When the pope comes to visit this week . Well, weve got a preview at a spectacle held every wednesday called the general audience. This month, the vatican invited us to have a word with pope francis and witness the moving experience coming to the United States. What is your goal for america . To meet people, he told us, just to meet with them. Were almost there. Almost there. Cooper meet chaser she may be the smartest dog in the world. Chicken, chicken. Where is chicken . Yeah. Good girl, good girl. Cooper researchers say she has a vocabulary of more than a thousand words, and knows the difference between nouns and verbs. What is Science Learning from mans best friend . Thats good. Cooper youll be surprised. When dogs and humans make eye contact, that actually releases whats known as the love hormone, oxytocin. Thank you very much. When dogs are looking at you, theyre essentially hugging you with their eyes. Im steve kroft. Im lesley stahl. Im morley safer. Im anderson cooper. 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We danced in a german dance group. I wore lederhosen. Man. When i first got on ancestry i was really surprised that i wasnt finding all of these germans in my tree. I decided to have my dna tested through ancestry dna. The big surprise was were not german at all. 52 of my dna comes from scotland and ireland. So, i traded in my lederhosen for a kilt. Ancestry has many paths to discovering your story. Get started for free at ancestry. Com. Every insurance policy has a number. But not every Insurance Company understands the life behind it. For those whove served and the families whove supported them, we offer our best service in return. Usaa. We know what it means to serve. Get an insurance quote and see why 92 of our members plan to stay for life. Kroft few issues have inspired more vitriol this summer than the historic agreement between iran and six world powers the United States, russia, china, britain, france and germany. The deal drastically curtails Irans Nuclear program in exchange for the lifting of economic sanctions. Depending on where you stand politically, its either a triumph of global diplomacy, the best available solution, or a blunder of epic proportions. Over the past few months, nearly everyone has weighed in, from president obama and the congress, to republican and democratic president ial candidates to israeli Prime Minister benjamin netanyahu. But not much has been heard from the iranians. With that in mind, we traveled to tehran last week to sit down with iranian president Hassan Rouhani for the first interview he has given to a western News Organization in nearly a year. What do you think of the agreement . Hassan rouhani translated a very difficult agreement to reach, with lots of ups and downs. But its the right path we have chosen. I am happy that we have taken extremely important steps on this issue and are in the process of taking the final steps. Kroft were you surprised by the ferocity of the debate in the United States and the outcome . Rouhani it was predictable. An issue of this significance cannot be resolved without its opponents. One is surprised by the commentaries, and the commentaries are not very pleasant. Some groups and Political Parties may be against it, but the governments of the world, all together, welcomed this deal. Kroft opponents have argued that the u. S. Has given away too much for very little in return from iran agreeing to lift the sanctions on iran in exchange for, what they call, a temporary 15year freeze on nuclear operations, after which iran would be free to resume or begin work on a nuclear bomb, with far more resources than they have now. Rouhani if a country wanted, with the Technical Resources it has, to gain an atomic bomb, this deal would have been a very bad deal for it. Because the deal creates limitations from all sides to getting an atomic bomb. But if a country has been after peaceful technology from the beginning, then it has lost nothing. We wanted this incorrect accusation that iran is after Nuclear Weapons corrected and resolved, and that the goal of iran is peaceful activity. In this deal, we have accepted limitations for a period of time in order to create more trust with the world. Kroft the whole deal requires a leap of faith between two longtime enemies. The iranians have always insisted that their Nuclear Program is peaceful and that a religious fatwah prohibits them from building Nuclear Weapons. But there is little doubt that the iranians know how to build them and have had the wherewithal to do it. Now, they will be required to ship 98 of their enriched uranium out of the country, lock up thousands of centrifuges, close its bombproof enrichment facility at fordow, disable its heavy water reactor at arak, and submit to rigorous international inspections. The opposition here has also been ferocious. The deal has been attacked on state television and in hard line newspapers, and the head of the revolutionary guard has said, we will never accept it. The United States seems to have its hardliners and iran seems to have its