The u. S. I have gone to Great Lengths to keep politics out of the roundtable. This topic, monuments, has elements of both history and politics. What do you think should be the role of roundtables, if any, on this issue . We thought that was a very good question. Civil war buffs, who know more about the general public, what should we do about this issue . Tom, i will ask you first. Professor brown [indiscernible] if you think that you are keeping taught six out of it, keeping politics out of it, youre probably kidding yourself. My device would be to try to have an environment in which you can have political discussions and recognize it is a political discussion. Tim. Professor sedore no question. I dont see how you can avoid politics in the war. But roundtables have a really gratifying ability and im aware of how a different perspective can be brought in a certain sense. They are really interested in history, and in some ways, you have to let it come out with the sharper edges of what you want to say and let the history speak for itself. Irvin . Dr. Jordan the problem with roundtables in the south is they are proconfederacy. I was going to suggest the gentleman consider having his roundtable with a free and open public debate in the area, but i can see a large segment of the local population not wanting to participate just because it would be sponsored by a civil war roundtable, and proconfederate. Im talking about look at this audience. How many africanamericans are in this audience . Im always amazed at the low turnout of africanamericans in Civil War History roundtables in discussions like this. Jim, you were waving your hand likepick me, monty its your turn. I agree with ervin. Some people are using their superior knowledge about the civil war because they are in civil war roundtables, reenactors and all the skies of things, and using them as a marker or ammunition against the 19yearold africanamerican recently graduated from high school who explains why she is offended by the leejackson double equestrian statue in baltimore, for example. Talking past each other. On the other hand, since i just argued the truth will set you free, i think the facts about secession and the confederacy and the civil war and reconstruction and so on are absolutely useful. Unfortunately, these can be heavily ideological conversations in which facts do not make much of an appearance. If you do use primary sources, you may be know what youre talking about, you know . So, in the civil war roundtables i have been in, like washington, d. C. , these folks know lots of stuff and they are quite useful, important members of the conversation. Christie . Ms. Coleman i have been invited to several roundtables. I do agree with dr. Jordans perspective that when it comes to Civil War History, africanamericans, because they were taken out of the narrative at the beginning and the National Narrative where freedom was given versus earned or right they do not engage with this period of history for very real reasons. I grapple with it when i go out and i talk about the role of africanamericans in the war. I get this awakening, right . That at the same time, there is still a hesitancy. I do think civil war roundtables can be part of so, in that case, if you are civil war roundtable, whether you are in chicago or washington or here in richmond, or wherever you happen to be, the key is you can decide how best to help your Community Look at the history. Especially if you do not have a museum or Historical Society there to help guide the conversation. That would be my suggestion. I would just say by the way, i first met dr. Jordan 22 years ago as a member of the chicago civil war roundtable, and they would refer to me as their tokens seven or. Their token southerner. [laughter] we did not want to talk about whether you leave the statues alone or you move them. Can you put up appropriate interpretive signage with the statues that contextualize, not only what is the statue off, but when it was put up and why and what has been its controversies, if you will, over time . Is that an effective way to deal with the discussions we are having in the country today . Jim, let me put that to you first and lets his mothers lets get some other professor loewen i think one of my slides said contextualize this monument. Contextualize it so heavily that neoconfederates would be the ones trying to deface it. You know . In baltimore, so far, although the commission there came out with the recommendation to move two of four statues, so far, they have not moved any, but they have put up one plaque in front of each of them, and let me just read you a phrase from this plaque. Lets see. This is from the one about the leejackson dual equestrian statue that some people are very, very proud of. This is after a whole paragraph. These two men became subjects of the lost cause movement. Today, current scholarship refutes these claims. These are representations of lee and jackson that helped perpetuate the lost cause ideology which advocated for portrayed slavery as benign, White Supremacy, portrayed slavery as benign, and justify secession. Thats all. But it still does not compete compared to the magnificence of the statue, the possibility you are supposed to stand in awe of the statue. Tom brown, you have seen a heck of a lot of statues. Have you seen it done well . Professor brown as tim said, there is a mismatch between having the monument, which is kind of having an instrument of memory and the signage, but if you had something that someone could listen to on their phones that would be accessible and appropriately attractive and brief, especially if it is something that could give you the story as youre looking, then the modern interpretation could go with looking at the monument instead of competing with looking at the monument, and i think it would be even more effective than it is right now. President rawls thats