The worlds oceans are linked by currents crisscrossing the globe. One that flows up the Pacific Coast of south america is called the peruvian open boat current get venturous german naturalist went out to look in 180 to answer tickets temperature. He was surprised to find it cooler than the more serve round it. Before he died it was given his name but he responded modestly. Over fishing boys from chile to party to have known about the current for 300 years my only contribution was to be the 1st to have measured the temperature of the currents waters. Our expedition retracing alexander from hobarts footsteps now takes us to peru and the current that bears his name. Meaning. When im in the water i enter a new world its a great privilege being able to observe things that so few other people can feel seen and understanding how nature works underwater is spectacular its an indescribable sensation. That its not going to be to. Cause. This is for the Pacific Ocean meets a seemingly endless desert. A ruse Coastal Region is among the driest in the world while its cold ocean waters are among the most productive ecosystems the current that flows along the western coast of south america would later be named after onyx underfund home but although it was known centuries before his expedition to the region. In the course of his climate studies humbled noticed that at the coast of peru the pacific was around 7 degrees celsius colder than in the open ocean as the cool masses of water flow up from man to arctic and north along south america they bring large quantities of oxygen with them. That 100. 00. 1 of the most important features of the cold currents is that they generate an extremely rich ecosystem in the region here we find extraordinarily high concentrations of marine life that are typical for these waters compared with other latitudes these waters boast of far higher degree of biodiversity which makes them very important with that i mean how they deal yup yup. Roselawn pastore works for rooms in mark marine institute. Here and their product as National Reserve he examines the influence of the home both current on plant and animal life divers need to don think with suits to go exploring underwater here and his work is not made easier by the strong current. The upwellings zones in the current bring an abundance of nutrients to the surface in the process supplying food for fish and Marine Mammals the current is an ideal environment for algae. Farms for most of the algae growing in this region has adapted extremely well to the cold environment better. Than the what should be algae constitute a very important and upon end of the overall biological cycle and that. A lot of organisms feed off that. So were fighting a healthy algae population you also find a high diversity of other species. That biodiversity in and along the current has made perus coastal waters one of the worlds richest sources of fish. For centuries the country offer a hugely lucrative grounds for fishers but more recently theyve noticed a significant reduction in their catches and its the operators of smaller fishing boats like captain mario decrease who is by over who are struggling the most. Just look. At that weve been out here for over 2 hours and we havent got a single fish. Step in the. The faces there has to be so much more to catch in this region until the big boats arrived out at us and let us wonder if. We dont know yet what i will and they tell all the smaller species that fish with their trawler nets i at last that i mean theres nothing left for us here on earth because because we have to go further out to sea. A ruse around you will fishing all amounts to 7000000. 00 tons thats over 10 percent of the global catch overfishing by high tech commercial fleets from all over the world is a threat to the ecosystem and its already making an impact on peoples livelihoods. In the once prosperous port city of biter many boats have been left stranded by developments with unemployment rising one of the few options for making a living as a job on one of the foreign trawlers. How much longer can local fishermen survive. In the peruvian capital lima the countrys National Marine institute is projecting the future development of the ecosystem in the home board current. In addition to keeping count of fish stocks but scientists here also monitor the quality of the sea water and what has been declining due to Climate Change. Among their observations but humble is current no contains less oxygen and is becoming increasingly acidified doo doo. I level is of carbon dioxide. One object of their research is only visible under the microscope a drop of water can contain up to a 1000 plankton organisms seen here during the metamorphosis of larva into juveniles plankton provides food for many marine creatures and is indispensable for the well being of the seams. That nice walk up but all its inner organisms that benefit production and propagation in other food chains and theyre also very sensitive to change as a result of the low oxygen content the acidification of the oceans and the growing pollution of our coasts organisms that are unable to adapt quickly enough and dying and were seeing this right now with plankton. Its a picture far removed from the paradigms of biodiversity that alexander for on board encountered on the peruvian coast how much more human intervention can overseas cope with. Got me and i think the future is definitely in our hands it ought to be obvious to us humans as intelligent beings that if we want to have a flourishing ecosystem its up to us to start keeping it healthy. Which i did a. Hell of a lot of people still dont seem to realize that the contamination me subject our coasts and oceans to is being further exhilarated by Climate Change i mean at the core. But we still hope to be able to reverse it or they will have better. Paramus Legal Systems are extremely diverse and dynamic. So maybe we will manage to see a major recuperated. Despite all the interference. And adapt to those changes but mostly. The humble its current home to boundless life is a cause of the sterile desert on the land beside it it seems like a paradox but the current cools the coast and keeps a dry well generating fog that passes overhead thats now proving to be a fantastic resource we meet the cloud catches up through. Thick fog make sample crews happy. That the fog passes this way and the net catches at. The air piracy