And our skin detects the finest of touches. Essential for us. Survival. Today show is all about how we communicate. Welcome to tomorrow to day d, w. Science magazine. A soft touch or a firm grip. Our skin feels every nuance. Its our largest organ with a surface area of up to 2 square meters. The skin comprises a wide variety of receptors. Pain receptors alert us to danger, like overly high temperatures. For example. So called merkel cells help us feel the shape and firmness of objects. Micener sco puzzles are experts in sensing light, touch, refining co puzzles, noticed when and how much al skin is stretch. And the seni incapacity detect vibrations in its asking. Also include sensory cells specialized in perceiving. Stroking, theyre found only in hack covered areas and react when the touch comes from another person, especially when the movement is slow. Like in stroking the fact that we have these receptors suggests that gentle touch is essential for us survival. Ooh, no words can make feelings as tangible as a caress. But touch can also relieve pain strength in the immune system and even prolong our lives. For a long time, it was largely ignored by scientists. But now its increasingly the subject of research, and often the sense of touch really does appear to be important for our survival. We cant cope without it in this outcome. Humans have an amazingly differentiated system of perceiving and classifying how we are touched. A touch can signify power and violence. It can make us feel afraid or threatened infractions of a 2nd. Different receptors in our skin. Tell us what kind of touch that we are experiencing. Whether we can relax or need to immediately spring into action because we are in danger. At the beginning of our life in particular, caresses are vital. They stabilize a babys breathing body temperature and even its blood sugar levels after birth. If animals only have their basic needs met in the months following their birth, many of them die. And those that survive suffer from irreparable psychological and physical damage. Their growth is stunted, their immune system is less developed and the even fails, simple memory tests. Central areas of the brain are impaired and less voluminous. An experiment in life 6 Touch Laboratory to measure our brain waves before, during and after a massage. How does a massage change brain activity . The e g shows the brains electrical activity, slowing down a state of relaxation, similar to being in a deep sleep. The brain doesnt just react by slowing down. It also produces a cocktail of neurotransmitters and other substances. We bought the house cuz she didnt bother hormones and new transmitters that are produced, certain substances reach, other areas are bodies through our blood, but i can talk on this. I muscles relaxed, for example them that are hot frequency decreases, inch fun to our breathing becomes shallow of the items with flaw. Theres an entire series of physical changes. Have alicia for endo human touch is far more than skin deep scientists discovered just a decade or so ago. That gentle physical movement activates a special type of sensory nerve cell late to emotion. And unlike our sense of touch, these nerve cells do not provide information about the outside world. Instead they tell us whether we like a particular type of bodily contact or not. The discovery of the significance of the so called c t advarence makes it possible to investigate the importance of general physical contact for social interactions. A robot is used to gauge precisely how people respond to different time of touch. Each test person receives exactly the same treatment. The experiment showed the more signals received by the ctf once the more pleasant the experience for those taking part. The effect is most pronounced at 34. 00 degrees celsius, approximately the temperature of our fingertips. An inch, se theres more of these, there fibers here on the back than there are in the forum. So why the people like having their back massage, where they like having their back massage. Could theres more of these nerve fibers, theyre in evolutionary terms. Why would you put a reward taught system on the back . Well, you cant get to your back to groom it. So you need to get somebody else. Another primate needs to come along and groom your back. And if we are gently touched, we usually dont wanted to stop lou. The reward system in our brain makes us hungry for more hormones are produced, the brains own drugs. Each type of physical contact makes it different cocktail. These include endorphins, so called happiness hormones, which make us feel high, but also oxytocin that is necessary for bonding an attachment. It makes us feel close to people who couples with the long term show elevated levels of oxy chosen even live longer and they are less prone distress. Their Blood Pressure is lower, their pain tolerance is higher, and even their ability to learn is better for ah, despite this weve been observing for years that we have less and less direct contact in the increasingly Digital World we live in. The coven 19 pandemic has exacerbated this trend, forcing physical separation of hot us. Today people tend to touch their smart phones or tablets more than they touch other people. You can