthy live you cant really participate in the economy. Even in the family is dealing with three or four episodes of malaria in their family a year, it takes them out of the work force. So you have to do all the right things so a child grows up and is healthy. We look do they reach their fifth birthday. Are they being fed a nutritious meal so they have the cognitive ability then to go on to school. Is the mother not dying in childbirth. How doogtheir health is lifted up so then you can go on to give them seeds and fertilizer and training so that then theyre getting more income off of their farm. As bill says, 20 to 30 increase in yield is huge for a family because not only can they then feed their family theyre healthy and they can feed their family, they can put that crop on the market and get that income when theyve got that income they can then deal with the Health Shocks that come and they can educate their kids. They all talk about educating their kids. Rose you also talked about polio malaria, hiv. Are we expecting break throughs in the next 1 years. Absolutely. We think that well get polio done and we had a good year last year, everywhere but pakistan. Its been six months since theres been a case in africa. Pakistan, we have a lot of cases but knowing that you know the focus on there is governments starting to do the right thing. Rose that was a politicalco issue for a while. Well the army and the government havedefractions between floods and political things. And really going into the area where were preventing vaccinations being done that really memo we couldnt succeed. Now that the armys gone in there theyre controlling those territories. We need their cooperation to get primary health care working. And so the dialogue, the resources. I predict theyll get there. Nigeria wasnt easy and were crossing our fingers but now weve gone six months its likely we wont have more cases. Well get other diseases in the next 15 years but all we can say for the big killers malaria, hiv, thats the period where well build the break through tools. Well get rose is it still 600,000 deaths a year. Yes die of malaria. Weve got a pipeline, a better diagnostics, drugs and vaccines. And so 15 years from now the roadmap for eradication will be clear. We will have gone to local areas and shown how to do it. Well need the next 15 to be sure that we get that one completely finished. Rose its not only a health tragedy but an economic tragedy. Absolutely because you have to be not dealing with an episode of malaria to be able to participate in the economy. Think about a mom or dad who are dealing with child with malaria and having to get them into the clinic. Theyre spending money to do that, it takes a lot of time, the child is sick. Theyre not out working their farmer theyre not out participating in the economy in the local area. Rose another break through was in banking. Tell me what you hope will happen there clearly about the technology issue. Sure. Were seeing hundreds of millions of cell phones all over places likeophilippines, bangladesh and were seeing banking come into the forefront in huge scalekenya, tans knee yeah philippines, bangladesh. People are using their cell phones to save small amounts of money. Its incredibly buzz they dont take the transport fees they dont go to the bank where they tell you theyre unwelcomed. They can stay out on their farm and save a dollar a day, 2 a day and its transformative because if theres a health wc0 6cexjshock in the family they then have the money to deal with it. If they want to make sure they have the fees come fall to put their kid in school theyve actually saved it on their phone. Then they can use their phone and they are using their phone for all kinds of other things. The crop price markets. Is it worth me going to the market today to take my farm goods in. So theyre participating in the economy by having that banking on their phones. Rose finally education is the final break through here we talk about in this report. Whats the break through, technology. Well the key is the software. It was about 15 years ago people said boy we can take great lectures, video them and put them out on the web for free. But that did not have much impact. It wasnt connected to a degree. If you watch you got confused, you had no way of getting straightened out. The problems werent there and so the last 15 years people have been playing around. Our foundation, the biggest funder of these online closes. Theyre selling a lot. There are quizzes, personalized learning, coaches. So what he started to do and you imagine that he now and other people doing all the other subjects over the next five to ten years will put out free learning software. Even a young kid who wants to learn the alphabet or a little bit of math the mother can hand the kid the phone work a their level, personalize it to exactly the pace. So in terms of being a supplement particularly for families or kids who are motivated it makes the idea phaving a library available. Its way way beyond that. And so its the software and the fact that the phone or a bigger screen tablet de device will be pretty pervasive in the time frame. Rose whats the report on the big history project. Where are we on that. Its pretty amazing. Rose tell me what it is. Big history is a way of teaching science and history so its all integrated. You start at the beginning of time and see how planets got formed, single celled life, farming, complex on vacation, yes. So its a way of creating the knowledge map so that instead of thinking hey these things arent very connected or how much is there it gives you the framework and all your knowledge fits in. Okay heres why the egyptians are interesting, heres why the dinosaurs are interesting. Its all in