hardliners. The opponents say essentially that they think iran has given up too much control over their Nuclear Program to the u. S. And other foreign countries, and to the i. A. E. A. Do you see similarities between the United States and iran in terms of the opposition to this . Rouhani there are similarities. Its natural that opponents always look for the maximum possible outcome. In an agreement, neither achieves the maximum. Both sides must always concede a little bit from the maximum to get an agreement. Therefore, the person who seeks the maximum complains. The result of this agreement benefits everyone, benefits both sides because we have been able to reach an understanding, an agreement, on a very complicated issue at the negotiating table and be able to prevent misunderstandings, and take the First Step Towards trust. Of course, for reaching trust between the u. S. And iran, there is need for a lot of time. Kroft some of the opponents are very powerful. The commander of the revolutionary guards, for example, has condemned the deal. How do you deal with that . Thats an important Political Force in this country. Rouhani its clear that some will be opposed, some will be in favor, will express their opinions. But at the same time, after the agreement is approved by the responsible institutions, everyone will comply with that. The revolutionary guards also, when the deal is approved by responsible institutions, they, too, will respect this agreement. Kroft president rouhanis boss, Supreme Leader ayatolllah ali khamenei, has final say on the final agreement, and has sent it to the Iranian Parliament and the Supreme National Security Council on National Security for a vigorous debate. Publicly, the ayatollah has maintained a hardline stance against the United States, while supporting the negotiations. President rouhani expressed confidence that the deal will be approved. Rouhani the majority of our people, in opinion polls, have a positive view of the agreement. And usually institutions like the parliament and the Supreme National Security Council are usually not farremoved from Public Opinion and move in that direction. Kroft you have been very temperate in your statements about these negotiations. You have been trying to encourage a sense of good will between the United States and iran, but some of this. Some of the success has been undercut by very harsh statements from both sides. Since the deal, the ayatollah khamanei has endorsed, even praised, the chanting of death to america and death to israel at the friday prayers by demonstrators, and he continues to call the United States the great satan. Do you believe the United States is the great satan . Rouhani the enmity that existed between the United States and iran over the decades, the distance, the disagreements, the lack of trust, will not go away soon. Whats important is which direction we are heading. Are we heading towards amplifying the enmity or decreasing this enmity . I believe we have taken the first steps towards decreasing this enmity. Kroft do you think the United States is the great satan . Rouhani satan, in our religious parlance, is used to refer to that power that tricks others and whose words are not clear words, do not match reality. What i can say is that the u. S. Has made many mistakes in the past regarding iran, and must make up for those mistakes. Kroft im sure you realize that it is difficult for Many Americans to get past the fact that president obama has signed an agreement with a country that says, death to america, death to israel. How do you explain this . What are they to make of it . Are they to take it literally . Is this for domestic, internal iranian political consumption . What are americans to make of it, the language . Rouhani this slogan that is chanted is not a slogan against the American People. Our people respect the American People. The iranian people are not looking for war with any country. But at the same time, the policies of the United States have been against the National Interests of iranian people. Its understandable that people will demonstrate sensitivity to this issue. When the people rose up against the shah, the United States aggressively supported the shah until the last moments. In the eightyear war with iraq, the americans supported saddam. People will not forget these things. We cannot forget the past, but at the same time, our gaze must be towards the future. Kroft death to america is a very simple concept. Three words, not much room left for interpretation. Not very conciliatory. Do you see the day when that language will not be used . You yourself have encouraged both sides to try and lower the temperature. Rouhani if america puts the enmity aside, if it initiates good will, and if it compensates for the past, the future situation between the United States and iran will change. Kroft the United States has just signed an agreement with iran to lift the sanctions. Is that not a sign of goodwill . Rouhani it hasnt been implemented yet. The lifting of the sanctions must be initiated. Kroft full implementation of the