Transcripts For CSPAN3 Victorian Culture 20170430

War . Not a whole lot. But her name does refer to a period in both american and european history that witnessed important and farreaching changes to american and european culture. The timeframe of victorian culture as we call it often coincides with her reign, years of 1837 to 1901, and particularly when someone talks about victorian culture in europe, if someone says victorian culture, they are likely referring to england, not necessarily america. Here in america is sometimes people take the view of victorian culture from the 1830s to about 1900 or so, but you can put that into in early and late. Because this is post civil war, we will state focus on the victorian culture in america that takes place after the civil war, after 1865, and we will run it up through the first years of the 20th century, to the 10 and even a little bit the teens. When we talk about victorian , particularlyrica after the civil war, we are looking at a society that has undergone a lot of changes because of that war and other things that are going on, some of which the of talked about, and the changes, this russians disruptions shape and influence american society. We have to think about the war itself and all of the carnage and brutality that comes out of it, the great loss of life, the way in whichnd the the north in particular handles it. We talked about this early in the semester. Freerve the union, maybe some slaves. By the end of the war, the north has rallied around this idea that the war is a moral crusade to end slavery. What happened as a result his Many Americans were affected by the word this way. In the war was over, they carried with them that strong sense of moral purpose, that after 1865, Many Americans live their lives in a way that said, you know what, my life has moral purpose, my life needs to have moral meaning. I am not just living day to day doing this, doing that. Morality is important, and it shapes how i understand my life, the world around me. That is one factor. Americans living with a sense of moral purpose. The second it is spread of democracy, which is an ongoing process. We dont talk about precivil war stuff in this class, but it is ongoing, and it continues, and americans are becoming ever more participatory in politics, and the political environment itself is becoming highly charged and highly competitive. So with a more overtly political culture that americans are living in. The third thing we want to talk about, we just talked about on tuesday, the rise of big business and the spread of modern capitalism. We talked about how it has been a nation that was poor when it was founded, small businesses, tradespeople, spiral farmers in the north, and there is a transition to an era of very large businesses, very wealthy people, and a growing industrial economy that led the class divisions. This will be important for this lecture, what we talked about on tuesday, how there is a small number of the elites. There is a growing middle class, but more and more americans are in wage work where they get poor wages or little wages are ok but not rate, right . So the economic problems of the theh prior to the war, planter elite, the segment of poor, free blacks and whites as well as slaves. That kind of Economic System not based on slavery, but the division will appear through the whole country in the north and west as well for you have a group of super wealthy elites profiting from the capital system, a middle class that is growing but small, and the growing mass of people struggling to get by. That is the third thing. The fourth thing we want to look at what we think of victorian culture in america is something else, the growth of cities and the rise of immigration. Cities that seem to be popping thatf nowhere in a nation had been very plural is now increasingly urban, and waves of asia andon, not just europe but also within the nation, people leaving Rural America and heading to the city, both of these things, while exciting and lead to the production of new wealth and other opportunity, they are huge disruptions to society. They put people back on their heels a little bit, that life is changing all around. So many people are not from america. The children are immigrants. So may people are living in cities in what has been a very rural in nation rural nation. So these factors are going to shape victorian america. The abolition of slavery in the civil war that gives people more democracyhe spread of suddenly part of peoples lives, the rise of big business and capitalism that leads to class division, a small amount small number of wealthy, large number of poor, the growth of cities and immigration that disrupts american society. When we look at that new wealth, this new class of wealthy people and all of the wealth that is being created in this new era, we see it is not distributed equally, that it is divided geographically and in terms of the population. The new businesses are mostly in the cities. They are not in the countryside. We talked about how new businesses are in the cities where they can take advantage of the population of workers, and have access to new infrastructure, waterworks, gas. So the bulk of the wealth is in the cities. In addition, the