your understanding. Rose do you push back to this at all. Well we have it now in a few thousand schools. New courses being taught in high school dont come along. Theres coding courses which is catching on and theres big history and were getting great feedback we keep improving the materials. Its a pretty big investment and of course its all free to whoever wants to use it. But i predict this will be a widely used course. Weve already gotten over 50,000 students to give us their feedback. Rose and david christian, an australian professor. He led this with a bunch of people pulling it altogether. He goes aroupp the world and explains it. Hes done an amazing job. Rose common core. Yes. Rose where is that. I think is thats really sticking in states. What youre hearing from teachers. We saw a few states rose bush is supporting. Hes very much a supporter of common core. Its basically a set on standards against which we know if a student is learning math in second grade or fourth grade or tenth grade theyre learning the right thing to advance to the next grade level. In math and in english language arts. That means if a student moves from vermont lets say to new york to texas theyre learning everything they need to learn at each place. It also means with a set of standards you can have all kind of curriculum. You can teach for that english less object you can use scarlet letter, you can use madam bow rea, you can use your favorite english text but in ninth grade lets say in english language arts. And so it opens up the possibility as bill says, lots of digital people creating Great Software can come in with great lessons, teachers can grab on and use those and personalize those along which kids want to learn about but theyre learning the right thing so theyre ten prepared to go on to college. Rose why is the American Federation of teachers opposed to this. Theyre not opposed to the common core. They have looked at various states and said have you given the teachers enough training are you trying to roll this out too quickly. They have a lot of concerns about the personnel systems that are coming in to give teachers more feed back and even sort of rank teachers. So to some degree they said okay if youre changing the curriculum, should you be putting the personnel system in at the same time. Now those are two important things and it will be decided locally what those roll outlooks like. But its more of the implementation issues where from time to time theyve said hey lets slow down or lets tune that. If you survey the teachers the interesting things the ones that have had time to work with the common core and build out their lesson plane, theyre saying they see the difference it makes in their clxjsroom. Theyll say i was nervous when this came in. I dont know if i had enough time to plan it. It took me time but boy am i seeing the difference in the learning and the student outcome. Rose how is it doing. Its doing well. We have 127 billionaires now signed up to the giving pledge. Were almost at the five Year Anniversary this spring we will be. I think the neatest thing about it have been the learning that are coming from one another. Whether its u. S. Education system. Whether its how you measure and figure out whether your money is having impact. Theres a whole session on measurement learning. Everybody are benefiting from 9 conversations that we get to have in private about what things that were learning, how were going about doing the work. Its been beneficial certainly to us even as other people kind of introduced their areas to us that theyre thinking about that are different from ours. Rose let me talk about the stanford speech. You two gave it together. This was 2014 of this year. And you began saying i love optimism on the stanford campus because you two are more optimistic now an ever. And optimism is essential. You make that point. And you talk about the fact though, and this is why storytelling is so important in a conventional speech. You talk about going to africa to talk about the Digital Divide and see if you can minimize the Digital Divide, right. Right. Rose what happened. Well the ideaij that a computer was relevant to the problems they were dealing with where getting enough food having decent health, having any electricity, a reasonable place to live. You know its pretty clear to me that hey i love this computer and i thought it was neat and kids should have access. But they had to rig up a special generator just so i could do this one demo and they borrowed that generator. It was going to be there once i left. The idea there was a hierarchy of needs and that in our next focus together that wed get, have those very basic issues while in addition still believing in digital empowerment but not as the top of the list. That was pretty eye opening for me. They were super polite about the whole thing but i kind of gut that oh this youre doing this. I had so much to learn. Rose in fact you left saying ive got to find out about poverty. This is the first sort of searing impact of poverty on you. Thats right. And it was touring through africa simply as a vacation that we got to see people really dealing with the basics. And so its been a learning process ever since. Rose you got a call from him after they were in a hospital, tuberculosis. We call each but it was a different call. Bill was really quite choked up on the phone. Rose because he had seen first hand. Because he had seen first hand in a tb Clinic Hospital how awful it is to have that disease. And he literally said to me its a death sentence to go into that hospital is a debt death sentence because of the amount of tb. He said this cant be. He knew the difference but if he lived in the United States what the different the