be in contact with people thousands of commanders away. But physically isolated. Loneliness has become a mass phenomenon with grave repercussions for our health. If we lose the protection of the group, our bodies go on high alert, our cortisol levels rise, and the risk of heart attack, stroke and depression increases. Ah, they all right, so with only death the smoking, diabetes, pollution it such as may be 3540 percent. The us rice have an early death. Loneliness is Something Like 45 percent. Thats all my said, thats almost a global content because its own right. But nobodys really woken up to the file or what Lonely People dont get in touch when its hot of hot cold when the going gets tough. Punting as the pandemic has shown. And then what becomes evident is that we have a yearning, ultimately not a technology, but for real people. Island under someone who go for a bear with us and all readers poems, bill clinton good order there on the dish to for least awe. Often we dont realize just how strongly touch influences our mood, our health, and our relationships. But we are becoming more aware of how important it is gentle, physical contact. Just keep us happy throughout our lives. We also communicate through touch. No matter how many emoji we send, they cant compared to a real analog hug. It is possible though, to transport our emotions over the telephone or in a video called Artificial Intelligence is also becoming better at reading Human Emotions from our faces. That can detect the very subtle list of feelings. I go with. Laughter lightens up the mood and is contagious, especially when its sincere and comes from the heart. But what is a sincere laugh . Research is in germany, a looking into whether computers can tell the difference in order to help psychologists. Weve all heard about software. The scans are faces using Artificial Intelligence. But can i also detect whether were upbeat or angry, delighted, or sat, or indeed laughing. Authentic clue the schools are probably most dusty. The kite ye sit in, comes parent and get them. This has to be listen. We can, we dont know how they actually work in the sense of which materials or faces theyve been learning from. So we thought wed test different algorithms against each other. Linda, sometimes we have sheet and i would with men, is hiccuped or getting them on the test. The manheim Research Team have taken a i programs from a variety of companies to see how they perform while it comes to recognizing different emotions under laboratory conditions. Is in here. Does freshman spies, though we can see a specific movement in the face already being registered. What maam this action unit 12 is the solution. Asked us, there wont be into the a, i has learned that the corner of the mouth going up. There is a component of a smile as happy can you 20th to make social justice fit. And the next step is using these expressions to find out what emotions in individualist feelings soon and by swine up as one point. Test. Participants are shown photos of faces displaying strong emotions and then asked to imitate them the amos to find out what the programs also work reliably under standardized laboratory conditions. This is one of the basic requirements for perspective late to use in scientific research. There are several dozen muscles and the human face, and we need to flex 17 of them to conjure up a laugh. M. Yes, convers in dusty pro bond in chi pushed on the subject. Now has 3 specific to move in center face i in the corner, pulled us. We had 1st, there is a corner polar and listened. Busy not out in cheek razor. Then we have the razor with a cheek squeezed the eyes and make them a part of the smile. I am looking on the aldens old on middle. It wont hurt typical for an authentic smile as are the lips being slightly parted, asked d m. Lipman life, guffman and then once i skills that as we were able to show that is Artificial Intelligence is also very good at detecting intense emotions. Like these with normal people in a typical lab setting hams, washingtons even animal to an aussie, a Company Called the big question now is whether this is also the case for that montane. As and more subtle emotion is and will turn on this until now. Psychologists have been documenting the subtle nuances of our feelings with the help of electro. My o graphy or e m g. Senses on the skin, measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves. The stronger the impulse, the clearer the emotion can Artificial Intelligence do this without he m j. M. Its eloquent of them. We now have electrodes attached to this. I go mass at this major school. This is the laugh muscle which is involved in many positive emotions, warned and right after that, well stick e m g electrodes on the corrugated arnold, our crown muscle, which expresses many unpleasant emotion long anymore. Tim her fling then shows the participant different pictures to react tame. Boring photos are alternated with ones that are proven to trigger emotional reactions. In addition to the m g senses, the facial Recognition Program scanned facial expressions and record that changes, but the reactions on the test persons face a week. It takes a trained Human Emotion analysts to measure their intensity. Tim halfling has this