through the tiny drops of water remain behind they gather at the bottom and pass down the tube to the tank. Over so that all this water means life with this system were solving the water shortage problem in many places in much of look at this. He came up with the idea almost 2 decades ago he was studying engineering in lima at the time. There was a fence of plastic netting around his home one evening he noticed this phenomenon and realised it could be put to good use. But there were lots of drops gathered at the bottom of the net especially when the wind came from the east so i collected them in a trough on to the nets and fed the water into tanks the next morning the tanks were full of Crystal Clear water. Carlos a pattern across orange is avocados and grapes. Hes delighted to be able to do so in a region where theres no rain talking in southern peru. Irrigates is cross with water captured from the clouds. Nearly not given its foggy most of the time up on the mountain if we had 2 or 300 cloud catcher nets up there my neighbors and i would have a lot more water we would all benefit. Almost the entire length of perus 2400 kilometer coast is does that. About 10000000 people a 3rd of the countrys population dont have access to a secure supply of drinking water. Or cloud catches has been set out in the desert near the town of. More than 100. 00 families have said. And they need affordable clean water. If they thought up on the these cloud catchers the model here cost the equivalent of 70. 00 to 90. 00 euros each. Of us thats on. A 20 square meter net congealed as much as 200 liters of water a day. It makes watering the vegetable patch a fun job today. When mr cruz put up the nets i decided to stay. I had wanted to leave because my olive trees were all dried out then i saw the water and i changed my mind him again. Now when rivera is proud of his Olive Harvest given that no burger was not abusive the 1st were going to eat them ourselves when we have more well sell them i mean we dont. Its poverty and the dream of having ones own plots of land that drive people to move into the does it. During the focus season theyll have access to water but what happens in summer from december to march when theres almost no fog the status of planning a reservoir for folk water so they wont have to buy so much. That even if youre back in talking on carlos a practice plot. About cruz and colleagues from the peruvians without Water Project checking the direction of the wind to ensure the nets are in the right position. Cruz has given lectures at universities and won awards around the world for his pioneering work hes determined to help more poor communities in dry regions look at their most what do plants need to grow is arid enough you know they need water and we get it from the clouds and its free the families here dont even have enough to eat they cant afford to buy water. And security but are. A boat crew so subtle over a 1000 fold catches in peru with more planned until everyone who needs to catch a clout. Consider a standard drop of water like the one used in metz and 500 other militaries her or gram. It contains find sextillion ask him that 5 with 210 s. There are 2 Hydrogen Atoms and one oxygen atom in every war since molecule our viewer khalifah keys has a question about all this. What is an atom. Everything around us everything we can see feel smell or taste is made up of atoms and of course we are 2. Terms are the Building Blocks of matter. Not terms out there spatial arrangement give matter its properties such as consistency and color. The way we think about atoms today is largely influenced by physicist niels bohrs model according to which electrons orbit the atoms nucleus. A bit like planets orbiting the sun. What atoms cant be seen with the naked eye the thickness of a human hair. Is 500000. 00 times the diameter of a carbon atom. In the center of the atom is a tiny nucleus containing neutrons which have no electric charge and protons which have a positive charge. 2 2 2 the electrons orbiting outside it are negatively charged the only out of not to have any neutrons is hydrogen it consists of one proton and one alectryon. Just as stars have different numbers of planets orbiting the atomic nuclei have different numbers of electrons in orbit. In a neutrally charged atom the number of electrons equals the number of protons. And the number of protons determines the chemical elements so far we know of 118 big and many of their properties are displayed in whats known as the periodic table of the elements. If outlet is read right up the ladder move it. To you have a science question that youve always wanted answered were happy to help out their little ass as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. To find as i did have a dot com slash science drop us a line at e. W. Underscores site tech on facebook d w dot science. If you put a specific extremely large number of silicon atoms together to create a sphere of a certain size it will weigh exactly one kilogram scientists have succeeded in doing that and why to define what a kilogram is in terms of a natural constant in this case the of a god or a constant. Its a way to check the accuracy of another new definition in terms of the planck constant this has me. Been adopted as the official definition of world wide difficult stuff but it is important anyway to take the measure of things. Its a weighty matter welcomed the new kilogram we now take a look at a project based on that new official definition. Since 2017 thomas and his team at the Technical University. Have been working on a new set of scales together with Germanys National institute theyve developed 2 prototypes based on the new definition of the kilogram. For 130 years a metal cylinder in paris was the worlds benchmark of the kilogram but not anymore as you know conversely. The kilogram was the last remaining unit based on a physical object a piece of metal and all other units are based on constants of nature. And. Because of this redefinition weights are no longer derived from the International Prototype kilogram stored in a safe in paris. But instead theyre derived from a fundamental constant constant but 1st things 1st. In the past all weights used to calibrate scales worldwide whether it was in pharmaceutical Companies Biotech labs or supermarkets all derived from a platinum iridium cylinder located just outside paris stored securely and a 3 glass bell jar the extremely precious object was kept in the safe of the International Bureau of whites and measures from 889. 