wealth is not distributive equally. There is a small number of fortunes, and a bigger but still not large number of people who are moving to the middle class. These people are largely nativeborn americans, not immigrants. They are mostly white, and they are mostly protestant christians. They are not jews, they are not catholics, they are not Eastern European orthodox. So nativeborn white protestant christians that is not to say everyone fits that description is doing well. That is not true. Many of the rural immigrants from this countryside are struggling, many of them white protestant christians as well. They are majority of the country at this point. But when we look at the small number of people doing well, they are mostly in the cities and mostly fit ethnic and religious designations. When you talk about victorian america, we often focus on the upper class, top, and middle class. These are people driving the need for some of the new victorian culture. Newhe new culture, the victorian culture. They areto understand very important players in all this. We talk about the upper class, we are looking at a new class of wealthy americans for the little insecure, because america had been a four country. Now they are wealthy. How do you be wealthy . What does it mean to be a wealthy american particular for your country seems so new . So people are taking their cues and europe. They are looking at france. What do the wealthy french people do . They mimic them to a certain extent. But we will look at the middle class is the today because they are in an interesting position. On the one hand, middleclass people of the time and very much today in a lot of ways are aspiring to be wealthy. Middleclass people look at wealthy people and say, maybe i can be wealthy one day too. Not every middleclass person, but a lot of us. Then they look down at the poor people and think, i dont want to be poor. It is human nature. You aspire to have more. You are afraid of ending up with less. Thatwe need to remember is when we think about the economics of the situation, if the middle class is here, lower classes are over there. Upper classes are way up there. Think about in todays money. What is a middleclass wage today . For a single person, maybe 30,000, 50,000. Maybe family of four, a couple 80,000 to the0, middle class . Lets three quarters, half of wealthy people make . They make 1 million a year. If you are the top end of the middle class and making 100,000 a year, you might only be making three times when working class person makes, but rich people are making 10 times that you make 50, 100. So economically the middle class is much closer to the poor working classes than they are to the wealthy classes. This can create a sense of insecurity. There is the reality that it is easier for middleclass or so or family to fall into poverty than it is for them to reach the heights of wealth that we all dream about. That can lead to insecurity. At the same time, we have to remember the middleclass is much smaller than it is today. I would think of urban and middle suburban, we are talking about the majority of the country. Todays americans are middle class whether city or suburb. There are not modern suburbs like we think of yet, so strictly urban at this time. The urban middle class are nowhere near as big, not a majority, decidedly a minority. They are growing in numbers, but they are very small. That means had the same time you are worried about falling into poverty and aspiring to be wealthy, you are looking at a city around you with lots of poor and workingclass people. They are everywhere. There is of them. This is the upside. Today, you can stretch only so far. If you are middleclass 1870s or 1880s, you can do more with your money. Because there are many poor people with need and help. It is not unusual for middleclass families to take servants into their homes, bring in a woman to help cook, clean, run the house, so forth. Typically an immigrant, but not always. There are for to having a small middleclass with a lot of people if you are middleclass. There is a reminder there is a lot of poverty, and you can start to take on as a small middleclass what is the word im looking for . A siege mentality. You can worry about the masses of four people that surround you, and the rich people that are so far away. The rich people dont want to be like you, the same way you dont want to fall down to the working class if you are middleclass, wealthy people have no intention of falling to middleclass, which is a far fall as far as they are concerned. You have a new middle class that is small, growing, and confronting these circumstances. Here is the other thing we want to think about. , they are smaller than the poor and workingclass, but they have more money than that. Even though the wealthy are wealthier, there is more middleclass people that will be wealthy. And so that allows them to influence. Outsized the new growing middleclass will have a profound influence on the country and its culture in a way that we have to think about a little bit, because today we say the middleclass is influential. Of course it is. It is most of the people. Not all, but a majority. Of course it drives american culture. That is a nobrainer. But when the middleclass