training and because he knows how time consuming it says he hopes that a i programs will eventually take a for this job. We couldnt find the c consistently can be found that the Artificial Intelligence corresponds closely with the e m. G measurements. As well as the subjective evaluations of the participants, but only for the positive stimuli we presented for the negative stimuli. We couldnt demonstrate any relations with the e. M. G, or would the subject subjective evaluations . And obama wasnt so the i recognize as positive feelings, but not negative ones necessarily. This is true for all 3 algorithms because the performance of the i programs hardly differs. They all still have a lot to learn. Nevertheless, the 1st video call providers in the us are already considering integrating automatic emotion recognition into their software in the top the dust said calltum does this is recently been discussed by large Video Conferencing software providers. Integrating a module that automatically recognizes the facial expressions of the participants, interprets them and then of course, allows the employer the counterpart to draw conclusions about what someone is supposedly feeling in that moment. Bus ye, man, im gay, please. Sure. 20 some woman is this laughter. Authentic or fake. The algorithms definitely cant tell yet, but gail output can dish, wasnt it . Guns or francis . The advantages are fairly obviously, until now it has been extremely time consuming to do this type of analysis manually things we can do that way. However, you have to train employees intensively all the more weeks of training. Here one kid trained the software was good with the right material. And theoretically it would always work. So neil, quick humans are still far superior to a i software when it comes to interpreting emotions correctly. After all, we can also empathize with feelings and that ourselves be affected by laughter. Especially if it comes from the hans with a joyful giggle or a delighted wrong different laugh. Expressing very from saying estimates suggests that such nonverbal ways of speaking may cut more than 90 percent of our total communication. And its not just our hands all face that talk, but also our smell and our whole minds. These and other substances communicates within us something alvin calais from malawi. Wanted to know more about ah, how do you sales communicate with each other . I, our bodies consist of around 200. 00 different types of cells. We only stay healthy if they can all communicate with each other properly. Our pancreas, for example, produces hormones. It releases them into the blood. The blood then transports the messenger substances to the places in the body where they are supposed to be used. Nerve cells need to talk to each other quickly and effectively. To do so, they use electrical impulses and so called neurotransmitters, which send information from one cell to the next. Many cells also forms so called exit zones in order to come into contact with others. To do this, they lease up their outer skin to form packets that contain molecules such as proteins. They then send these packets on their journey throughout the body. Ah, different shells interact when healing a wound. Immediately after an injury, platelets must 1st ensure that the blood clots while immune cells clean the wound when its cleaned, connective tissue cells produce college and, and filled the wound, then epithelial cells for my skin over the entire wound. Almost all of our shelves are linked to their neighbors and channels that directly connect the cells contents to one another. Move through those channels. The cells can exchange electrically charged particles and small molecules, such as messenger substances. All this communication pathway was discovered in the 19 sixtys, researchers labeled individual cells with luminescent molecules and observed that the fluorescent spread rapidly. Channels like these are involved in many bodily functions. They ensure that the eyes can adapt to different light conditions and they help synchronize that contraction of our hard muscle cells. They also play Important Role in the formation of our organs in the womb. Neurons and synopsis a key when it comes to communication within the body, the more developed an animal, the more sophisticated its nervous system. Instead of a brain jellyfish have a diffused network of nerves as lance have a centralized nervous system which runs through the body like a right bladder. Meanwhile, mammals do have a real brain, the structure of which is important for cognitive performance. And more than that, to in fact, neuron density also plays a major role. The more neurons, the more likely cognitive performance is to be increased. But you also have to look at the ratio between brain and body mass. A house mouse, for example, has about 71000000 urines and a very small brain. A cat has 10 times as many neurons, but its also much larger. Oh, a pig is smarter than you think. That has 2200000000 neurons in its brain. And a raven has about the same number, but in a much smaller brain with very little body mass. A chimpanzee has 28000000000 neurons. And an adult human has approximately 86000000000. And elephant has about 3 times as many, but its brain is also 3 times as heavy blue. Which factors influence brain size and intelligence and mammals . Oh, thats what evolutionary biologists sandra head starts is researching at the university of zurich. Oh, she works with the skulls of various species. To measure their brain volumes, she fills the skulls, would lead pellets a time honored method. It should 7 a mac. Now this is a mac skull. Lets say you can fit almost a 100 milliliters in there that as a 100 e thick field may. Thats a lot more than all maam. And so why did he go . Form them with the ground hog . Warm of theodore gather more, 15000000. If the cut, the skull only fits 15 milliliters, so the brain is 8 times small lines. So the miss donna, i have to enter that into the database. The researchers have compiled a database of 1200. 