Healthcare System how is it dealing with it. When you see those moments of heart break thats what propels you in the work and thatscn what makes you say how can help not just the hundred people in that hospital but how can i help thousands and millions. Rose you said in a speech i told her i had been somewhere i had never been before. This particular hospital is called king george the fifth. You only would go in if you had drug resistent tb. The few drugs that work at all at this point have horrific side effects. Theres one that gets rid of your hearing. Theres another one that kind of makes you a little crazy. The hospital is not well staffed. Theres young kids in there and they were thinking well do we educate them or not because theyre going to die. The staff were getting infected so not many people wanted to work there. It was just as bad as it could be. And you know there those people were and i knew most of them would never ever come out of it. And how did we get to the point where in parts of the world in that was a problem. New york city actually had a drug resistent tb problem about 15 years ago put a lot of money into it and solved it. But here its just going on and then less innovation and delivery money shows up its going to stay kind of a piece of health. Rose hears what you say in the annual report and in your speech. You said inespecially the sense that to accomplish, to eliminate poverty which you say can be done and disease which you say can be done, its going to take a combination of brain power. Youve often talked of putting enough iq on the problem but also heart. Absolutely. Rose tell me about the heart problem the issue. Because you say the worst you see the more youll do it. I think you have to go to these places and you have to let your heart break and you have to say to yourself what if i was born in these circumstances. What if i was born in a rural remote place in tanzania. What would life be like for me as a mother and father. How would i save my childs life, what length would i go through to feed my children. You put yourself on the other side of the mac because when you sit down and talk with vinckers youre across the mat from one side to the other. What would i want the west to know. What would i tell them. When you let your heart break and think what it would be of a child dying of malaria you say to yourself my gosh we have to save not just that child but 600,000 children and that can be done. If you let your heart break but then you come home and you take all the science meeting and you see what the great innovations are and you start to figure out how do i deliver those things in these difficult remote settings in africa. I think thats been a set of learning for the foundation for the last 15 years. Not just how to do the great science but also how to deliver it in these remote rural settings. Rose you tell the story of a woman who had two children please take my children and you said i cant. I hear you. And she said please take one, you know. She had these sons. And i could see she had a tiny little house. And she kept saying and i could see her husband inside she had been injured and she says he has no job anymore. She said you can see the÷5m two boys home with you. When i couldnt shedy says okay please just take one of them. She doesnt know who i am. She just knows im a woman from the United States and she knows the chance for those children to grow up and be healthy and reach their potential is so much higher in the United States than in her village in india. Rose showing like all mothers the first idea is the best that can happen for her children. Absolutely. I took a group, i was out with a group of u. S. Senators actually in africa a couple years ago, we were visiting ethiopia and tanzania. She was talking about this corn said maize said, the extra income she was getting at market. We knew from her story she was telling us she was walking every are tee four kilometers to get cart, two kilim meters to recharge her cell phone when we asked her what she wanted for her future she said i want my kids all five of them to be educated. Everybody in the room was blown away. It wasnt something she quuntd for herself it was for her children. Thats the story i hear over and over again in the developing world. Rose you say optimism drives innovation. Meaning what. You have to be optimistic in order to see the fruition of innovation . Its hard to tell people to immerse themselves in how tough life is in to countries unless youre telling them we want you to see that because you can be part of changing it. And so telling them that it is changing for the better is element there. If you just look at the headlines you dont see the improvement because bad things happen all at once. They make headlines. As were improving the world, were saving one liver at a time as the vaccines are getting out to more kids. As we add a new vaccine. Theres almost never a moment where you see that upward task and of course we often talked about its still not there. And i know that these are solvable problems. I know that name theb3 days give us enough time, enough brilliant people on delivery, enough resources that thing can beacon curred. We can bring to extremely low level all these diseases. Rose you also make the point and we know and the president speaks to this in the state of the union address, the idea of inequity. And people are saying my life, even in the west, that ive happened im worried my children will not have that kind of life. And their pessimistic and you say to them . Well, i believe the u. S. Education system will be better ten years from now 15 years from now than it is today. I think thats of critical importance because thats whats if we really believe in equal