is a minority, a fraction of the population and still driving the culture or initially driving the culture, we have two or member the factors that play into this. Thee have to remember factors that play into this. Any questions so far by the way . Talk about the new middleclass culture in american cities, societies after the civil war, and what it looks like. We can calls them the victorians, upper and middle class, are creating and promoting a new set of values. Word. Ancie french at theike more with an s end and an accent over the e, an accent aigu as opposed to grave, if you are taking a french class. There are the ideals and values that a community shares. The mores are the codes of combat conduct you live by, what you avoid, kind of like values for the whole communities. A new set of values and mores theseing promoted by victorians. And then there is this strong sense of morality talked about. They come out of the civil war with moral purpose, and that will guide them with a new set of values and mores. What are the promoting . What are the ideas that guides them . Restraint. , dont givewing into your urges, dont be gluttonous desk let me is like sit down, eat everything no. Restraint shows being amoral, thoughtful person. Modest the. Dont brag. Dont make yourself the center of attention modesty. Dont brag, dont make yourself the center of attention. The third thing we want to highlight, hard work. Work hard. Sometimes this is referred to as work ethic. Peoplerm is problematic that are largely protestant. It is not have a monopoly on working hard, but in this context, when you see these are the values the victorians are promoting, restraint yourself, dont give into your urges and gluttony and desires. Be modest, dont brag or make yourself the center of attention. Org hard, do not be lazy. Center of attention. Work hard, do not be lazy. Guided by a sense of moral for this. If they see you being lazy, not working hard, they dont think he is just being lazy or she is being lazy, maybe she needs a little inspiration. Maybe just not inspired, maybe needs encouragement they think are being immoral. They think you are sending. They think you are not doing artwork. Laziness is a moral problem, and immoral act. Excess, eating too much, bragging, all of these are immoral, not just character flaws but transgressions against what god wants you to be and how god wants you to behave. So they set this new set of codes, behavioral codes, morals, values for themselves, but they also expect other people to follow them. As the gilded age is unfolding, the time after the civil war, the victorians begin to demand that their fellow citizens, who are poor than them, follow their cultural lead. Do as i do, do as i instruct you. In fact, they often blamed peoples poverty on their immorality. They would give into ideas like the poor are poor because they are behaving badly, because they are immoral. Maybe the drink too much. There is a death on disciplined, lazy. This is what is contributing to their poverty. They are less inclined to recognize the structural factors we have talked about in this class that you businesses are sprouting up and running out small businesses. They are being squeezed, and the tradesmen across people that dontnd their businesses have those opportunities increasing. Opportunities are going away, people are being pushed into wage labor because they have nowhere else to go. These are the structural factors at work. From the victorian point of view , it is less about the structural factor but more your lazy because you are immoral. That is your fault. You can fix if the by moral person,e and you can work on poverty. Consummatens were their ideal to live was the only right way to live. We talk about victorians not they were moralistic. Moralistic meaning you have a strong sense that your mere a relative is the only right form, and people need to follow your lead on that. One of the most profound ways that victorians expressed their new morality was through gender roles. Roles. Victorias created specific roles in society for both men and women to follow. One of the problems is they were pretty much unaware of the difference between gender and sex. Maybe your talked about this in other classes. What is the difference between gender and sex . Anyone know . Sex is biological, gender is choice. John langellier gender is about society akim reinhardt gender is about society and culture. Are you born male or female or trans . That is biological. You first come out, ok. For biological. Gender is how society interprets the male and the female and the ideas and assumptions that it makes about as humanity and femininity about masculinity and femininity. Lets say you have a friend who is having a baby. You are maybe a little young for that, but use your imagination. Your friend is having a baby, and you decided as a gift, a shower, he will bring a onesie, the Little Things babies where, you putthem in wear, them in. The boy, what color onesie . I am just saying. If the kid is a girl, what color . If they are doing oldstyle, did not want to find out, what color . Yellow, green, things that are supposedly genderneutral. What does that have to do with biology . Absolutely nothing. Zero. There is nothing inherent about