an interesting question that we Museum Professionals really appreciate. I remember having someone in the museum that was an exhibit labeled, talking about South Carolinas secession. And i had him read it and he said, but you didnt mention this and you didnt mention this and you didnt mention this. I said, good, say it how you would like to say it and use 70 words. Because if it is more than 70 words, the visitor will not read any of its. Read any of it. One of the difficulties, as jim loewen pointed out, you are limited to the number of words and Technology May be the way to get beyond that. Tim, thank you for that. My perspective as someone in english is you are looking at a very complex literary text. And i dont think there is a final word on it. They should last forever. They should be there. And i think i find them vexing. I really find them interesting. It is lee you could read three volumes. I would not write it. You could do three volumes of what they are saying. So, i think the final word is just unobtainable. President rawls last question from the audience. Thank you. I think my question would be for dr. Loewen first. I notice many of the u. S. Army bases in the south seem to be named for generals of the rebellion. Is this something that occurred after the nadir, or was it for that before that . Professor loewen yes, after 1890. It is incredibly problematic. Its astounding White Supremacy. Who knows, 70 of the folks enlisted in for bening are probably africanamerican. If i were one of those, or for that matter, give me a little credit, if im a white person stationed at fort bennett, i have problems with that name. And a couple of them, in addition, were terrible generals and kept losing. I dont know what you would i do not understand why you would name them for an enemy and for someone who kept losing. Thank you. The land that is under most statues, what are the basic real estate questions that need to be asked . One of the easements, the titles, the original funding . Are they potentially located on land in state or federal landmarks . Tom, do you know . Professor brown think therell be a lot of those i think the answer will be there will be a lot of answers to that question. Can anyone else jump . Off than they were placed on publicly owned land. Its not clear that they deeded it to, for example, the messiah the municipality. For example, in knoxville, maryland, it is on the county grounds, county owned land. It makes a difference right now and its a good question to ask. The county executive has decreed the statue will be leaving that site. Exactly where it is going and win is another issue. But you also go there this is also interesting there is a big crater around it. You can still see part of it. He is out there in the crate because he got vandalized once and this is going to stop it. It also stops the protest because our are you going to protest a bunch of plywood . Its already taking away the import of the statue. But the city claims an interest in the matter. The udc may be still owns it. They donated, but maybe they just loaned it. There are questions for each one of these. Dr. Jordan the leejackson statues were donated by one man who lived in the area and made his fortune. He purchased the land and he paid for the statues, and i think sometimes, if it wasnt for him, the statues would not have existed. I dont think charlottesville would have spent that kind of money to erect those statues. And me and my lawyer, we are probably part of the few individuals who read the deed. Theres another clause this is subject to the administration of the city manager, the city government. So, there is that. A lot of these are done by private individuals. Theres probably land now. But it was a private donation. That remains to be seen. I do want work for the National Park service. Lee went on record not approving any kind of construction for any kind of confederate memorial. In fact, i told visitors he was one of the first people to bailout on the confederate experience. Why has this point not been brought forward . Dr. Jordan because it does not fit the lee mythology. Thats not being flippant. Any anticonfederate sentiments lee expressed after the war have largely been buried, even by his admirers and apologists. They dont talk about his anticonfederate statement that he made. He told young men after the war, put your uniforms away and forget. But you dont hear people say that. You dont hear them say that very often. Davis and lee they are symbols. They symbolize. Their symbolic importance is more important than their private views. As individuals, that is not their import. At their import is as of symbolic dr. Import is there import is symbolic of the cause. Interesting. How about here . Hey. Im jerry of richmond. We talk a lot about context. Theres quite a be very different context. And the problem seems to go beyond context. It seems to get the balance and scale context alone might not do it. My question for anybody is, might we be able to step back and look at this problem in a larger kind of context and think of those monuments as being part of the greater richmond slavery history . And think about lumpkins jail and think about the slaves, and think about how we bring all of this together to tell the whole story and in so doing establish a greater context for the monuments . Ms. Coleman i think that was what i was talking about. That is exactly what was talking about. Not to say we have not had passionate conversations, but the landscape has been changing dramatically, especially in the last 20 years. And since it has been changing and richmond is discovering rings it never knew, i came to richmond in 2008. I came to richmond in 2008 to become a part of this community, and even after short nine years, there even after a short nine years, there has been a remarkable change. And this is how they chose to commemorate the says quote the suspect