opportunity, that is the system that enables it. So i believe the people are wrong to be pessimistic. I think we can make that Education System better. I think partly as the economy gets better, that mood will improve as they see the innovation. Theres broad base benefit here that were really taking these things rose we have a consensus in this country about those things or are we engaged in a kind of grid lock that does not allow us to fullyn, mobilize all of the potential of our innovation and our creativity. Well, theres a basic belief in funding an Education System. The idea of how do you get the highest quality teaching. A lot of debate about that. What country should we learn from with a type of system should we have. Does the school board system lead to the kind of excellence that we want to get out of these things. I think theres a Health Debate and nobody kneels good where we are today. I dont think that fundamental principle is whats at question i would say the execution where do you drive the excellence what do the measures look like. Do you just trust that things go well or do you actually have a system in place. I would say even a decade ago when we were early getting in the education work but 15 years ago we werent having the right conversation as a nation about how are we graduating kids prepared to go on to college. We know if you get into college your chance for your earning potential is huge down the line. We werent even discussing the fact that only a third of the kids coming out of high schools were even prepared to go and why was there that gap. How can you have high schools that are so bad that youre graduating kids with a set of straight as and bs and saying theyre ready for college and they get there and theyre completely not. We find were having that conversation and figuring out what its going to take to fix the high school system. The differences come in on the implementation how to do that but having the right conversation that needs to be done i think were past that difficult conversation that needed to come forward. Rose back to africa. You said a great quote in the speech which i read which was that if we dont have optimism with a dont have empathy. It doesnt matter how much we master the secret of science were really not solving problems, were just working out, empathy the key word there. We dont need to distract huge percentage of if we had ten percent of the effort, then we could make these break throughs. The funny thing we found was when you look at Something Like malaria there was almost no effort at all. So the last 15 years had been fantastic. The u. S. Aid budget on aids and malarias gone up substantially. The Research Money available but its coming from us and others has meant that smart people are going into those areas. And you know wed like to see it increase some. Fortunately theres enough people we can keep working onc4 6cj cancer keep working on alzheimers and parkinsons and still with a 10 allocation, do a fantastic job on these diseases. And its true with the aids budget as well. The most generous country in the world, norway puts 2 of their government spending, 1 of their economy into the aids budget. Thats considered the best. Were not saying its a gigantic take away from spending its measurable but those dollars are very dramatic now that we have good programs. Rose i assume you dont accept the argument it is made by people and articles ive read, there may be thekc risk of private philanthropy meaning definite does not deal the responsibility at the large scale it ought to be delivering on. Do you think theres some merit in that argument. Philanthropy has a pretty narrow role. The private market has the biggest role and you use that wherever you can. Then government comes in and roads and justice, making sure everybody gets education. Those basic needs for everybody governments got to step up to that. Philanthropys more about pilot programs. Innovation. Some of the Research Things are so risky it wouldnt get done otherwise. The overall economy in a philanthropy is less than 2 . So we have to be careful to only do those things that its uniquely able to do. But saying every child should get an education. No philanthropy is not going to every year for every student be the one that steps up to that. Thats got to be the government commitment. I think vaccine is actually a perfect example. Vaccine is about to come up on a five year renewal of funding. What were doing as a community is raising 7. 5 billion that will get announced next week in berlin. Vast majority of that funding is government funding. So over five andahalf billion will be from governments. That fund alone has allowed us to create a poll mechanism to poll the vaccines through. But what the private philanthropy piece can do is go make sure new vaccines are created, make sure we get lower price vaccines for Something Like hpv for Cervical Cancer for women. So we can bring down the prices we can get new vaccines created and that government that huge amount of government funding will pull them through. It promises them there will be a market to the pharmaceutical companies and pull it through and get them delivered out to the countries. Rose most people think that the two of you and the foundation has done more than anything they ever imagined might be possible. You also initiated ten years ago the grand challenge project. What is your ten year assessment of that and what did5e you learn from it . Well grand challenge was ecial in the early in the life of the foundation five years in and we thought boy cant we get pretty quickly tools for hiv and malaria and tb. And we feel great about the money we spent there. Weve learned how tough it is to get tools for these diseases. And so we say