men or women pink or blue. These are Ideas Society has used to interpret masculinity and femininity. I almost more my pink shirt to make a point, but it did not fit. Gender is culturally interpreted and ideas about masculinity and femininity. Sex is biological. Victorians did not see the difference between these ideas, gender ideas, and biology of sex. When they create gendered ideas, they assume that is the biology of it, so their ideas about masculine and feminine they believe that is the way things are. Defined men and women, so not only defined them through gender, but really believed this was inherently, innately held. They just popped out this way. Men they saw as highly competitive. Men like to compete. They are robust that way, kind of macho. Physically robust. And maybe on the bed side according to them, men could be older and given to decadent urges. What do i mean . Sex. They like the sex. Men come out and grow out and are naturally horny, and there can be a problem with victorians. Lets turn to women. Women were seen as physically frail, the opposite of men. Men were fit and robust, women were physically frail creatures. Be gentle with them. They were seen as intellectually inferior, not as bright as men. On the Positive Side as far as they were concerned, women were seen as inherently gentle and nurturing, that they have what it takes to raise a family, make people feel better, heal people, the mother and teach and do all of these wonderful, important things. So men are competitive and strong and kind of oh, got to watch out for that guy. The women they are weak and maybe soft, but they will nice and take care. Be nice and take care. These are the definition of gender rules. With this interpretation of gender roles, they put forth a bunch of ideas about how men and women should behave, what is the proper way to be a man, the proper way to be a woman. And it starts in some ways with sex. Sex were ideas about very restrictive. They only countenanced heterosexual, heterosexuality. No, they did not even consider them for the most part, not acceptable. Only heterosexuality. The on that, Sexual Activity was is not really good unless you are doing it for one purpose only, and that is to make babies. Sex with the purpose of making children, that is wonderful. You are doing gods work. But sex for pleasure, that is not really men might have urges, but that is a bad thing. Women were thought to not enjoy it anyway, if you can believe that. Sex was seen as something only for procreation, never to be done for marriage, and even within the confines, kind of really get into that realm of making babies. If you are not ready to start your family, you should not be having much sex. Age or past childbearing decided you have enough kids, you should not be having sex. Who is this guy . He is younger than most of pictures you see. Teddy roosevelt. I dont teddy roosevelt. A young teddy roosevelt. In 1980, he got married to a woman on his 22nd birthday. The day before, he is writing in his diary on the eve of his wedding. He writes, thank god i am absolutely pure. I can tell alice everything i have done. What is he saying . What does he mean . Think god i am absolutely pure. I can tell alice, his soontobe wife, everything i have done or not done, if you want to think of it like that. He is a virgin. That is what he is saying. Thank god i am a virgin, i have nothing to hide from my future wife. I did not transgress the moral codes. I have not done anything wrong. I have not given into my decadent urges. Im still pure, i am still a virgin, i have saved myself for my good wife. So this quote from the young teddy, we see these ideals are what was it like in everyday people whociety of had very restrictive ideas about sexuality . If a young couple were dating they would not use that phrase, only seeing each other. A man and woman, single man and woman that might save dating, were expected to be chaperoned at all times. If you are seeing a young woman or a young man, you would not be left alone. That would be inappropriate. That would lead to rumor and akim if a man wanted to write letters to a woman, there was no email vortex. Write womented to letters, it is the only way to communicate privately with her. Cant communicate privately with her in person, you are chaperoned all the time, you are expected to ask her permission to write letters first. To just write letters to her was a little too forward. Now you are crossing some lines, buddy, behave yourself. If a man kissed a woman, this was a can to asking her akin to asking her hand in ma rriage. These are the standards of Sexual Conduct that the society is advancing. Then when the couple is together, married, then a dynamic emerges or was thought to emerge in any case. Who knows what goes on behind closed doors. The thinking was this. Men are given to decadent urges. They are horny. Women are not seen to have a sex drive. How is this dynamic supposed to play out . Men will naturally want to do it at times that are just for procreation. Doing it is going to be very conservative as you may think. There is no fancy stuff in the bedroom. They still want to do it. Even if it is straightlaced stuff. It is the wifes job to say no. Tonight,t having sex we are not starting our