the sesquicentennial. It was the only state to do that. It was a deliberate decision to have conversations about the war and its impact on the municipality. Most richmond errs and this was stunning to me. Most richmonders did not realize that richmond burned because of the confederates. Right . They had no idea that their district that burned, it is the heart of its commerce. It is the hearts of what the confederacy wanted to destroy, and because it disappeared from the landscape, again, the landscape. It became much easier to put those away. When they began to discover because of that work, the narrative got bigger, and because the narrative was getting bigger and there were groups, large and small, and richmond is the kind of place where richmond takes a long time and its always organic is the other thing. This is not government that pushes things. This is an organic movement of people saying, it is our community. If our communities are going to be just, if we are going to tackle the injustices of racism and economic disparity and all these things, we have to change the narrative. We have to get the narratives right. And so our landscape is beginning to do that. I have to say one thing that struck me of course, this makes perfectly good sense, this idea of putting women on monument avenue, i absolutely love that. Lets put civil war women or women over there. We have remarkable women in richmonds history that are that our game changers. Again, adding to the narrative. So, i am calmer now. Its funny. When i finished this morning, my daughter was sitting in the back and she said, mama, you had a little too much coffee when youre talking. [laughter] yes, in the center. From charlottesville, virginia. Thank you for today. Ive been hearing the word reconciliation, often in different ways. My question of is about the growing Reconciliation Movement in the United States to grapple with legacies of racial harm. As we hear more and more calls for reconciliation, were going to have to grapple more with what that means. I have been hearing from several of you, the term reconciliation being used more in the context of civil war museums civil war memorials. So, my question is, as the u. S. Tries to figure out what reconciliation might mean, what you think the interpretation or reinterpretation of civil war might mean, especially in a conversation about how it has impeded reconciliation to repair racial harm . Ms. Coleman first of all, one of the things that has been annoying to me is we tend to place White Supremacy as a solely southern phenomenon. In fact, its part of the reason why the white north and the white south were able to reconcile and frame this narrative of brother against brother, ok . So, the idea of reconciliation, the question that you asked me about how can communities reconcile, for one thing, you are assuming that there is reconciled part of my hope when i get up to go to work every day, i hope that instead of what we are talking about, it is how do we make our communities recognize that it is not just a circle we are looking at. The reality is it is a sphere. It has substance, weight, dimensions. And you will see something remarkably different. The question is, do you want to hold it in your hands . This is the thing to me. If you keep doing this and if you are helping people begin to see that the fiber is far more complex and quite frankly, pulling threads is not necessarily taking something away. It may reveal something more powerful. This has been suggested many times. My gender, my mere ethnic identity has been questioned at times because im one of those people who says, its not the statue who worries me. I am the person who says, lets expand this. Lets expand out. Lets talk about who we were at these moments in time. Thats what the generations are asking. That is what i see every day. And so, it is very easy to wet ourselves to one idea and not want to change anything. Its the things that have reinforced this. A question down here. Im wondering when we will expand this discussion and professor jordan, you can speak to this briefly when will we expand this discussion to the Founding Fathers and the challenges of liberty and slavery. It seems to me that we have covered a lot of ground today and you have provided great food for thought. What needs to be done with regard to our Founding Fathers and their statues . I can speak to that. The point is not so much the individuals, that washington was a slave owner, jefferson was a slave owner. The confederacy was a project designed specifically and exclusively to perpetuate slavery. That is a different topic. That is not jefferson being a revolutionary in 1776. His slaveowning background is not irrelevant. Tim . Just a quick comment. Before we remove washington from name from every grade school in america that has it, i think we need to ask the question, did we name it Washington Grade School because is that why he is famous . Did we name it that because we value him owning slaves . I think the answer is no. At his best, despite him owning slaves, we named it that but still, we did not do it because he owned slaves. And for that matter, washington actually did kind of free his slaves. Some of you know why i say kind of. He freed them at his wifes death. She freed them before she died that it dawned on her, that on the entire plantation, everybody wanted her dead except her. [laughter] jim. M i live in richmond. It has been a great discussion. I think one of the high points of the discussion is that it has been pretty balanced along. All along. It started me thinking that in the National State of affairs currently, there does not seem to be a very good balance. I am thinking about the National Political situation, the move towards populism and what is going on in washington. How does this discussion fit in that context . Ill answer that. Please. Im not normally given to being an, alarmist but