agreement is still months away, and requires that the International Atomic Energy Agency certify that iran has lived up to its commitments under the deal. Do you think the level of trust between iran and the United States has improved because of this treaty . Rouhani relative to the past, its improved. But this does not mean that all disagreements are resolved, or all the distrust removed. In one case, on one issue, yes, we have managed to overcome the problem. Kroft there has been speculation and hope inside and outside of iran and in the United States that this nuclear deal could be a catalyst for some broader, if limited, cooperation between the two countries where there are mutual interests. Rouhani many areas exist where, in those areas, its possible that common goals or common interests may exist. But what is important is that, in the nuclear agreement, we see how the two sides behave in action. Enacting this deal in a good way will create a new environment. Kroft Ayatollah Khamenei has said that there will be no further cooperation beyond the nuclear agreement, but there is already some indirect military coordination between u. S. Air strikes and iranianbacked shiite militias both fighting against isis in iraq. Officially, its being done through the iraqi military. There is also the possibility of future cooperation in syria. You have said that you are willing to sit down with any country, friend or enemy, to discuss the situation in syria in order to stop the bloodshed. What does iran see as a possible, workable, acceptable solution to the situation in syria . Rouhani look, in a county where a large segment of the country has been occupied by terrorists, and there is bloodshed inside the country, millions of people have been displaced, how is it possible that we fight the terrorists of this country without supporting and helping the government of that country . How can we fight the terrorists without the government staying . Of course, after we have fought terrorism and a secure environment is created, then it is time to talk about the constitution or the future regime. To talk and discuss, opposition groups and supporters sit at the table, but during a situation of bloodshed and during an occupation of the country, what options exist . Kroft so far, president rouhani has been the biggest political beneficiary of the agreement between iran and the United States. He is popular with the voters right now, but hes also ruffled some feathers and, no doubt, irritated political rivals. This agreement was a big political victory for you, personally. You were elected president based on the idea that you wanted to open up iran to the outside world, that you wanted to get the sanctions lifted, that you wanted to bring prosperity back to the country, so iran can take its place among the great nations of the world and not be isolated. There are still some things in that agenda that are still unfulfilled freedom of speech, more access to the internet, and personal freedoms. Rouhani i think, relative to the two years ive been in office, i have been successful not 100 of course, but successful. Our relations with other countries have improved. There is more freedom at the universities, lively debates and greater freedom of the press, compared to the past. Of course, there are some issues that are not in control of the government. Kroft two of those issues, human rights and personal freedoms, are in the domain of irans conservative judicial system. Two former president ial candidates have been under house arrest for the past four and a half years, and there are at least three americans imprisoned here. As we sit here speak the. Right now, there is a dual american iranian citizen, a journalist for the washington post, jason rezaian, in prison for more than a year on unspecified charges. There has been talk among leaders in the last few weeks that there might be a Prisoner Exchange. Is there anything you can say to clarify the situation . Rouhani we have iranians who are imprisoned in the United States, iranians who are being pursued, and most of them are being pursued for circumventing the sanctions. And you know that from the beginning, we considered the sanctions to be wrong and we encouraged everyone to circumvent them. We consider all of those prisoners to be innocent, and consider it wrong that they are in prison. Kroft would you. Would you support a Prisoner Exchange . Rouhani i dont particularly like the word exchange, but from a humanitarian perspective, if we can take a step, we must do it. The american side must take its own steps. Kroft if the nuclear deal stays on track and the sanctions are lifted, the iranian treasury will soon begin collecting 100 billion in oil revenues that have been frozen in overseas banks. And president rouhani says iran will be open for business. Rouhani as you know, in iran, we are transferring the economy step by step to the private, nongovernmental sector. Our private sector and the American Private sector can improve the environment. Actually, it will strengthen the nuclear agreement. Even tourism