family, we are past that age. Whatever the case may be. If we are not going for reproduction, that is the wifes job to keep the man from acting up. A little different from a modern marriage. Family, theictorian man was the breadwinner. It was his job to go out, make the money and supply for his family. To have his family taking care of taken care of. He was seen as someone going out and in competitive, working hard, elbowing, competing and metaphorically elbowing and wrestling other men to get his share and taken home to take care of his family. Men are seen as competitive. They are seen as much of macho. There is an irony here. What do they do for a living . Are these manual laborers . Are these bluecollar guys going down to the factory and being physical all day . Newthese are the whitecollar workers. This is that managerial class. They managed the big business. They hire a new class of managers. That is these guys. They arent going to work and doing super macho stuff. They are going to work and sitting behind a desk for the most part. Pushing papers around and doing this, that and the other thing. Asy are seeing themselves competitive. It can be competitive when it is banking and there is money on the line. There can be pressure in any of these jobs. They are not physically demanding. They are men who are casting themselves as highly competitive and then they come home. What is the home . That is something the woman has prepared and manages for them. Place is seen as domestic. The homeoes and makes that the mother manages. Her job is to create a nurturing and well tended, come, peaceful environment where the husband can come home after that hard day and recharge his batteries so to speak. To put that nasty, competitive world out there behind him and moral character and his spirituality and replenish thesoul before he heads out next day to do it all over again. Maintains job is to the home and raise the family. This was with the help of servants as we mentioned. The father was the patriarch. As the boss,s seen the commander, the leader of the family. This is not a gender equality situation as you have probably started two cents. This is a patriarchal or maledominated culture. And thegives the orders wife is expected to obey him. She is support subordinate to him. She is not his equal. On the one hand, she is underneath him, following his orders and she also acts as his lieutenant. She takes his orders and then uses them to run the household. She is tending to the kids and carrying out his will. The kids shouldnt be eating this at this time that is her task. She uses her domestic qualities to raise the children. , not theren themselves children you were raised with. Did your parents ever call you buddy or refer to you as their best friend . Not the victorian way of doing things. That is not victorian childbearing. Children were supposed to be obedient. They were to do as told. They were to tend to their chores as need be. When they were playing in the house, were you the wild kid . Were you throwing things around . Calm down. , they wererly age, learning about restraint. Babies scream but once you are you areaby anymore, 5, 6, 7 years old, you start learning to behave yourself. The parent doesnt treat the child like a equal in any respect. They dont treat them like a friend, the parent tricks the child like a child. The inferior that they are who needs to grow up by modeling our behavior. From an early age, the girls should be modeling the mothers behavior. The boys should be modeling the fathers behavior. They should be acting like adults, speak when spoken to, be a good child. In everyday life, the victorians demanded that people be sober, that word has a couple of meetings meanings. Dont get drunk, dont drink too much. Ean be serious. Be a sober person. Humble and display good manners is what the victorians saw as good manners. These are good things. We dont want to come down too hard on the victorians. Their way of understanding and culture may be different than ours. Some of it we see as very problematic. It is very sexist. There are other ideas that can be very classist and judgment about the poor that are very unfair. Not all of it is problematic. Not all of it is bad. There are some good qualities they are trying to advance as well. Victorians to be a sober person, a humble person, a well mannered person, it meant that there was a certain way you carry yourself. Yourself. Lets think about victorian fashion. What does it mean to be a supermodel strutting down the walkway in 1870s and 1880s america . Nothing like that. Women are expected to display themselves very modestly. As little skin as possible show as little skin as possible. Women wore long dresses, black shoes that laced above the ankles. Gloves were popular, hats were popular. A lot of these dresses are colored, collared. Right of the neck up the neck. It is a very modest appearance. You can also see some elements of class distinction. We do have some money. Stylets show elements of and flair. There are some frills and buttons on the dress. Show off a little bit, but just a little bit. This is about modesty, good manners, could behavior. 