00 until this year it was the defining unit of mass worldwide but for some unknown reason the paris kilogram decreased in weight by 15000000. Its of a gram so scientists decided to take action in a historic move they redefined the kilogram. This time theyre not using a metal object but a constant of nature the plank constant denoted by a small age described for the 1st time by max planck around 1900 so what is the planck constant. Just dance and before you can think of it has the smallest possible unit of energy if you consider the energy coming out of a car battery or an electric socket on the walls and if you were to divide that into lots of small amounts the smallest possible amount would be the plug constant its a fundamental constants of nature its involved in many aspects of physics. When one reason why we cant take the plancks constant as the definition of this mass is because the planck constant can be expressed in terms of the kilogram and 2 other units thats why we were able to establish a relationship between the value of the cube a gram and the plumb constant. This can be done using a watch balance for example its a highly complex instrument thats been used since the 1980 s. To measure the planck constant as precisely as possible. There are only a handful of these scales worldwide this one is in the United States at the National Institute of standards and technology. The High Precision scale is based on the principle of Electromagnetic Force compensation this is how it works the Gravitational Force of a test mass is balanced with an Electromagnetic Force the Magnetic Field is provided by a permanent magnet a coil of wire is immersed in that field. Its like a coil in a loudspeaker and the coil is in a permanent Magnetic Field an electrical current is run through it to generate a force that force is used to balance the downward force of the weight its a way to measure weight using an electrical current of. A mission in other words the electrical current is adjusted until the upward force on the coil perfectly balances the downward force of the weight the 2nd step is called the velocity mode of Precision Laser called an interferometer shown here in green is used to measure the position and velocity of the coil. The aim is to measure the voltage that is created in the process. Then we need Gravitational Acceleration small g. 9. 81 meters per 2nd per 2nd if you know all these things very precisely you can calculate the numerical value for h. The math isnt complicated in reverse if you know the value of h. The planck constant you can specify a kilogram. The planck scales from germany will work in exactly the same way theyre basically a water bottle and on the left is the Laser Interferometer on the right is the balance based on the principle of Electromagnetic Force compensation but its a lot smaller than its american counterpart. If i reverse the principle of the water balance and say i know the value of h. Then i can use my plank scales to calibrate any weight. I simply made my object on the one side and then relate to your metric of values to the plancks constant and from that i can calculate the mass on the scale. Of. The 2 planck scale prototypes from the Technical University ill menow will eventually be put to industrial use currently they can be used to determine weights in the range between one milligram and 100 grams but it will be another 3 to 5 years before the 1st planck scale goes to market the paris kilogram meanwhile has already lost its status as the International Benchmark and is now being consigned to a museum. Along with the kilogram and the 2nd and the meter they are all sorts of the units of measurement we asked our viewers what units of measurement do you use. Throat the Indigenous People of mexico use the media which is equal to the volume of an empty sardine can. Not show from indonesia says in java we often use the volume of an empty coconut shell to measure rice maize and other goods one shell usually holds one kilo. This unit of measurement is still in use today. In argentina eduardo says we use the meter kilo celsius liter and hector pesto or we eyeball that that always works. Says our says farmers in colombia use the key to the distance you can travel while smoking a cigar so where is the farm one and a half to go from danya is stuck here as far as for your comments. Thats all for today next week we head to colombia as we continue our journey in the footsteps of home but he wrote that slavery was the greatest of all evils to have before then humankind with us of the town of palenque a established by escaped slaves 400 years ago until then good life. Do you know what you use to barbecue your sausages. Charcoal of course charcoal also from wood cut illegally in tropical forests and seas findings are truly catastrophic which feel it cant go on like ghostwriter chan called an environmental disaster why is the trade something lucrative why is it taking so long to find alternatives in 15 minutes on d w. I how does taiwan taste it. Dont correspondent susan hart and host a daily. Occurrence of various flavors of the only freeze and how. The fusion and fun tasty taipei start september 1st on d w. Like right. Gemini with demi and any time any place. To sing music video never. Have had the benefit of cracking. Songs to sing along to. Down lets see this to come from soup. To. A very good cause things kind of into active exercise is a good thing about d. W. Dont come sashadhar on facebook any. Gentleman for free but definitely. Play a meal and im going to look at a brand new to tell you from buying this book its a person its divisive and its about topics that affect a whole lot of solution for Climate Change and to turn. Blue green felt check out. Frank food. International gateway to the best connection salsa road and rail. Located in the heart of europe connected to the whole world. Experience on standing shopping and dining offers and trialling services. Biala gassed at Frankfurt Airport city managed by from. Leaders of the g 7 nations say theyll help resolve fight fires in the Amazon Region at their summit in france they also discussed International Trade relations with russia and tensions over Irans Nuclear program irans Foreign Ministers about zarif made a surprise visit for talks with french president manuel my craw