its even though that was ten years ago it will be another 15 before we have that full set of tools. Rose so you need more time to get morefaziujachieve everything you want. We were a bit naive about all the scientific difficulties and getting these trials done, getting out there. Rose the naivety was about how long it took. Mostly about how long the twist and turns. Rose what would you say about the grand challenge. There are some pieces we wanted to add on. We didnt think about gender initially and now the found agent is starting to think more about girls and woman in all ourpodwork. Not that we havent been doing it. The last announcement we made in the ball we have a particular gender lens to say to scientists look out there and come up with your most creative idea around germs and women. For instance one thing thats already come forward is young women scientists working in africa with 12 africans. Shes figured out how to create with local product, local agriculture products, a very cheap menstrual pad means girls arent out of school for seven or eight days out of the month. And her technology can be used in manufacturing other businesses like cardboard. You you can create whole businesses in industry but just like focusing on girls we actually have a local product thats cheap. We wouldnt be doing that if we werent pulling those ideas forward. Rose have there been opportunity costs because you thought it was essential. Well come back to vaccines. To see what the possibilities were of these grand projects. Opportunity calls. The world benefits immensely that the u. S. Government funds basic medical science. Nih budget, 30 billion a year really is driven so much new knowledge. And so we try not to duplicate that. We have a lot less money than that so we try to build on that and we have a veryzz3partnership with them. We have some areas like nutrition or early delivery that the science is not understood. So weve had to go down to fairly basic levels that we wish other funders developed that understanding. And yet because they havent now you know some of the very basic nutrition studies were doing. And thats the scientific landscape and so, you know, its got to be done. Rose youre talking about agriculture. Tell me about the issue of water. Well water is in a sense always being renewed by rain and sometimes you have too much and sometimes you have too little. There are parts of africa where they wait for the rains and youll have years for very little rain comes and thats tough because unlike in the u. S. If you get a bad year youve got a savings youve got storage. You can get through a year without malnutrition. In africa, theyre always right on the edge, and so a little bit of change in the weather and they wont have enough crop to feed their own families. These are notjco irrigated farms. Theres a factor of difference between african productivity and u. S. Productivity. We think we can bring african productivity up to one point, from one to 1. 5. Not all the way up to the u. S. Level. Part of that is they just cant afford the mechanication and irrigation. They will still be dependent on the. Itthere are areas where the population growth is such that you wont be able to grow enough food. People have to leave those areas and go to other areas thats always very very difficult to achieve. Rose also about this water i forget the name of it. Poop water. Rose yes, roll tape. Take a look at this. Im very impressed with this solution here. It generates electricity and generates clean water. It will grow at every corner of the earth that needs it because it makes money every day. Rose so tell me what i just saw. Five minutes ago before you took that drink, that was sewage. Right. In african city, when you have filled up latrine where does that stuff go. Well unfortunately the cost of processing is so high that you have to pay somebody to process it. And that means you take it and dump it somewhere and thats causing not just smell but also disease in that slum environment. If we could make it so we didnt have to charge you when you come and empty the latrine because your using that as input to generate clean water and electricity then it changes the whole behavior. Pretty soon that sewage is going to the processing center. We had engineers build a system like that and we had a couple who came up with a brilliant solution. That system we just saw there is headed to senegal with one of peters sons will be watching overso what the reaction is and eventually hope to build thousands of those. I think the other thing to say two things about clean water. First is if you dont have access to clean water. We know children get more diarrheal episodes and affects their gut function. We dont know the science what happens to their government but we know we cant take nutrition out of the food and if you dont get proper nutrition you cant grow up to your best cognitive ability to perform in school or the economy. It has a profound effect on children. It effects global women hugely in the developing world. Both going to find a latrine. Theyll tell you standing in lines for hours Long Distance to go to a place thats safe but theyre the ones that carry the clean water. That is womens work in the developing world and theyll spend hours a day going carry clean water back to their family. My daughter jennifer and i spent some time on a farm in tanzania last null and i could not believe when the wife described she used to go 20 kilometers to get water, twice a week. She said finally when their first son was born, she had chosen this marriage, she got to choose the marriage. Her husband came home one day and she packed her bags. He was going to leave and she was distraught why are you going to leave. Theres no water. You