that election heaven three months ago i look at where we are now. As a civil war historian, someone who looks at the past to try to get an idea of how to deal with the present in the future, frankly, i am alarmed. Im alarmed by the vehemence, the hatred, the angry rhetoric. I can assure you there are parallels between the rhetoric of 2016 and the rhetoric of the 1860, at least according to my own research. Im terribly concerned at this point. We have individuals going around ourng hail trump, hail victory which only serves to remind me that american democracy, regardless of what you might think, ladies and gentlemen, american democracy is extremely fragile, extremely fragile. Lincoln, it, like do not believe the republic will fall but i am terribly concerned about how we americans are dealing with each other in such a short time span since our last president ial election. Its almost unparalleled since lincolns election. I do not want to sound like an alarmist but that is how i feel. If i could comment on that. I appreciate your comments about your discussions and i appreciate irvins comments about the state of our country. Perhaps if we all left and told our friends that you cannot have a civil discourse over a subject of controversy over which h onest, right meaning people can disagree. Question to be learned from this session today, because i think we have hit a civil discourse about a hot topic. Before you ask your question, john, everybody in the audience, lets get john a round of applause. [applause] he thought this talopic up. He developed it. He was the one who invited the participants. And as dr. Jordan said, he was the one who strongarmed the participant to said no. And john were not let them say no. John, who would you like to ask what of now . So much for an anonymous question. Civility and constructive discussion, i will ask a question calculated to get them throwing their chairs. We had wonderful presentations about the Soldier Monuments that represent by far the majority of north and south and the context for the building as you heard, their erection was about the sacrifices and the men. It is not just a southern phenomenon. It is a national phenomenon. We heard the background of them ewenthen talked dr. Low referred to the fact that most of them were built during the period, which should just they were not as innocent as their poses and artistic qualities. All the fights, all the debates are not just about Leeann Jackson and davis in particular. Lee and jackson. Those are not the only statues under debate. Ask all of you, given what we heard, the collective of what we heard today, what about the common Soldier Monuments, built to memorialize the dead and the men who served . Some of them had been, either been removed or there are plans to remove them. What should be done with those . First of all, many of them, and most of the ones that went up at first, are at cemeteries. Im trying to think i do not think ive heard of any requests from the black community or from white, i dont hear any request to move them or to take them down. I dont think. I have a particular problem may be with the one at arlington. Because that is a product of the nadir, kind of the federal government involvement. And many people completely misconstrued on purpose to assert the refuge numbers of African Americans who were in the troops and stuff, which is not the case. So, maybe that one of the very least needs construction needs contextualization. What i hear people are going for is they are ok with them. If we take the one from the courthouse, from the position of power, from the place it got put during the nadir. If we put it at a confederate cemetery or any other cemetery, theyre ok with that. You reallythink have had very much debate about common Soldier Monuments. The one in louisville is part of a pattern that is, as we asid, these are Community Decisions as we said, and one sind of community i colleges. The one in louisville is on the university of louisville campus. That is more true of silent sam in north carolina. Those i would describe as College Cases then common soldier cases. Most of the controversy has been about jefferson davis, who has gone from texas. Has expanded to the high command with people like lee and other generals. So far, ive not heard a lot of controversy over common soldier on humans. And i would be surprised to hear it i think there is something about the common soldier that is really quite affecting. I was shocked. James garfield was a soldier during the war. Theust lost any faith in meaning of what they were fighting for because he saw so much death. I quoted him. I think the common Soldier Monument is necessary to say that what, you know [indiscernible] but its necessary to remember that, what they did. And what they took responsibility for. And charlottesville, there are colleges where the were, where they could find people for the wood places for the wounded, that is where those monuments are. Theyre saying something about how the citizen is taking a role in the destiny of their country. That has real import. For better or for worse. But that is what they are claiming. It is meaningful. That is what they are saying. It is important. The ground is important. Where the dead are is important. So i would add that no decent person would want to desecrate anyones great. Gavrave. Even the worst slave owner in history. Thew years ago, during construction, the grave of a confederate soldier was foundered we decided to have a funeral service. And the whites were concerned about what the black communitys reaction was going to be to that. The spokesman for the black community said, god will judge. We have no objections. He cant hurt us now. That has pretty much been my attitude, especially towards the common soldier. Fromwis martin charlottesville. Hello again. Made thesor irvin comment about paul goodloe mcintyre. That is really the