if the people of the United States come to iran and see its ancient history and nature of iran, and the people of iran go to the United States to see america, this can shorten the walls of mistrust and improve the situation for the future. And all eyes are on our softest wertwerthers caramel ever. And once you discover how it melts in your mouth. Youll find your soft spot, too. Werthers original soft caramels. My favorite. Bad news. The johnsonville factory burned down brian. Its terrible. Well if you cant serve tasty sausage why are we even a family . I may as well move out. Well, if thats what yo. Youre right. Ill stay. And tomorrow were going to help johnsonville rebuild that factory. Ill take dinner in my room, with chocolate milk. Make pasta tastier with johnsonville italian sausage. We dont make sausage. We make family. And sausage. 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Pelley as a young man, Jorge Bergoglio was a bouncer at a nightclub, ejecting undesirables. 60 years later, hes still minding the door. But now, as pope francis, he has thrown the Catholic Church open to all, especially the dispossessed, the disbelieving, the wayward, and the wicked. Recently, he announced a welcoming path back to the church for those whove been through divorce and abortion. And hes declared 2016, the year of mercy. What can we expect when the pope comes to visit . Well, we got a preview at a spectacle thats held every wednesday in rome called the general audience. This month, the vatican invited us to have a word with pope francis, and witness the moving experience coming this week to the United States. At first light, wednesdays, st. Peters square prepares for the man that no one saw coming. The first pope from the new world, who had pulled in behind the first papal resignation in 600 years, grabbed his hat, this past week, and went back to work before a crowd of 30,000 or more his 103rd general audience. So far, 15 million have met francis in rome. But dont ask them what to expect, because god only knows. Ken hackett do they have a good idea . No hes a pope of surprises. He is so spontaneous, and it makes people feel wonderful. Pelley few americans know the new pope like ken hackett, u. S. Ambassador to the holy see, latin for holy seat. Hackett first of all, theyre going to see a pastor, and if they dont know what a pastor is, theyre going to learn quickly. Because hes genuine. Hes intelligent. He moves from the heart. Hes somebody who is not afraid. He is about the people who are in need and suffering and going through turmoil in their lives. He is trying to be there with them. Pelley and he will be in the u. S. For the first time in his life washington, new york, philadelphia. Hackett it is such a special moment for so many people, and were going to see that in the United States in all three cities. Pelley those special moments arise because the pope understands what is not obvious. The general audience is not about the pope; its about thousands of burdens, dreams, hopes and regrets hauled into the square to be lifted by a 78 yearold man. David yoder i have never photographed anything like that before, where you had so much raw emotion just laid out in front of you. Pelley the emotion is captured by National Geographics david yoder. Yoder its like they dont have any walls when they meet this guy. Its like finding a longlost relative is what i see. Some of them are euphoric. Pelley any moments that surprised you, any time you thought to yourself did i just see that . Yoder all the time. Pelley yoder worked six months, shooting 68,000 images for the magazine and a new book on life at the vatican. Whats happening with this man . Yoder well, pope francis had just blessed him, had just laid his hand on his forehead, and hes. Hes just overcome. He is completely broken down emotionally, the experience was so powerful for him. Pelley what do you see in the popes face . Yoder im sure that he really enjoys it. I think that he pushes it up to the point where he exhausts himself, sometimes. Hes a very sincere person when it comes to meeting people, hell fluctuate between serious and laughing. Its really been interesting to watch. Guillermo karcher translated its his style of life. The style of living each moment. But he has this way, maybe a little latino, a bit south american. Pelley monsignor Guillermo Karcher is a fellow argentinean who is the strong right arm for the man that he has known 23 years. Ask karcher about the best moment, and he remembers the first mass in the square. Karcher he was in the pope mobile, and he hit it and said we must stop, and he got off to bless and embrace a quadriplegic. And i remember that the following day, i asked him how he had realized that, in the middle of that huge crowd, there was someone with such need to receive a caress and a blessing . And he said, i perceive it. And i can assure you, that morning, i took a step backward because i realized im truly in front of someone who is special. Pelley special for his humility. Because francis forsakes what most people desire, he has the power