1899 frompicture from a catalog. This is late Victorian Era. You can see a covering of almost everything. There are elements of design and fashion. Of flourishements and stylishness. The main thing is keeping things covered up. Early in the Victorian Era, early in the gilded age, there is an emphasis on this remnant left over of tight waists. In order to a cop was this, they would wear a corset. In order to accomplish this, they would wear a corset. You put the corset on, you took in. Ep breath, suck it you pull the laces tight. You are stuck there. Think about your waist. Men are wearing pants. Im a 32. I am reasonably slender. A lot of you are 34 or 36 inches. Women are similar in the hips and the narrow waist. The ideal waist size in the Victorian Era is 18 inches. Think about that. 18 inches. There is an element of sexuality to it but it is hidden away in many respects. Here is a more modest version of womens victorian dress. These are not upperclass, not uppermiddleclass, these are modest women of middleclass. They dont have the buttons or the frills but they are still dressed very plainly and modestly. What about for men . Whitefashion, for these class workersdle favored suits. Women favored neutral tones. Occasionally some color flourish. Mostly, it was a lot of neutral coloring. Shirts with collars. Collar, it is firmly attached to my shirt. Collars were attached separately. You would put on a shirt and tie it on after. A sign of wealth was that you had good, starched collars. People would buy paper collars. Think of it like a disposable razor. The more welltodo people have collars that were more lasting. As were becoming popular. Werean see neck ties becoming more popular. Hats were also common for men. This is a dirty. Derby. This is a good shot of a derby hat. The taurean men were apt to wear this. Here is a victorian men were apt to wear this. One thing to keep in mind is that we are being filmed here today. Fancy, 21st century. You have the phone out. Back then, photography is a much more Difficult Technology to mangle and manage rangle and manage. It is still complicated. You have to set up the thing on the tripod. You have to sit there. If you move, it will blur. The other thing is that this is expensive. It is rare, it is a big deal. People rarely smile in the spirit of family portraits. That may be why they are not looking the most festive. It is a big deal to put on your sunday best. Your best clothing or some of the best clothing. Beyond that, we can see the victorian ideals being presented. How this family wants to present itself. The children are calm and well behaved. The family unit sits together. You can see the rank here with the father, the wife to his right. The older children the hind him and the younger children on the side and between them. The victorians are aspiring to this. Calm, sober. People who are modest and putting their best foot forward. I believe the family photo op as we move on up as we move on. This they taurean sense of ofality victorian sense morality started in the civil war. The horrors of the war. That made people develop a strong sense of moral purpose. During the war, ending slavery was the great moral cause. Reconstruction, they are going to take that sense of moral purpose and transfer it to other areas. That americans of this class are going to look to as a way of expressing their moral outlook . There was a variety of causes that the victorians supported. They saw as the right, moral and righteous thing to do. Popular causes for victorians airlift included eliminating corruption from government. We will talk more about it next week. This is a very bad time for corruption in american politics. You see it at the urban level. There are people buying boat votes and stuffing ballot boxes. It permeates up to the state level as well. Even in congress. Senators are being bought by a businesses, railroad companies. See taureans victorians this as a real problem. The charity for the poor, they can be very judgmental of the poor. That doesnt mean they are heartless pastors. It is not sohelp simple. It is going to be within their moral framework. Tendency,ans have a not every victorian all the time but generally, they had a tendency to blame the poor for being poor. You are poor because you are immoral. You have some moral failings. Maybe you are lazy. Thee you are not following bible well enough or reading the bible well enough. You dont go to church enough. Who wanted toians help the poor. What it meant was that we will set up these charities and give you some money and apply services. It is not as simple as lining up and getting it. The first thing that had to happen was that you had proof you had to prove to these charity operators that you were what they called the worthy poor. What do you think the worthy poor means . And i want toan help the poor people. People, thehe poor worthy poor people. What do you think that means . Moral . Akim moral. The error recognized of their ways. People who were going to be receptive to your brand of moral tutelage, moral teaching. It wasnt a matter of giving money or services. There he often, charity required that there be an interviewing process, what is your lifestyle, how are you living . When it comes time to help, you may have to attend our bible classes or go through moral training of some sort that we provide for you. It