brought me to a farm with no water. Meyer relatives didnt live in this kind of environment. He said what can i do to help and he said go collect the water. When he did and wentts the 20 kilometers and realized what it took he realized he to do take a bicycle. The other men made fun of them and eventually joined him and the men decided to build water pans all around the village so the women didnt have to go more than a kilometer. Thats the differences it makes in their lives. Rose does this become an issue for you women, empowerment of women both in terms of banking, mobile banking, in terms of change in culture. You see it in hiv. Absolutely. I think for women we have to empower them. You have to. It will change the gdp of country. We actually know that. The way to think bell powerment is three areas. Health decisionmaking and economic opportunity. So you start them on a healthy life you make sure they can participate in Something Like mobile banking so they can participate in the economy and you get them into school. Because if you get a girl into school the effects are tremendous not just for her but the family. If shes in school she gets married later, has children later in live and doesnt by in childbirth and has healthier children. She sends her own daughter to school twice as likely and get this her child is likely to life to the fifth birthday. Two times likelihood her child will live to fifth birthday if shes educated. Because the whole way she accesses the healthcare sist emtell is different if she has literacy if shes in that Teacher Learning role, she can bring stories to her family for what medication had he can get. Education transforms everything for girls. Rose two things again. To tie together what you said at stanford and what you said in this annual report, this annual roar. The last part of it is asking people to be global citizens. Meaning what . Well we think everybody feels like theyre part part of humanity. Their caring is not just for their family. Rose instinct. Particularly thebetter off that yes you want to have a great career but youd like to be connected with people with real moral value where youre up lifting peoples lives. We had like people to sign up. Theyll get some emails every month about Different Things going on ask well expect theyll pick one of those and really engage with it. Wed like to see more of them get out to the developing world so well give them opportunities that not only will they see the fun stuff out there but theyll see where they need to do a better job. Once youve actually gone, that really draws you in. So getting another 10, 20,000 out there then that data would come back and say the same type of things we do. So its a special year because the u. N. Is adopting the goals for the next 15 years. So wed like people to step away, sign up and theyll see a few things that sparks their interest and give them a chance to engage in this grand project. Rose is there something you believe you can do that you couldnt do when you set out, with all the goals of the foundation. Because for a while, you were really there as the principal driver of the foundation. I believe we could make things better for women all over the word. Women and thinner. Rose is it slower than you thought. The childhood pieces is really quick. Childhood definite coming down bag cut in half in the last 25 years thats actually gone really well. The piece that i think we didnt get into we started to get into and we didnt for a while and now were back in full force is making sure women have contraceptives. Its transformative for their live. If they can space in too many the birth of their children the women are health jury and their babies are healthier and it transforms their family because if they choose not to have six or five children instead they make this decision to have two or three it changes everything about being able to keep those kids healthy and get them into schools. And women all over the word, when i sit down and talk with them, i would go in to talk about vaccines and they wanted to talk about access to contraceptives. It was really interesting. Rose your life . Investment in the world, this investment in trying to cure disease and poverty. Whats your observation to interrupt one more time. Its in some ways not that different because youre working with smart people and you have some thing that work and some that fail. Its very difficult in terms of the types of problems you work on. My partners at microsoft were paul alan and steve balmer. Now my full time partner is melinda and our cotrustee who gives us good advice. In terms of having the sense of okay lets do better lets let this move faster. The things i learned in my career were super helpful to be able to do this job. Rose do you mean in term of Business Model in terms of metrics and those kinds of things. People skills. Learning a bit of science. Rose has he because of the experiences that weve been talking about and you talked about, the last thing you said at stanford when you see suffering dont turn away turn towards it. Has he changed . Rose have you seen things in him that you did not know were there. I knew they were there. I wouldnt have married him in they werent there. Rose you werent surprised. Absolutely. I got to see them during thetime when were dating. When youre a ceo running a hard charging business that moves very very quickly you move very quickly and very efficiently and i dont think he spent much time at work thinking about things that tug your heart. Rose so understanding the kind of resources you have because of microsoft, its not surprising, you know, that this investment in the world and making sure that all lives are equal and the reality of your life. Its not surprising. I