to give them what they need. He turned down the apostolic palace where popes roomed with michelangelo and moved into a vatican hotel. His room 201 is more Sherwin Williams than rafael. He ditched the papal limousine and the traditional red slippers for a blue ford focus and clunky orthopedic shoes. And he works like a man whos running out of time. Karcher he gets up at 4 30 in the morning. From 5 00 to 7 00, he prepares his interior life, with prayer and reflection, his daily homilies. Pelley he gets up at 4 30 in the morning . Karcher yes, hes very regular like that, very disciplined. Pelley and the day ends for him when . Karcher 10 00, 10 30 in the in the evening. Pelley karcher told us he brings the pope the news on a tablet glass, not stone. And francis prefers the phone to email. Karcher many times, he surprises people. Maybe he knows of someone who is suffering or very sick, and he calls them. Many times, they cut him off because they dont believe him. He says, im francis, and they dont believe its the pope. Pelley has he called you . Ignazio marino oh yes, a few times. Pelley he says hello, this is pope francis. How are you doing, mr. Mayor . Marino yes. Pelley before Ignazio Marino became mayor of rome, he was a transplant surgeon in pennsylvania. Hell be with the pope in philadelphia. What do you talk about . Marino well, most of the time, we talk about the city. Pelley was the pope offering his assistance to you . Was he calling and saying, mr. Mayor how can we help . Marino oh, he does, he does all the time. Pelley the pope wanted to help the homeless, who also caught the eye of National Geographics david yoder. Francis set up a clinic for the destitute and showers inside the vatican. Wednesday mornings, cleanliness is next to godliness in the 350 yearold square. The piazza is a sundial, pinned at the center by an obelisk that was more than 1,000 years old when jesus was born. On that scale, general audiences practically began yesterday. It was in 1929, when the vatican became a country of its own. Everyone can come to the audience. And hours before the 10 00 start, the determined hustle for front row seats like competitors at a sale after thanksgiving. They find francis selfless in the age of the selfie. Are the ushers trying to keep people back from the pope so that they dont throw their arms around them . Augusto pellegrini translated if everyone wanted a selfie with the pope, the audience would last all day. Its the pope who decides whether to grant a selfie not. Pelley Augusto Pellegrini is dean of the papal ushers, who corral the crowd and grab the gifts which francis hands off left and right. You know, i suspect, like with any new boss, the pope might have given you some advice on how to do your job. Pellegrini he wants the people who are around him not to tie him to protocol so that he may be free to move. He wants as many children as possible. At the beginning, we thought maybe the pope was tired but no, no, he kissed them, caressed them. And so, we learned never to assume the pope is tired, and so to allow a lot of freedom. Pelley but freedom is exactly what worries the man who stands at the right fender of the father. Urs breitenmoser is a sergeant in the 500yearold swiss guard, the popes bodyguards. Urs breitenmoser we cannot be like a wall around him. So, as he is a pastor, he loves to be a pastor, he needs the contact with people. It is very personal, very human, and for us, its an awesome experience. Pelley the guard is the oldest and Smallest Army on earth a force of 110, all swiss, all catholic, all pledged to give their lives. There are guards that you cant miss, and guards that you cant see, the ones in plain clothes with automatic weapons. In the United States, the secret Service Often says to the president s staff, look, we know you want to do that, but we cant do that. Do you ever say that to the pope . Breitenmoser well, no, we tried at the beginning. We tried. But he said he always has the last word, and we were discussing about security and safety problems. Hes not interested in the risk he is going to have. Pelley about the risk, francis said, the lord has put me here, hell just have to take care of me. But as francis made it around to us, we found that he takes care of himself pretty well, bulletproof against questions in our prearranged meeting. What is your goal for america . To meet people, he told us, just to meet with them. What can the faithful expect from the year of mercy . The mercy of god is so great, it will surprise us all. Will you speak of immigration and the dispossessed in america . I shall talk about what the holy spirit will inspire me to say. Since francis kept his plans under his hat, we asked those close to his mind. The pope has had harsh words for capitalism. America is the capitalist capital of the world. And i wonder what the pope makes of america on the eve of his trip . Karcher he thinks it is a great country, that it has a great government, and that it is important for the balance of the world. Pelley mr. Ambassador, what do you think the pope will talk about