only reason those two statues are in charlottesville because they would not be able to afford Something Like that. That relates to my comment. And that is my grandparents and great aunts and uncles and their friends what a been around lee park at the time the statue was dedicated. So, what i have been hearing since 2015 is that these statues were put up with a racist and white supremacist animus. But, at the same time, when i was a student at the university of virginia, had a number of friends that were from knowing what. Some from boston. When i was in the army i was with men from boston. And their grandparents and great aunts and uncles i believe felt the same way about that statute of robertshaw in the 54th massachusetts as my grandparents and great aunts felt about the robert e lee and Stonewall Jackson statues. I would like to hear you comment on that, as to why there would be a difference from people in the south and people in the north, because my experience and life has been that we are all pretty much the same. The other issue, and this is to ms. Coleman. I heard you speak about adding changingrratie and the narrative. I think everyone agrees we should add to the narrative that when you talk about changing the narrative, that starts to sound a little orwellian to me. Changing the narrative implies that the questions being asked change. And because the questions of a new generation is asking are often different, the narrative also changes. It is not that you are changing are trying to become orwellian. Fact, generations ask a different question. Generations of women are now asking the question and have been asking the question, what role did we play . We certainly did not just sit around making socks. What else did we do . And because they are asking different questions and because the scholarship is there to document that once we begin those new questions we find new information, the narrative changes. It is added to. It isnt just the narrative that women are doing this thing or that thing. Do you understand what im saying . That is what i mean by changing the narrative. Expanding the narrative means, as we know those thing, we make space for more questions. And when there are more questions getting asked, are narrative continues to expand. It is never a zerosum game. That is what worries me with early questions about a political positions and where we are. Its always presented as if it is a zerosum game. That somehow if i open this up, if i make somebody elses voice a part of what has always been there in american spirit, i hve to give up something. As if he quality means oppression and equality has never meant depression. Discussion, about how shall we remember, that is, if you hear nothing else for me, that is what i hope that you will take away from the experience today. And what weve been so desperately trying to do in our institution and in museums like ours around the country. Jim, would you like to say . We just cannot make the United States and the Confederate States morally equivalent. We cannot do that. It is bad history. I already sent you flatly, meaning all of you, that the United States did not go to war to end slavery. That is true. But pretty soon it did go to war to end slavery. It continued in the war to end slavery. Now, during that time, all kinds of folks in the United States army and, for that matter, on home because they wrote home to their loved ones and families and their girlfriends and so on, became less racist towards africanamericans. There are maybe two reasons for that. One is the idea of cognitive dissonance. Some of you may be know what that means that some of you dont. Foreans if you do stuff, example in this case, if you do stuff against slavery, it is hard to say, slavery is right and the reason it is right is because most black folks are inferior and they need to be told what to do. In that case, what youre doing makes no sense. People do not like to say to themselves, what i am doing makes no sense. So they change their attitudes course, there was opposition in the United States army and across the north to the emancipation proclamation when it first came out. By 1864, it was pretty much in favor of it. We see that in maryland. Maryland is one of the few places in history and the world ever to vote out slavery, which they did in a separate referendum on that part of the constitution in late 1864. And when the civilian population got done voting, slavery had narrowly passed, retaining it had passed. But they had not counted the absentee ballots. It absentee ballots were overwhelmingly from people involved in the war. And they were 91 for freedom. That shows cognitive dissonance and also shows that people had contact with african fighting next to them are telling them the best way to get to jackson in which road to take to get to vicksburg. That came into contact with them. So, the United States gradually became less racists, which led to the 14th and 15th amendments. Meanwhile, some confederates did, too, long street and not just a few names, but others, having spent four years on behalf of White Supremacy, found it impossible to argue for the lack of equality in 1866. They, the confederate officers in particular, formed the core of the ku klux klan. We cannot say they both fought well. We can say that much. And they both fought for morally equivalent causes. You cant say that part. Yes, in the middle. Im a professor of history up in ashland. Thank you for all of your perspective. The confederate commemorate landscape was largely dormant till the racist violence of 2015 activated oppositional perspectives, and particular, energize the lack lives Matter Movement to create new discourses around these monuments. Are you concerned that the potential removal of this confederate landscape might not necessitate, not only acquiescing the history, but also, as we move forward, eradicating a platform for oppositional