knew bill would always as he told me get around to the. He always said it would be in his 60s and hes not there yet. But hes living that every single day and not just doing the optimism and innovative science and meeting with great leaders, hes inspiring people inside and out side the foundation to move forward on this bold vision and to touch peoples lives. Its amazing with software but in so many different areas that are transformative to their lives. I think its phenomenal that hes doing it earlier than said he would. Together. Weve been doing it together and we enjoy it and we enjoy the people that we meet and learn on the ground. Its just a lot of fun and i think its very deepening to our marriage. Rose do you get more out of it than you give to it. Sure. Oh gosh so much more. Rose left me talk about microsoft. Youre back at microsoft for one third of your time. Its about 30 of my time. And you know, the new ceo is taking some new direction. And whatever help he asks for im there. Rose and you got a new windows 10 coming out. Yes. Theyve got well they have an announcement this week. It ships later this year. Rose are you optimistic about it . Are you excited about it. Yes. Im helping get the new strategy in place and there are bright people there full time. Im enthused about this they stepped back they realized key trends they need to get ahead of. They have brilliant people. Rose is that primary mobile. Well mobile cloud. Machine learning. The daptb Research Work at microsoft has stayed very very strong. And so now mapping that into the Office Product changing quickly or the way you work across multiple devices changing quickly or being the leader on speech and vision giving you new ways of interacting with information. Rose weve been talking about women and poverty. There are questions raised you ought to is a more women. Sure. I think whats been great in this Software Industry is theyre actually publishing their statistics now so you can see the transparency is is first step. And i think theyre all submitted. They know it will be better for them if they can get more women in Computer Science. But its a problem youve got together back to elementary and middle school and look at the points of why do you lose girls in middle school and high school. What is it about confidence, what is it about teachers teaching science and Computer Science that keeps girls engaged so they dont step back. Particular ly when the boys are speaking out and have confidence. A lot of things coming forward like code. Org will help, people having transparency and i think more women role models not trying only to men they are but sponsor girls and pull them up. I think all of those things will help. All the things Sharyl Sandberg has brought forward in her leanin conversation but we need to do more. Rose whats on the frontier in the Technology World or Artificial Intelligence or biomedicine. What is it that in the end matches your excitement about the world weve been talking about all this hour . Possibilities extra improvements in the lives of people around the world. Over the holiday the memo i wrote for microsoft was about this agent that will perfect your memory, remind you to do things at the right time. Using the computer will help you to the input super well. Software, these still a lot that can be done there and hopefully that inspires microsoft to do things. I spent earlier this week with medical scientists and that was so amazing because despite what you see in how many new drugs come out the last few years, medical science is really on the verge of break throughs and not just for the developing world although fortunately that is rose are you thinking of things like stem cell. Yes. Various ways of attacking cancer. Still cell immunotherapy. This period will be so incredible in terms of those medical advances. Though im optimistic about a lot of areas but those i get a front seat on the medical break throughs and these it break throughs generate a lot of things like the banking thing and the education thing. The i. T. Piece is the enabler. Now you have to go out to the Great Teachers and learn from them. But its wonderful that that digit gift is not anywhere near its final piece of work. Nor are biological advances. When we were dating and bills working full time and loved being ceo of microsoft but one thing he would say to me on vacation i wished i got to spent more time with other scientists in other fields. He could see and read but didnt get much time to go outvisit labs and scientists. And now hes doing a lot of that. Real privilege. Rose my take away from this is this is really a remarkable time in terms of tools that were developing and at the same time we cannot for a moment forget that it is not only about optimism and innovation but its also about caring and heart and actually experiencing and feeling the reality around you. Absolutely. Rose thank you. Thank you. Thank you charlie. Rose bill and minute de gates for Melinda Gates for the hour. For more visit us on pbs. Org and charlierose. Com. Captioning sponsored by Rose Communications captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org report with Tyler Mathisen and sue herera. Waiting on mario. The head of the Bank Mario Draghi expected to make a major move tomorrow to help the struggling euro zone economy and the stakes are high. Historic meeting. A delegation from the u. S. Arrives in cuba in an attempt to reestablish economic ties. American express reports a rise in profits but plans to lay off thousands. All that and more tonight for nightly business report, january 21st. Good evening, everyone. Im sue herera. Tyler will join us later in the program from the morning star fund manager of the year awards. Wall street wraps