when he comes to the United States . Hackett well, he will obviously talk about the things that he cares very much about poverty, people being excluded, falling through the cracks, people who are suffering in. Because of economic situations. Hell talk about persecution of christians and other minorities in the middle east. I mean, it is, these days, very tangible and palpable as we see the migrants coming in, how theyre suffering. Hell talk about those kind of things. He just finished his encyclical on Climate Change and no doubt he will speak to that. Pelley youre expecting a lot of frankness. Hackett he has been nothing but frank in the two years that ive been here with him. Pelley should the American People expect more candor than diplomacy . Marino oh he is absolutely 100 candor, i would say; close to 0 diplomacy. Pelley francis is frank in many languages, but english isnt one of them. Were told that hes been studying, and as we reached out with a parting gift, we were surprised to hear the one request made by a pilgrim before his first trip to the United States. Pope francis pray for me. Pelley pray for me. Francis i need it. Pelley i need it. Francis god bless you. Pelley may i present you this book . What book did scott pelley choose to give the pope . Go to 60minutesovertime. Com to find out. Moment to take a pill . Or stop to find a bathroom . Cialis for daily use, is approved to treat both erectile dysfunction and the urinary symptoms of bph, like needing to go frequently, day or night. Tell your doctor about all your medical conditions and medicines, and ask if your heart is healthy enough for sex. Do not take cialis if you take nitrates for chest pain, as it may cause an unsafe drop in blood pressure. Do not drink alcohol in excess. Side effects may include headache, upset stomach, delayed backache or muscle ache. To avoid longterm injury, get medical help right away for an erection lasting more than four hours. If you have any sudden decrease or loss in hearing or vision, or any symptoms of an allergic reaction, stop taking cialis and get medical help right away. Ask your doctor about cialis for daily use and a free 30tablet trial. So i never have to wait to get the newest iphone. I dont have iphone forever from sprint, so its 15 months until i can upgrade to the new iphone 6s. But i dont mind waiting. And im not jealous of your new iphone either. Our best deal ever. 15 mo. Includes an iphone 6s and a new iphone every year forever. And well pay off every dime of your old phone or contract so you can switch. Can i just switch to sprint . Preorder today. [trouble hearing on the phone, visit sprintrelay. Com] cooper human beings have lived with dogs for thousands of years. Youd think that, after all that time, wed have discovered all there is to know about them. But, as we first reported last fall, it turns out that, until recently, scientists didnt pay much attention to dogs. Dolphins have been studied for decades, apes and chimps as well, but dogs, with whom we share our lives, were never thought to be worthy of serious study. As a result, we know very little about what actually goes on inside dogs brains. Do they really love us, or are dogs just licking us so they can get fed . How much of our language can they understand . Before you answer, we want you to meet chaser, whos been called the smartest dog in the world. John pilley yeah, we are going to wofford. Hup. Good girl. Good girl. Good girl. Cooper 86yearold retired psychology Professor John pilley and his Border Collie chaser are inseparable. Pilley we are almost there. Almost there. Can you speak . Speak . Speak chaser barks pilley good girl. Good girl. Cooper do you view chaser as a family pet, as a friend . How do you see chaser . Pilley shes our child. Cooper shes your child . Pilley shes our child, a member of the family. Oh, yes, she comes first. Cooper many people think of their dogs as children, but john pilley has been teaching her like a child as well. By assigning names to toys, pilley has been helping chaser learn words and simple sentences. Pilley take k. G. Cooper hes been teaching her up to five hours a day, five days a week, for the past nine years. Pilley my best metaphor is this is a twoyearold toddler. Cooper thats how you think about your dog, a twoyearold toddler . Pilley yeah, she has the capabilities of a twoyearold. Chicken, chicken, chicken. Wheres chicken . Yes. Good girl. Cooper hes not kidding. Most twoyearold toddlers know about 300 words. Pilley figure eight. Figure eight. Good girl. Thats figure eight. Cooper chasers vocabulary is three times that. Pilley to tub. Cooper shes learned the names of more than 1,000 toys, and all those toys add up. Pilley wheel yes, bring it on. Cooper to show us chasers collection, pilleys brought us to his back porch. So, these are all the toys in here . Pilley yes. Cooper got a chicken in here. Is it all right if i dump them out . Pilley please do. Please do. Cooper there are 800 cloth animals, 116 different balls, and more than 100 plastic toys 1,022 toys in all, each with a unique name. So