is a charitable notion of helping people. One that is framed by their understanding of what poverty is, what causes it and what cures it. That moral training was very much a reflection of their morality. American, protestant, christianity. If they were working with catholic, orthodox or jewish, they were looking for conference. They were trying to moderate their behavior and morality as they understood it. Another cause that was very popular with the victorians was prohibition. Another word for prohibition is temperance. To temper is to attempt something down to tamp something down. This is the effort to restrict and even ban the sale and consumption of alcohol. Was to take a lovely popular with Victorian Women who saw alcohol as a threat to Stable Family life. Domain is the domestic beer domestisphere. They raise the children, 10 to the husbands, what kind of activity is going to be acceptable for women to be engaged in . Women are supposed to be in the public sphere. They are supposed to be in politics and these kind of things. This opens up an avenue for women, they taurean women to be women toin victorian be in the public sphere. Helping other poor women through charities or in this case, helping to fight what is seen as the scourge of alcohol. Alcohol is seen as ruining families. Men, these other men who arent living up to our moral code, they work in their bluecollar jobs, they dont make enough money and then they go wasted on drink. They get drunk they waste it on drink. They get drunk. They dont behave like a good victorian husband should. This becomes an avenue where Victorian Women can enter the public sphere and get involved in politics and charity. The Womens Christian Temperance Union was one of these organizations dedicated to this. Trying to tempter alcohol sales and temper of all sales and consumption. They are founded in 1874. Wctu. Re the w cta they are successful in a number of ways. They had overhead a million members. Here is a picture of a wtcu valley. They taurean culture is something that spreads threat the country, it is a function of the middle class wherever it appears. North, south, wherever you find it. Big cities, smaller cities. Even in town. We can see people rallying to publicly crusade against alcohol. You can see a sign that says god wills it. God wants you to not be drunk, behave better. Pledge. A wtcu this is something that goes along with the values that we are talking about. Your word is your bond. If you take an old, you stand by stand by it. E, you andublicly pledge something take an oathe, here is one strategy they tried. Getting people to take a pledge. Toolemnly pilots promise sustain abstain from all distilled, fermented and most liquors. Are not talking about apple juice. We are talking about one of the more popular alcohol beverages. That is when you let the applet is get fermented. Userder to discourage the and traffic of it. I will not do this anymore and do what i can to help my fellow brothers and sisters in christ to refrain from drink. About resistance to the victorian ideals. We will start from within. Just like with any other culture or subculture, not everyone is on board 100 all of the time. There are always dissenting voices. There is a tension between those who advance the culture and promote the culture and those who have disagreements and want to ship or change it or overturn it. Not everything went with everything. Not everyone thought it was peachy keen. Always welle not behaved, obedient and quiet. Not all victorian adults were capable of meeting all the expectations. This is a very repressive system in some ways. It is very rigid and unyielding. Right is right and wrong is wrong. Not everyone is always living up to this. Not everyone wanted to live up to all of this all of the time. Not everyone was a virgin when they got married. That doesnt mean you publicly talked about it. You absolutely did not. Sexual adventures before marriage, it was not looked upon kindly. It would not be talked about in public and the men themselves might even talk about it privately. It was wrong, dont do it. There was this notion that men were this way. Boys will be boys. They were given a little more latitude. Women are subjected to a much firmer, stronger standard about sexual behavior than men are. Had woman is known to have sexual relations before marriage, it is a major scandal. Ruin her reputation, sabotage her chances at finding a good marriage and in many ways could ruin her life. That creates an inconsistency. Sexyone is being told no before marriage or no sex outside of procreation. Everyone is being told that. Do, it is not good, whatever. It will not ruin his life. He might be chided, he might be spoken to. His reputation might separate suffer somewhat. Wow, majordoes it, fall out. What that means is men are likelier to pursue if they want to, sexual relationships. Very careful be about not having the wrong kind of sexual relationship. That means that if you are a victorian guy who wants to have sex with a woman, either the for marriage, outside of your marriage, whatever the case may be, what are the odds that you will find a Victorian Woman to do that with you . That could be hard. People have affairs, kids do what they will do. Im not saying