00 brains from a wide range of mammalian species. Was under the hedge knob and a college have measured the majority of them. For months they went from museum to museum in the usa, filling a wide variety of schools with their pellets. As a matter of our senior, that makes us native me the most was the whale skull. We measured in a boat, it was a span whale thing, but adequate. And we really pulled the pellets into it with a 10 liter bucket hogan and only got it half full of men if we didnt have enough pilots to fill the whole brain with the be cut from that was fascinating of that. The show. Fascinating thing with it. Ill be got asked this burnwell skeleton was really huge, and the oxy shown with the skull was bigger than we are. He them shaddon walkers and we filled it with our little pellets there. Not. There could galena, in ag feel, attend there. Headstart wants to find out the circumstances under which a brain can grow in terms of evolution. Its clear that brings need a lot of energy to grow. A brain must literally be fed constantly. The evolutionary biologist is looking in reference books for possible factors that could influence the brain size of a species and correlates them. For example, what do they eat . How do they live . But also social factors such as Group Behavior and how they raised their young for example, animals that hibernate generally have smaller brains. And carnivores generally have larger brains than herbivores. Its been proven in many studies that Brain Science correlates directly to an animals intelligence. Like in this study, which compared 39 carnivorous mammals, it clearly showed that the size of the brain in proportion to body weight directly corresponds to the skill level of the animal. The type of food they get and how reliably they get it, when theyre young is more important for brain growth than previously assumed. A st. John and last minutes of an i as a form, what we found thats new is that the food supply has to be reliable that from which the crash that they think, for example, siblings often bring fed to the barrow. Its got the when they dont see any one waiting late at themselves on the up events, st. This near middle act or the see if less, if its different with the parents or does it make them in fact, that if the environmental conditions of bad than the father brings the young even more fade. And even though hes going hungry himself only if what, so they all get a bully, a fell, but then hit the the combination of safe, high calorie food with slow development and social learning ensures intelligent animals with large brains. If our blood is red, why are they do you have a science question . Send it to us as a video, text or voice message. If we answer it on the show, well send to you a little surprise as a thank you. I come on. Just ask you can find us and other science related stories on the web and on twitter. Got sick from tomorrow to day d. W science program, doing this next week, until then stay curious. With with the 77 percent this week. So would be focusing on parents and the unique set of challenges that young people are facing as they try and raise the next generation, including high Maternal Mortality rate and some african countries and the burden of stereotypes. Mothers deal with a 77 percent in 30 minutes on d. W. Ah. Please listen carefully. Dont know how you miss today. Ah, feel the magic discover the world around you. Subscribe to d w documentary on youtube. Departure into the unknown. To day. This means flying to a foreign planet. In the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover a route the world famous sea voyage of ferdinand of magellan expedition. Now then became a scientific expedition. As many new things were being discovered, it was in fact and adventure in the end part of a race for world power between spain and portugal. A race linked to military interests, erase links to political and military prestige, but also linked to making financial changes and adventure philip hardships, dangers and death. 3 years that would change the world for ever. Let jones journey around the world. Starting september 7th on d. W. A d w news coming to live from berlin, chile, and say no to a progressive new constitution. I voters overwhelmingly reject the text that would have boosted the rights of Indigenous People and women chiles left as president bows to go back to the drawing board. Also coming
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