chaser could recognize the names of every one of these toys . Pilley thats true, thats true. Cooper to prove it, pilley catalogued the toys, and then, over the course of three years, gave chaser hundreds of tests like this. Pilley chaser, find circle, find circle. Cooper in every test, chaser correctly identified 95 or more of the toys. Pilley find circle, chase. Yeah. Cooper the results were published in a peerreviewed scientific journal, and a star was born. How are you . Im so glad to see you. Cooper chaser even landed a book deal. But john pilley didnt stop with the names of toys. Pilley nose k. G. Nose k. G. Nose it. Nose it. Good girl. Cooper hes taught chaser that nouns and verbs have different meanings. Pilley paw it. Paw it. Cooper . And can be combined in a variety of ways. Pilley chase, take wheel. Do it, girl, do it. Okay. Out. Out. Chase, take k. G. Do it. Good girl. Good girl. Cooper so shes actually understanding the difference between take, paw, putting her paw on something, and putting her nose on something . Pilley right. And thats what we are demonstrating. Cooper all this learning has been possible, pilley says, because of a breakthrough chaser had when she was just a puppy. At a certain point, she realized that objects have names . Pilley right. It was an insight that came to her. Cooper how could you tell that shed suddenly had that insight . Pilley well, it was in the fifth month and shed learned about 40 names. And the time necessary to work with her kept getting shorter and shorter. Cooper she was starting to learn words faster and faster . Pilley yes. Brian hare its the closest thing in animals weve seen to being like what Young Children do as they are learning words. Cooper brian hare, an evolutionary anthropologist at duke university, believes chaser is the most important dog in the history of modern scientific research. Hare this is very serious science. Were not talking about stupid pet tricks where people have spent, you know, hours trying to just train a dog to do the same thing over and over. Whats neat about what chasers doing is chaser is learning tons, literally thousands of new things by using the same ability that kids use when they learn lots of words. Cooper hes talking about what researchers call social inference, a capability humans, like hares son luke, acquire around age one. To demonstrate the concept, hare hides a ball under one of these two cups. Hare hey, lukey guy. Where is it . Can you get it . Can you get the ball . Cooper luke doesnt know which cup the ball is under, but when his father points, he makes an inference. Hey, nice job. Hare you got it. Cooper so what does that show you . Hare so, when kids his age start understanding pointing, its right when the foundations of what lead to language and culture start to develop. Cooper it might look simple, but when hare tried the same test with bonobos, great apes he studied for more than a decade, look what happened. Bonobos, our closest genetic relatives, cant do it. Hare oh, you chose the wrong one. Cooper but hare discovered dogs can. Hare you ready . So im going to hide it in one of these two places. Cooper this twoyearold labrador named sisu has no trouble understanding the meaning of pointing. Now, she doesnt know for sure which place youve put it in . Hare thats right. There is no way she could know. And im just going to tell her where it is. Okay, sisu. So, thats really hard for a lot of animals, and thats what is really special about dogs is theyre really similar to even human toddlers. Cooper thats a level of thinking that people didnt really think dogs could do . Hare right. I mean, there was no evidence until the last decade that dogs were capable of inferential reasoning, absolutely not. So, thats whats new, thats whats shocking is that, of all the species, its dogs that are showing a couple of abilities that are really important, that allow humans to develop culture and language. Cooper its not surprising that dogs share characteristics with humans. After all, weve evolved alongside each other for more than 15,000 years. There are now some 80 million dogs in this country, more dogs than children. But for all the playing and petting, the companionship, we still know very little about their brains. Dr. Greg berns, a physician and neuroscientist at emory university, has studied the human brain for more than two decades. But three years ago, questions he had about his own dog inspired him to start looking at the canine brain. Greg berns it started out with the desire to know, really, what does my dog think of me . I love my dog, but do they reciprocate in any way . When they hear you come home, you know, they start jumping around. Is it just because they expect you to feed them . Is this all just a scam by the dogs . Cooper are dogs just big scammers . Berns yeah. Cooper to try and answer that question, dr. Berns is doing something scientists have had a difficult time with. Hes conducting brain scans on dogs while theyre awake and unsedated. Inside the fmri machine, theyre trained to stay completely still. Whats around