that it didnt happen, it happened. It is hard. Instead, what happens is we see a thriving prostitution industry in victorian america. Particularly in the cities. Ae cities have more nominated anonymity. Upper middleclass men are all going to bordellos, brothels, restitution houses and purchasing Sexual Activity from poor women. From workingclass women. Live in a different world in many ways. They are struggling to get by, many of them. The prostitution industry is quite robust. Despite the fact that it was illegal in most places. For Victorian Women, these double standards and repressive cultures led to the emergence of some critics. This woman, Charlotte Perkins. Ilman she is born in 1860, right before the civil war starts. She dies in 1935. In really lives her life this late victorian she was openly critical of these victorian gender roles. Essays, fiction, and poetry that championed the idea that women could find meaningful existence beyond the home, but they were not relegated to the domestic sphere to define themselves. She was a writer. She found it that way. Her most famous work is a story entitled the yellow wallpaper. Who isbout a woman married to a doctor, a physician, and her husband, the physician, diagnosis or with the following disorder temporary nervous depression and slight hysterical tendency. Do you think these things show up in modern medical textbooks today . No. Has anyone ever suffered from a bout of what is that . These were common faux medical diagnoses that were given to women at the time. They were typically used as a way to marginalize women who were seen as acting out, as misbehaving, is not being sufficiently subservient to men or were in other ways transgressing against these tightly prescribed gender roles for women in victorian society. You are suffering from hysterical disorder. You have a temporary nervous disorder. You are sick. There is something wrong with you. In the story, the character is diagnosed with these disorders, and her husband the physician then prescribes her to her bedroom upstairs, where she is to rest, and she is not allowed to leave the room without his permission. So he is using it as a way to reassert his control over her, to be the dominant victorian male and make her the subservient Victorian Woman. Staring ats there the yellow wallpaper in this room that she is not allowed to leave, and slowly goes crazy. In real life, Charlotte Perkins , butn fared better in that she did base the story on some of her own reallife experience. She wasnt creating fantasy or scifi. She was writing a story that spoke to the realities of victorian culture and gender roles. So there is some resistance as we see was in the victorian culture itself, where people arent playing along or are actively resisting. But most of the active resistance to it victorian culture came from workingclass people outside of this realm, the bluecollar workers, factory workers, dockworkers, the men and women who didnt have the money to live in this society, and who very often resented the moralistic victorian assumptions about them being inferior or victorianr the designs of getting them to change. Different ethnic groups such as people from asia, eastern europe, southern europe. From different religious backgrounds, jews, catholics, and people of the eastern orthodox faith often clung to their own way of doing things and did not see their way of doing things as wrong or inferior or immoral. Againstn pushed back the victorian efforts to a search this moral code on. They often resisted things like temperance, deciding it was ok for them to drink alcohol. They resisted cemetery and is him cemetery and is that you should have a strict adherence to the sabbath. For jews, the sabbath is on saturday, so there is a discrepancy. For other groups, they say, we go to church, but dont have this strict thing outside of church. They also pushed back against these victorian ideas of restraint and dont show off and brag. They thought it was different. It is nothing wrong with going out and having a good time and a good meal you can afford it. For going out and enjoying life. And that is going to lead to a tension. Who new class of workers greatly outnumber the victorians during this time arent always so receptive to the victorian message. When we come back next week, what we will see is that there is going to be this tension playing out in which the elites of the society and the people of the working class and lower classes are struggling to see what will be the face of america Going Forward is america enters the 20th century and the victorians thrive to maintain the high ground, which they do right up until the 1920s, after which things get a little more complicated. Thats for coming. I will see you next week. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] hearncer join us as we lectures in history, also available as podcasts. ,isit our website cspan. Org history podcasts, or download them from itunes. Announcer are cspan cities tour takes American History tv on the road to feature the history of cities across america. Here is a recent program. We are standing at a place that holds profound significance for the Indigenous People here in this part of what we now call butte county. They regard this very