voices . Whod like to handle that . I think youre, i agree entirely with your premise and i know, it you wlel ell is something that we should bear in mind. Dedication peak on day. In many cases, the climate was put up so they could have the dedication ceremony. That is what people wanted, was the dedication ceremony more than this thing would be there forever. They have been a long decline ever sense, and are in some form of senescence. So, we have this kind of zombie phenomena in some ways. It is an interesting kind of cultural problem. I guess i would offer, as someone who lives in the core of the confederacy, and enjoys visiting this up here. Latecomer up here. The experience of South Carolina that, although there is a lot to be said for expanding the narrative and adding, but well chosen repudiation is an important part of the toolkit. South carolina removes the Confederate Flag from the statehouse grounds after the murders of 2015. It certainly did not make everything better in South Carolina. But it did make things better than they were before. Disarm to some extent, confederate legacy at large, because its most parcels of had powerfuldiated most symbol had been repudiated. Well chosenhat a repudiation can be an important part of the toolkit. It is interesting because, while all of that was happening, there was Something Else going on that while they were coming private Property Owner started putting up 40 and 50 foot tall battle flags. While that was going on, even in our own gift shops, we were getting phone calls and our gift shops asking us if we sold battle flags, confederate flights, they wanted. For us, it turned into an educational opportunity. Well, which one . Because that is what we do. At there was a spike, significant spike in our sales. And we do have an internal conversation about that. So, yeah, it may have come down in public space but for some it made them even more ardent and their desire to deal with and to protect or to reinforce or to reassert the meaning of those things for them. Does sthat make sense . So, i think that what ends up happening is this remarkable push and pull. Think you know, certainly the charleston murders were a lightning rod in and of themselves because of what that young man, what the murderer had in his hands. What is compelling to me is why is that the first time that that becomes the thing . Have we said anything about to make a tim mcvey or the four people that were arrested this week in their plot terrorism. Several of them were foiled. But it does like get the same attention and it does not seem to, we turn a blind eye to some of this sometimes. We just have to be careful. Is that fair. Is that fair to put all of that weight on either a symbol or statue or a Movement Like black lives matter . Is it fair to put all of that weight on them, when there is, it isnt just the moment . It is all the things leading to the moment. Ok, lets make one last short question, if we could. Hello. So, im from the north, first of. All. I just recently moved to richmond from louisiana. Kind of wen t from New Hampshire welcome to the south, yall. So my exposure to a lot of this is somewhat new. If anything, if we heard about it, which we mostly did not growing up, it was very localized or something where it wasnt a hot button discussion topic where i was. To kind of ask where you folks think the direction of this discussion goes, especially with my generation Going Forward with the millennials that are coming through. What do you think becomes part of that discussion and do you think it will be about the meaning or more about ,inancials and said, instead talking about where does this go from here, 20 or 30 years from now . Your generation will tell the 21st century. There is that generational shifting. That fact that shiloh monument went up in 2016. A mississippi courthouse Confederate Monument went up in 2016. Just months ago. So that movement, as it certainly peaked in 2011, im sorry ,1911 and 1950, peaked then. But there is still energy that is still ongoing. The boy with the gun adnd the flag just shows how it can still elicit these powerful emotions. Its not the wartime generation or the generation its this generation. Then you all. Then the generation, the 21st century is going to inherit wheere talking about today. And they will have to reconcile to use your word. Ok. Ladies and gentlemen, im afraid we are out of time. I want to thank and ask you to thisme in thanking excellent panel of speakers. [applause] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv all weekend, every weekend on cspan 3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook cspan history. Once called for the removal of pluto is a planet and today author and astrophysicist Neil Degrasse tyson will be our guest on indepth. Allow me to tell you that our moon, as small as it was compared to earth, has five times the mass of pluto. Pluto lple over here. Overs never were told that. So, welcome to the company of informed people. Right . Regarding pluto. Our three hour conversation, we will take your calls and facebook questions for thetyson, the director of Hayden Planetarium and author of several books, including welcome to the universe, and astrophysics for people and in a hurry. Watch indepth live from noon to 3 p. M. Eastern today on book tv on cspan 2. Long, American History tv is joining our Charter Communications Cable Partners to showcase the history of redding, california. To learn more about the city tour. Our current we continue with a look at the history of redding. Lori at the height of californias gold rush in the 1850s, this town of shasta had 7 hotels. Saloons, bars, bookshops, wholesale businesses, retail. You can see the shell of the businesses across the street, ones that were oftentimes abandoned between the 1870s and the 1880s when the county seat moved from the courthouse in this building into downtown redding