tiggers head here . Berns the scanner makes a lot of noise. Its quite loud. And because dogs hearing is more sensitive than ours, we have to protect their hearing, just like ours. So we. We put earplugs and earmuffs, and just wrap it all to just keep it in place. Okay, now we can go up. Cooper tigger certainly knows the drill. Once in the machine, he lies down and doesnt move. These scans are giving dr. Berns the first glimpse at how a dogs brain actually works. So these are slices of tiggers brain that youre seeing . Berns yeah, exactly. So were slicing from top to bottom. We analyze them later to see which parts increase in response to the different signals. Cooper while in the scanner, the dogs smell cotton swabs with different scents. First, the underarm sweat of a complete stranger. Next, the sweat of their owner. As dr. Berns expected, when the dogs sniffed the swabs the part of their brain associated with smell, an area right behind the nose, activated. It didnt matter what the scent was. But it was when the dogs got a whiff of their owners sweat that another area of the brain was stimulated, the caudate nucleus or reward center. Dr. Berns believes that means the dog is experiencing more than the good feeling that comes with a meal. It shows the dog is recognizing somebody extremely important to them. Its the same area in a human brain that activates when we listen to a Favorite Song or anticipate being with someone we love. So just by smelling the sweat of their owner, it triggers something in a much stronger way than it does with a stranger . Berns right, which means that its a positive feeling, a positive association. Cooper watch youtube videos of dogs welcoming home returning service members, and its easy to see the bond between dogs and their owners. Brian hare says theres even more proof of that bond its found in our blood streams. Hare we know that when dogs and humans make eye contact, that that actually releases whats known as the love hormone, oxytocin, in both the dog and the human. Cooper it turns out oxytocin, the same hormone that helps new mothers bond with their babies, is released in both dogs and humans when they play, touch, or look into one anothers eyes. Thank you very much. Hare what we know now is that, when dogs are actually looking at you, theyre essentially hugging you with their eyes. Cooper really . Hare yes. And so, its not just that when a dog is making a lot of eye contact with you that theyre just trying to get something from you. It actually probably is just really enjoyable for them, because they get an oxytocin, or they get an uptick in this love hormone, too. Cooper all these new discoveries about dogs have led brian hare to create a science based web site called dognition, where owners can learn to play games to test their dogs brain power. So youre allowing people to do an intelligence test for their dogs . Hare thats exactly right. And the idea, though, is that theres not one type of intelligence. We help you measure things like how your dog communicates, how empathic your dog is. Is your dog cunning . Is your dog actually capable of abstract thought like reasoning . Cooper so, there are different kinds of intelligence for dogs, just like with humans . Hare absolutely. And so, just like some humans are good at english, and others are good at math, its the same for dogs. Cooper when hare tested his own dog, a mixed breed named tassie, he was surprised by what he learned. Hare what i found out was that i had someone sleeping in my bed that i didnt even know. Cooper really . Hare and i didnt know my dog doesnt really rely on its working memory. So, if im saying sit and stay, i no longer have to wonder why my dog wanders off. He, like, literally forgot. Cooper so, youre dogs not the sharpest of dogs . Hare he did great on communication. Hes very communicative. Cooper so he can basically be a tv anchor . Hare yes. Pilley fetch shirt. Fetch shirt. There we go. Cooper if youre wondering how chaser did on brian hares intelligence tests . She was off the charts on reasoning and memory. Not surprising, perhaps, considering chaser is a Border Collie, dogs bred specifically for their ability to understand how farmers want their sheep herded. Is chaser just like an einstein of dogs . Hare so, thats really fun. Is chaser somehow special . And i think the idea, actually, is that no. I mean, when dr. Pilley chose chaser, he just randomly took her out of a litter. Pilley drop. Drop. Hare whats special is that he spent so much time playing these games to help her learn words, but are there lots of chasers out there . Absolutely. Pilley on your mark, get set, go cooper theres going to be a lot of people who see this and are jealous of your relationship with chaser. Pilley well, start working with your dog more. Yeah, youre so sweet. Sfx drum beats Mother Nature can turn in an instant; sfx drum beats dont turn back. Introducing the new 2016 ford explorer. Be unstoppable. This is my fight song. Which means you can watch movies while youre on the move. 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